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FLACOURTIACEÆ-FLAGG

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mains unchanged to the present day, the number of stars having increased with the admission of states. See also FLAG, Vol. IX, pp. 276-279. FLAGELLATA. See PROTOZOA, Vol. XIX, pp. 856-861.

the situation. On May 31st Warren fought the bat-] sentatives, April 14, 1818. The law of 1817 retle of White Oak Ridge with a severe loss. Sheridan attacked the intrenchments at Five Forks, where Pickett's corps was stationed. At first Sheridan was driven back, but, being reinforced the next day, April 1st, by Warren's corps, carried the fortifications, and the entire remaining Confederate force of over 5,000 was captured. The Federal loss was about 1,000.

The

FLACOURTIACEÆ, a family of plants of a single genus (Flacourtia), and consisting of shrubs and small trees, almost exclusively confined to the Oriental tropical regions. Many of the species produce pleasant, sweet or subacrid fruits. family is sometimes included in Bixacea, in which Bixa orellana of tropical America is the bestknown species, the testa of whose seeds yields the well-known orange or yellow dye arnotto, or

annatto.

FLAD, HENRY, an American civil engineer; born in 1823, in Bavaria. After his graduation from the University of Munich in 1846, he moved to the United States. He was employed as construction engineer by the Ohio and Mississippi railroad from 1849 to 1861. During the Civil War he served as a private in the Union army and was promoted to the rank of colonel. He has, since the war, been engaged in various engineering works at St. Louis, among them being the park system, water system and the arch bridge over the Mississippi. He served in 1886 as president of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and in 1892 on the Mississippi River commission.

FLAG, THE AMERICAN. Prior to the separation of the American colonies from England, the flags used were generally those of the mothercountry; but in 1774 Captain Markoe of the Philadelphia Light Horse used a flag with a canton of 13 stripes. In the latter part of 1775 Dr. Franklin and Messrs. Lynch and Harrison were appointed to consider the subject of a national flag. The result of this conference was a flag like that of the East India Company and the Sandwich Islands-the king's colors, or union jack, representing the yet recognized sovereignty of England, with a field of 13 stripes, alternate red and white, emblematic of the union of the 13 colonies. The new flag was hoisted for the first time, Jan. 2, 1776, over the camp at Cambridge. When independence was determined on, the British jack was dropped, and 13 stars substituted, representing a new constellation. Nothing further of importance was done on the question of a national flag until April 4, 1817, when Congress enacted,-1. That from and after the Fourth of July, 1818, the flag of the United States be 13 horizontal stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be 20 stars, white in a blue field; 2. That on the admission of every new state in the Union, one star be added to the union of the flag; and that such addition shall take effect on the Fourth day of July then next succeeding such admission. The first flag unfurled under the new law was hoisted over the United States House of Repre

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FLAGELLUM, a whiplike appendage of certain infusoria, bacteria, etc., which acts as an organ of locomotion. It may be defined as an isolated and greatly enlarged cilium. See HISTOLOGY, Vol. XII, p. 4.

FLAGEOLET. See FLUTE, Vol. IX, p. 351. FLAGET, BENEDICT JOSEPH, a French-American Roman Catholic bishop; born in Contournat, France, Nov. 7, 1763. He was ordained priest in 1788, and in 1792 came to the United States. He was at once sent as chaplain to Vincennes, Indiana, then a military post in the Northwest. From 1795 to 1798 he was a professor at Georgetown College, and for the next three years was in Havana, as a tutor to the sons of a wealthy Cuban. From 1801 to 1808 he was engaged in duties at Georgetown College and in missionary labors, and in the latter year was appointed bishop of Bardstown, Kentucky, in charge of the district between the Mississippi River and the Atlantic states and the Great Lakes to the 35th parallel. During his life he erected numerous colleges and convents, some of which were built at his own expense. He was the recognized American councilor of the pope, and was respected by all creeds and classes alike. He died in Nazareth, Kentucky, Feb. 11, 1850.

FLAGG, EDMUND, an American author; born in Wiscasset, Maine, Nov. 24, 1815. After graduation from Bowdoin in 1835, he engaged in teaching in Louisville, Kentucky, and afterward studied law, and was admitted to practice in Missouri, at St. Louis, in 1837. He began his literary labors in contributions to the Louisville Journal. He was secretary of the Berlin legation in 1849 and consul at Venice in 1850-51. As head of the United States Bureau of Statistics in 1856-57, he published a series of valuable reports on cotton, tobacco and foreign commercial relations. returned to journalism for a time, but retired from active public life in 1870. Among his writings are Venice, the City of the Sea (1853); The Far West (1838); Edmond Dantes, a novel (1849); Mary Tudor, a drama; and De Molai: A Romance of History (1888).

