660 CALOVIUS-CALVERT CALOVIUS OR KALAU, ABRAHAM, the chief | plants with spiny heads or fruits, such as the comrepresentative of controversial Lutheran orthodoxy in the seventeenth century; born at Mohrungen, in East Prussia, April 16, 1612; died at Wittenberg, Feb 25, 1686. He was successively professor at Königsberg, preacher at Danzig, and professor at Wittenberg. He waged war incessantly on Arminian, Socinian, Reformed and Catholic doctrines, and was very bitter agaiust Calixtus. He was six times mar ried, the last time, in his seventy-second year, to a young daughter of his colleague, Quenstedt. Calovius's chief writings are his Systema Locorum Theologicorum (12 vols., 1655-77) and Historia Syncretistica. (1682). CALOYERS ("good old men"), a general name for the monks of the Greek Church. The caloyers follow the rule of St. Basil, and devote much time to devotional exercises. They are of three ranks, Archari or novices, Microchemi or professed, and Megalochemi or perfect. From among the last the bishops and patriarchs are chosen. The caloyers furnish practically the only learned theologians in Greece at the present time. They occupy numerous monasteries, the most noted of which are the ancient monastery of Mount Sinai, and the cluster of monasteries at Mount Athos, Greece. CALPE, one of the pillars of Hercules, identified with Gibraltar. See GIBRALTAR, Vol. X, p. 585. CALPENTYN, a long and narrow peninsula on the west side of Ceylon, in lat. 8° 14' N., long. 79° 53' E. The neck is so low as to be overflowed during the northeast monsoon, so that it is transformed into an island. CALTABELOTTA OR CALATA BELLOTA, a town of west Sicily, 10 miles N.E. of Sciacca, most picturesquely situated around an ancient castle an ancient castle which crowns a steep rock overhanging a stream. There is a beautiful church, the Chiesa Matrice, here. Caltabelotta was long a Saracen town, and its name is said to be derived from Kalaat-el-Ballut ("the castle of the cork trees"). Population, 6,178. CALTANISETTA, province and city of central Sicily; the province lies west of Girgenti and south of Palermo. Its southern side is washed by the Mediterranean. There are manufactures of chemicals and iron, marble-quarries, and olive and grape yards. Area, 1,455 square miles. Population in 1891, 266,379. The city, capital of the province, is fortified, and is situated 28 miles N.E. of Girgenti. Sulphur springs and works are here. Population in 1893, 36.500. CALTHA, a genus of plants belonging to the family Ranunculacea, found in marshy places in the cold and temperate regions of both hemispheres. C. palustris is the common "marsh-marigold," or "cowslips," of the United States. It bears somewhat kidney-shaped leaves and showy yellow flowers in early spring. The young plants are boiled for "greens." CALTHROP OR CALTHORP, in military warfare, a piece of iron with four prongs, each prong about four inches in length, used to check the approach of the enemy's cavalry. See HERALDRY, Vol. XI, p. 703. CALTROP, a name applied in botany to certain mon caltrop, Centaurea Calcitrapa (a thistle, with spiny heads); species of Tribulus, with spiny fruit; Trapa natans, with spiny fruit; Cenchrus tribuloides, whose spiny spike is usually called a "sand-bur"; etc. CALUMBA OR COLUMBO, used in medicine, is the root of Jateorhiza Calumba (J. palmata), a menispermaceous climber of eastern Africa. Its bitterness and other properties are ascribed to the presence of columbin, berberin and columbic acid. It is a useful, mild tonic and stomachic. American calumba root, or columbo, is obtained from Frasera Walteri, a gentianaceous biennial, and has properties like those of gentian. CALUMET, a village of Houghton County, Michigan, situated in the copper region, near the northernmost point of the upper peninsula, on the Hecla and Torch Lake railroad, 15 miles from Houghton. It contains a celebrated copper-mine, often spoken of as the richest in the world. See MICHIGAN, Vol. XVI, p. 239. Population 1894, 2,192. CALUMET OR PEACE-PIPE. See PIPE, Vol. XIX, p. 111. CALVARY, MOUNT. See MORIAH, Vol. XVI, p. 824. CALVÉ, EMMA, operatic vocalist, was born in France about 1866. Her father was a civil engineer and died during her girl hood. She received lessons from Signora Marchesi. Her début was in Gounod's Faust, at the Théatre de la Monnaie, Brussels, in 1882. In Paris, in 1884, she played various parts, and afterward made a tour of Italy. She was very successful at Covent Garden, in 1892, in Cavalleria Rusticana and L'Amico Fritz, and appeared in both, by command, before the Queen, in July, 1893. She made an American tour in 1894 and another in 1896, both highly successful. EMMA CALVÉ. CALVERLEY, CHARLES STUART, English parodist; born Dec. 22, 1831; died at Folkestone, Feb. 17, 1884. He was educated at Harrow, Oxford and Cambridge, and in 1865 was called to the bar, and settled in London, but a fall on the ice in the winter of 1866-67 put an end to what promised to be an exceptionally brilliant career. One of the most gifted and scholarly men of his time, and unrivaled as a humorist, Calverley will be remembered by his two little volumes, Verses and Translations (1862) and Fly-Leaves (1872). CALVERT. For an account of GEORGE CALVERT, first Lord Baltimore, see CALVERT, Vol. IV, p. 713.CECIL CALVERT, second Lord Baltimore, was born about 1603, and succeeded to his father's title in 1632. In 1634 he sent an expedition to his American territory, under the charge of his brother, Leonard, and thus became the real founder of the colony of Maryland. (See MARYLAND, Vol. XV, p. 605.)LEONARD CALVERT, the first governor of the colony, CALVERT-CAMBERWELL BEAUTY was born about 1606, and died in 1647. The title became extinct upon the death of FREDERICK CALVERT, the seventh Lord Baltimore, in 1771. 