He

FLAGG, GEORGE WHITING, an American artist, a nephew of Washington Allston; born in New Haven, Connecticut, June 26, 1816. He studied in the United States, then spent several years in Europe, and subsequently settled in New York City. His productions comprise historical and genre pictures, and some portraits, all of which have been favorably received. His earlier work, which attracted much attention, includes Murder of the Princes in the Tower and Boy Listening to a Ghost Story. Of his later work, Washington Receiving His Mother's Blessing and Columbus and the Egg are the best known.

FLAGG, ISAAC, an American classical scholar

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FLAGG-FLAMMARION

and educator, son of Wilson Flagg; born in Bev-
erly, Massachusetts, Sept. 7, 1843. He gradu-
ated from Harvard in 1864, and received the
degree of Ph.D. from Göttingen, Germany, in
1871. Upon his return to the United States he
was tutor at Harvard (1865-69); professor of
Greek at Cornell (1871-88); and became associate
professor of philology in the University of Cali-
fornia (1891).
He has published Versicles (1883);
Euripides's Iphigenia among the Taurians (1889);

etc.

FLAGG, WILSON, an American naturalist, father of Isaac Flagg; born in Beverly, Massachusetts, Nov. 5, 1805; died in North Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 6, 1884. For a time he wrote for the Boston Weekly Magazine and the Boston Post, on political subjects, and then turned his attention to the agricultural journals, especially Hovey's Magazine of Horticulture. He also contributed at times to the Atlantic Monthly. From 1844 to 1848 he was employed in the Boston custom-house. In 1856 he settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and resided there until his death. He was the author of many valuable works on natural history, among which are Studies in the Field and Forest (1857); Birds and Seasons of New England (1875); and A Year with the Birds (1881).

FLAG-OFFICER. See NAVY, Vol. XVII, pp.
FFIC

291, 292.

FLAGSTAFF, a village and the capital of Coconino County, northern Arizona, just south of the San Francisco Mountains, in a region of superb scenery. It is reached by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé and Central Arizona railroads. Mining, lumbering, farming, and stockraising are its occupations. Population 1896,

I, 100.

FLAGSTONE. See GEOLOGY, Vol. X, p. 237. FLAMBOROUGH HEAD, a promontory of the Yorkshire (northeastern England) coast, forming the northern boundary of Bridlington Bay. It terminates a range of white perpendicular chalk cliffs, six miles long, containing fossil sponges, crinoids, etc. On the headland is a lighthouse 214 feet high.

FLAMBOYANT. See ARCHITECTURE, Vol. II, pp. 431, 464.

FLAME, LUMINOSITY OF. From careful experiments conducted by Heuman, that eminent scientist advanced the theory, in 1878, that the luminosity of hydrocarbon flames is due to the presence of solid particles of incandescent carbon. The grounds on which his opinion is based may be briefly stated as: (a) The increased luminosity which chlorine gives to weakly luminous or non-luminous flames is due to its wellknown property of separating the carbon as such. (b) A rod held in a flame is smoked only on the lower side, the side opposed to the gas stream. (c) A body held in a flame is smoked even when it is in a state of ignition. (d) These particles can be actually seen in the flame when it is made to strike against a second flame or an ignited surface, the particles aggregating so as to form

visible masses. (e) The luminous portion of a flame is not very transparent-no more so than the layer of smoke of the same thickness which rises above a flame fed with turpentine. (f) Flames which unquestionably owe their luminosity to the presence of solid particles give a shadow with sunlight, precisely as do hydrocarbon flames, while luminous flames composed of ignited gases and vapors give no such shadow in sunlight.

FLAMES, TEMPERATURE OF. By some very skillful experiments made by Rosetti in 1878, with his ingenious calorimeter, investigating the temperature of different flames, he is enabled to present to the scientific world the result of his investigations in the following table: Locatelli lamp-. Stearine-candle-

Petroleum-lamp with chimney..
Petroleum-lamp without chimney-
Illuminating part..
Sooty envelope
Alcohol-lamp
Bunsen burner

920° C.

940° C.

-1,030° C.

920° C.

780° C.

--1,170° to 1,180° C. --1,360° C.

Temperature of Electric Arc. The temperature of the electric arc has been determined by Violle, and is in the neighborhood of 3.500° C.

FLAMINIAN WAY (VIA FLAMINIA), the great northern road of ancient Italy, leading from Rome to Ariminum (Rimini), on the Adriatic. It was constructed by C. Flaminius during his cen sorship (220 B. C.), in order to secure a free communication with the recently conquered Gaulish territory. When Augustus (27 B.C.) appointed persons of consular dignity surveyors of roads for the other highways of his dominions, he reserved the care of the Flaminian Way for himself, and renewed it throughout its whole length. See ROME, Vol. XX, p. 811; FLAMINIUS, Vol. IX, p.

289.

His

FLAMMARION, CAMILLE, a French astronomer; born at Montigny-le-Roi, Feb. 25, 1842; entered the Paris Observatory in 1858, and became a popular lecturer on astronomy. Retiring in 1865, he devoted himself to the popularization of science in periodicals and books. principal publications are The Plurality of Inhabited Worlds (1862; 30th ed. 1884); Imagi nary Worlds and Real Worlds (1864; 19th ed. 1884); God in Nature (1866; 18th ed. 1882); Celestial Marvels (1865); Studies and Lectures on Astronomy (9 vols., 1866-81); History of the Heavens (1872); The Atmosphere (1872); The Stars and the Curiosities of the Heavens (1881); The Marvels of the Heavens (8th ed. 1882); Popular Astronomy (1880); Urania (1889) and Earth and Sky (1893). Flammarion made many balloon ascensions for the study of aërial phenomena, and published a work, entitled Travels in the Air. In 1892 Flammarion

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CAMILLE FLAMMARION.

FLANDERS-FLEISCHER

took a deep interest in the observations of the planet Mars, and was among those who held the sensational, as well as insensate, theory that communication between the earth and our nearest celestial neighbors is not impossible.

FLANDERS, HENRY, an American lawyer; born in 1826. He studied law with his father, Charles Flanders, and in 1850 settled in Philadelphia. He was the author of Treatise on Maritime Law (1852); Law of Shipping (1853); Constitution of the United States: An Exposition (1860); and Principles of Insurance (1871).

FLATHEAD INDIANS, a tribe of North American Indians, sometimes fictitiously called Salish. This tribe was confused by early explorers with the Oregon tribes who compressed the heads of their children and deserved the title Flatheads, but this tribe, although the name remains with them, and is applied to them almost entirely, never treated their children in such a manner. They live around Flathead Lake, in Montana, and along the valley of the Flathead River. They numbered in 1895 about five hundred.

FLATHEAD RIVER. See MONTANA, Vol. XVI, p. 772.

FLATTERY, CAPE, a promontory on the east coast of Australia, in lat. 14° 52' S., long. 154° 20' E. It is about thirty miles to the north of Endeavor Bay.

FLATWORMS. See TAPEWORMS, Vol. XXIII, pp. 49-56.

FLAUBERT, GUSTAVE, a French novelist; born at Rouen, France, Dec. 12, 1821; died in Paris, May 9, 1880. He belonged to the realistic school of novelists, was a pupil of Balzac, and is well known in America by his Madame Bovary (1857); and Salammbô (1862), which have been translated and extensively circulated. The first The first of these deals with Parisian life, and created a sensation and aroused opposition on account of its moral teaching. The other attracted attention by its archæological statements, many of which were in opposition to the beliefs of the time.

FLAX. See Vol. IX, pp. 293-298; and AGRICULTURE, in these Supplements.

FLAX, NEW ZEALAND, the Phormium tenax of New Zealand, a plant of the lily family, cultivated for the strong fiber obtained from its large leaves. It is a tall plant, with very firm tufted linear leaves, keeled beneath and flat above. Having been introduced into the United States for ornament, it has become nearly hardy, but does not flower.

FLEABANE, the common name of various species of the family Composita, notably species of Erigeron in the United States and species of Inula in Europe. The latter is the original "fleabane," has yellow flowers, the whole plant emitting a peculiar aromatic smell, sometimes compared to that of soap, which is said to be efficacious in driving away fleas.

FLEAWORT, the Plantago Psyllium, a kind of plantain of Europe and Barbary. The seeds are mucilaginous, and are sometimes used for the same purposes as flaxseed.

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FLEET PRISON OR THE FLEET, for centuries a notorious London jail, stood on the east side of Farringdon Street, on the banks of the Fleet stream, formerly a rapid affluent of the Thames, and now embraced within the system of the sewerage of the city. It was king's prison and also debtors' prison from before the commencement of the thirteenth century. Here the religious martyrs of the reigns of Mary and Elizabeth were confined, and later the victims of the Star Chamber. The building was several times renewed. It was destroyed in the great fire of 1666, again burnt by the Gordon rioters in 1780, and was finally deemed a public nuisance. It was the scene of much irregularity and brutality, arising mainly from the extortions of the keepers, and of the Fleet marriages, which were contracted chiefly from the middle of the seventeenth to the middle of the eighteenth century. Prior to the passing of the Marriage Act of 1754, all that was required to render a marriage valid in England was the verbal and expressed consent of the parties; and as the Fleet at the time contained a number of dissolute ex-parsons, who were ready to celebrate a secret marriage for half a crown, or, according to Pennant, "for a dram of gin or a pipe of tobacco," persons wishing to marry, yet to keep their marriage secret, flocked to the Fleet. The Marriage Act of the 27th of March, 1754, put an end to the trade of the Fleet parsons; yet, as a sign of the popularity of the Fleet marriage, it is said that over two hundred marriages were entered in one register on the day before the act came into force. It became the great debtors' prison, and was the scene of many horrors. The prison was abolished in 1842. The buildings were demolished in 1845-46, and part of the site is now occupied by the Congregational Memorial Hall. The prison has had its history well told, with quaint illustrations, in John Ashton's entertaining book, The Fleet: Its River, Prison and Marriages (1888)

FLEGEL, EDUARD ROBERT, a German African explorer; born in Wilna, Russia, Oct. 13, 1855. He devoted his life to the exploration of the Niger and Benue Rivers and the Cameroon country in general. In addition to the scientific side of his labors, he constantly had in mind the acquisition of territory for Germany. He ascended the Niger in 1879, and again in 1880, by a hitherto untraversed tributary. In 1883 he discovered the source of the Benue, which is navigable for steam-vessels from the sea to the central portions of Africa. He died Sept. 11, 1886, while on an expedition across the country between the Benue and the Congo.

FLEISCHER, HEINRICH LEBERECHT, a German Orientalist; born at Schandau, Saxony, Feb. 21, 1801. After several years of study at Leipsic he catalogued the Oriental manuscripts of Dresden Library, and from 1831 to 1836 taught in the Kreuzschule at Dresden, In 1836 he was appointed professor of Oriental languages at Leipsic. He published an edition of Abulfeda's Historia Moslemica (1834); Ali's Hundred Sayings (1837); Baidhavi's Commentary to the Koran (1848); and a Critical Dissertation on Habicht's

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FLEMING-FLEURY

Glosses to the First Four Volumes of the Thousand and One Nights (1836). He died in Leipsic, Feb. 10, 1888.

FLEMING, JOHN AMBROSE, a British electrical engineer; born in Lancaster, England, Nov. 20, 1849. He graduated from the University of London in 1870. After a short time spent in the chemical laboratories of the South Kensington Normal School, he entered St John's College, Cambridge, in 1877, graduating in 1880. He was elected to the chair of mathematics and physics in the University College, Nottingham, but resigned in, 1881 to become electrical engineer for the London Edison Electric Lighting Company. He was instrumental in the organization of electrical engineering departments of various colleges, and of the London Board of Trade electrical laboratory. He published Molecular Shadows in Incandescent Lamps; Problems of Electric Flow in Networks of Thin Conductors; and other treatises. His main work, however, is Alternate Current Transformer (1889).

FLEMING, SANDFORD, a Canadian civil engineer; born in Kirkcaldy, Fifeshire, Scotland, Jan.

7,

1827. After a residence of seven years in Canada, he was employed (1852) in the engineering department of the Northern Railroad Company. He was active in the promotion of the building of a railway to connect Nova Scotia and the Pacific coast of Canada. The Intercolonial railroad was the first section to be constructed. It was finished in 1876. While superintending the construction of this, Fleming began the survey to the Pacific, a task not finished until 1877. He was elected chancellor of Queen's University, Kingston, in 1880, and was re-elected three times. He was the Canadian representative at the International Geographical Congress at Venice in 1881, and at the International Prime Meridian Conference at Washington in 1884. In addition to many contributions to various engineering and geographical journals, he published England and Canada (1884).

and Rostock, he was appointed to an instructorship at Amsterdam. From 1871 to 1876 he was successively tutor in anatomy at Rostock and Prague. In 1876 he was elected to the chair of histology and human anatomy at Kiel. He published a number of works in his special study; among them are Cell-Substance, Marrow, and CellPartition (1882); Cells and Their Life-History (1881); and Regeneration of Tissue (1885).

FLESH-FLY (Musca vomitoria), an insect of the same genus as the house-fly, which it much exceeds in size. The forehead is rust-colored, the thorax grayish, the abdomen blue, with three black bands; the expanse of wings nearly one inch. It deposits its eggs on flesh; and notwithstanding preventives, the maggots are of very frequent occurrence on meat in summer. There are several allied species. See Brachycera, under INSECTS, Vol. XIII, p. 150.

FLETCHER, JOHN, dramatist. See BEAUMONT AND FLETCHER, Vol. III, pp. 469-474.

FLETCHER, JOHN WILLIAM, originally DE LA FLÉCHIÈRE, an Anglo-Swiss theologian; born at Nyon, Switzerland, Sept. 12, 1729; died at Madeley, England, Aug. 14, 1785. He was educated at the University of Geneva, and at the age of 23 went to London to perfect his knowledge of the English language. He was ordained a minister of the Established Church in 1757, and became an able coadjutor of the Wesleys. In 1760 he settled as vicar of Madeley, and in 1771 the Countess of Huntingdon appointed him president of her theological school at Trevecca, Wales. The latter position Mr. Fletcher resigned upon being required to disavow Wesley's views, and published his well-known Checks to Antinomianism. After three years spent in Switzerland in pursuit of health, he returned to England and devoted himself to his work until his death. He was one of the founders of Methodism, and a man of great industry and piety. His writings are published in four volumes.

FLETCHER, ROBERT, an American surgeon FLEMINGSBURG, a town and capital of and anthropologist; born in Bristol, England, Fleming County, northeastern Kentucky, on the March 6, 1823. He was educated in England and Covington, Flemingsburg and Ashland railroad. studied medicine at the London Hospital and at It is the seat of a college. It has considerable Bristol Medical College. He emigrated to the trade in wheat, corn and tobacco, and has large United States, and was a surgeon in the Union distilleries. Population 1890, 1, 172. army during the Civil War. He was prominent FLEMINGTON, a town and the capital of in various philosophical and anthropological socieHunterdon County, northwestern New Jersey, ties, and was for a time lecturer on medical jurissituated in a rich peach-growing district, 50 miles prudence at Columbian University. He wrote S. W. of New York City, on the Pennsylvania, the a number of valuable works; among which are Lehigh Valley and the Jersey Central railroads. Prehistoric Trephining (1882); Human Proportion It has two potteries and a steam flour-mill. Pop-in Art and Anthropometry (1883); Tatooing among ulation 1895, 2,060.

FLEMINGTON, a village of Taylor County, in the northeastern part of West Virginia, the seat of West Virginia College (Free-will Baptist). FLEMISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. See HOLLAND, Vol. XII, pp. 84-98.

FLEMMING, WALTHER, a German physiologist and anatomist; born April 1, 1843, in Sachsenberg, Germany. After a number of years spent in study at Berlin, Göttingen, Tübingen

Civilized People (1883); and The New School of
Criminal Anthropology (1891).

FLEURUS, a small town of south Belgium, in the eastern part of the province of Hainault, situated north of the left bank of the Sambre, and 15 miles W. of Namur. It has been the scene of several contests. Population, 2,300.

FLEURY, ÉMILE FELIX, a French soldier; born in Paris, Dec. 23, 1815. He was educated at the Collége Rollin, entered the army in 1837,

FLEURY-FLINT RIVER

served in eleven campaigns in Algeria, and by his gallantry obtained rapid promotion. He was He was made a general of division in 1863; served the Bonapartist cause; became an officer of the Legion of Honor in 1849; grand officer in 1859; and was summoned to the French Senate in 1865. In 1866 he was sent on a diplomatic mission to Italy, and in 1869 became ambassador at St. Petersburg. On the downfall of Napoleon III in 1870, he retired to Switzerland, and was placed on the retired list of the army in 1879. He died in Paris, Dec. 12, 1884.

FLEURY, JULES FRANÇOIS HUSSON, a French author; born at Laon, Sept 10, 1821. In a number of early pieces for the theater, as well as later romances, he achieved some distinction as a realistic writer. Of his works in that line, those worthy of mention are Contes d'Été and Contes d'Automne. Works of greater value, however, were those on the history of caricature, of literature, and of art, from 1825 to 1840, and his Bibliographie Céramique (1882). He died at Sèvres Dec. 6, 1889.

FLEURY, LOUIS, VISCOUNT DE, a French soldier; born in Limoges, France, about 1740. He went to America as an independent volunteer, and offered his services to Washington at the beginning of the American Revolution. He was given a captain's commission. He served with Washington until the French forces under Rochambeau arrived, when he joined his countryHe showed such ability and bravery that he received a vote of thanks from Congress and a silver medal at the time of his return to France in 1780. He became an officer under Rochambeau in the revolution of 1793. He was taken prisoner and executed in Paris in 1794. FLEXIBLE SANDSTONE OR ITACOLUMITE. See Diamond, under MINERALOGY, Vol. XVI, p. 381.

FLEXURE OF BEAM. See ELASTICITY, Vol. VII, pp. 808, 809.

FLIES. See DIPTERA, Vol. VII, pp. 255-257FLINDERSIA, a genus of Australian trees of the family Meliacea. It yields timber which is little inferior to mahogany.

FLINT, a city and the capital of Genesee County, southeastern Michigan, on the Flint River, and on the Chicago and Grand Trunk and Flint and Pere Marquette railroads. It is the seat of the state institution for the deaf and dumb, and of Oak Grove Home, a private institution for the feebleminded. Its steam sawmills turn out annually 50,000,000 feet of lumber. Population 1894, 10,420.

DR. AUSTIN FLINT.

FLINT, AUSTIN, an American physician; born Oct. 20, 1812, in Petersham, Massachusetts. His professional career began in 1833, upon his gradua

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tion from Harvard; he practiced in Boston, Massachusetts, and then in Buffalo, New York. In 184445 he was a professor at the Rush Medical College, in Chicago, Illinois, and from 1847, for six years, in the Buffalo Medical College. From 1852 to 1856 he was a professor in the Louisville University; in 1856, in the Buffalo Medical College; in 1858, in the New Orleans School of Medicine; in 1861, in the Long Island College Hospital; and from 1868 until his death was professor of the principles and practice of medicine in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York. He was consulting-physician to various hospitals, and from 1872 to 1885 was president of the New York Academy of Medicine. He was a member of many medical and scientific bodies, both in America and Europe, and was present at several important medical congresses. as a delegate. His contributions to medical literature were numerous. Among them are Principles and Practice of Medicine (1866); Phthisis: Its Anatomy, Etc. (1875); Physical Exploration of the Lungs by Auscultation and Percussion (1882); and Medical Ethics and Etiquette (1883). He died in New York City, March 13, 1886.

FLINT, AUSTIN, an American physician, son of the preceding; born in Northampton, Massachusetts, March 28, 1836. He was graduated from the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1857; began to practice medicine in Buffalo, and in the following year became an attending surgeon in the Buffalo City Hospital, and a professor in the Medical College. In 1859 he was chosen professor of physiology in the New York Medical College, and in 1860 to a similar chair in the New Orleans School of Medicine. In 1861 he became professor of physiology and microscopic anatomy in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, and for eight years lectured in the Long Island College Hospital. In 1874 he became surgeon-general of New York state. He wrote several works on physiological topics. His special studies of the nervous system and the glycogenic function of the liver have placed him among the foremost of contemporary physiologists. His work, The Physiology of Man (1874), is a standard work on that subject. Others of his works are Text-book of Human Physiology (1881) and Source of Muscular Power (1878).

FLINT, ROBERT, a Scotch theologian; born in Dumfries, Scotland, in 1838. He was educated at the University of Glasgow and was ordained to the East Church, Aberdeen, in 1859. He was appointed professor of moral philosophy at St. Andrews in 1864, and in 1876 professor of divinity at the University of Edinburgh. He published Philosophy of History in France and Germany (1874); Theism (1876); and Anti-Theistic Theories (1877). FLINT GLASS. See GLASS, Vol. X, pp. 657, 658. See ARCHEOLOGY,

FLINT IMPLEMENTS. Vol. II, pp. 338, 339.

FLINT RIVER rises in Clayton County, western Georgia, and flows, by an irregular course, to the southwest corner of the state, where it unites with the Chattahoochee to form the Appalachicola

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