661 a frightful animal sent by the goddess Artemis to lay waste the fields of Eneus, king of Calydon, because he had omitted a sacrifice to her. The king being absent on the Argonautic expedition, no one dared to face the monster, until Meleager, the son of Eneus, with a band of heroes, pursued and slew him. CALYMENE, a genus of the fossil order Trilo CALVERT, GEORGE HENRY, author; born in Prince George County, Maryland, Jan. 2, 1803; died in Newport, Rhode Island, May 24, 1889. He was a great-grandson of the first Lord Baltimore. Having graduated at Harvard, he studied at Göttingen, Germany, and on his return resided in the neigh-bites, found in the Silurian rocks. Calymene Bluborhood of Baltimore, edited the Baltimore American, and then removed to Newport, Rhode Island, and in 1853 became mayor of that city. He wrote for periodicals and published numerous dramas, pamphlets and books, among which are Scenes and Thoughts in Europe; Life of Rubens; Introduction to Social Science; and Biographic Esthetic Studies. CALVERT, a city, the old capital of Robertson County, central Texas, about 85 miles N. E. of Austin, on the Houston and Texas Central railroad. It contains manufactories of cottonseed-oil, and is the business center of a fertile agricultural district. Population 1890, 2,632. CALVI, FELIX, COUNT, Italian historian; born in Milan, Dec. 16, 1822. His first work was a novel, Un Château dans la Campagne Romaine. In a short time he abandoned novel-writing and devoted himself to the study of history. In 1871 he founded the Historical Society of Lombardy, of which he has since been president. Among his many writings the more important are Di Ansonio Franchi e della Filosofa Contemporanea; Curiosità Storiche e Diplomatiche del Secolo XVII; and Bianca Maria Sforza Visconti Regina dei Romani. CALVO, CARLOS, an Argentine lawyer, diplomat and author; born in Buenos Ayres, Feb. 26, 1824; in 1860 minister to Paris and special representative to London; in 1885 minister to Berlin; an officer of the Legion of Honor, and correspondent of the Historical Institute of Paris and of the Academy of Sciences. He has published An Account of the Treaties, Conventions and Other Diplomatic Acts of the Latin-American States; Theory and Practice of International Law; and Dictionary of Diplomacy and Private and Public International Law. CALX, a Latin term for quicklime. As quicklime is produced by burning limestone, the alchemists applied the term calx to the substance of a metal or mineral that remains after being subjected to extreme heat and calcination. CALYCANTHUS, a genus of Calycanthacea; a small order, of which only a few species are known, natives of North America and Japan. They are square-stemmed, aromatic shrubs, with purple flowers which have the odor of strawberries. The most common species in the United States is Calycanthus floridus, called "Carolina allspice," or 'sweetscented shrub." CALYCIFLORÆ, a term introduced by De Candolle to include those natural orders of dicotyledons in which the sepals and petals are separate, as in Thalamiflora, but in which the stamens, instead of being hypogynous are perigynous or epigynous. It includes the Leguminosa, Rosace, Saxifragacea and other related orders. CALYDONIAN BOAR, in Grecian mythology menbachii, known as the "Dudley locust," is very abundant in the Wenlock limestone. See GEOLOGY, Vol. X, p. 335. CALYPSO BOREALIS, a beautiful orchid of the northern hemisphere, extending in the United States from the north Atlantic states to Colorado and Oregon, and throughout British America. It is a low, bog herb, with a single thin ovate or cordate radical leaf, a scaly stem, and a solitary drooping rose-colored flower mottled with purple, appearing in early spring. CALYPTRÆA, a genus of mollusks, sometimes popularly known as chambered cup-and-saucer, bonnet or slipper limpets. It is the typical genus of the family Capulida. The shapes vary considerably. Some ten living species are known, mostly from warmer waters. See MOLLUSCA, Vol. XVI, pp. 649, 650. CALYX, in botany the external envelope of the flower. See BOTANY, Vol. IV, p. 131. CAM OR GRANTA, a river of England, which rises near Henham in Essex and flows northeast through Cambridge and there joins the Ouse. In its course it passes through the handsome park of the Nevilles, Barons Braybrooke, at Audley End, and completes the picturesque scenery of the "backs" of the colleges of Cambridge University. See CAMBRIDGE, Vol. IV, pp. 728, 729. CAMARGUE, a district at the mouth of the Rhone, France. See BOUCHES-DU-RHONE, Vol. IV, p. 169. CAMARILLA, a Spanish word, literally, "a little chamber," signifies, throughout Europe, the influence exercised on the state by the favorites of a monarch, in opposition to the advice of his legitimate ministers. It first obtained this meaning in the time of Ferdinand VII of Spain. It is sometimes applied to the audience-room of the king. CAMASSIA, a bulbous genus of the family Liliacea. The white or blue flowers are in racemes on a naked scape rising from a cluster of linear flat leaves. L. esculenta of the mountains of the northwestern United States is the "camass," or "quamash," of the Indians, the bulb being largely collected by them for food. C. Fraseri (Scilla Fraseri) is a species of the Atlantic. states, often called "wild hyacinth." The genus is closely related to Scilla, or "squills," of Europe. CAMAYEU AND MONOCHROME, terms by which painting in one color is designated. The ancients made them both in gray and in red. Pictures of several tints, but where the natural colors of the object are not copied, are also said to be en camayeu. As one color generally prevails, we speak of blue, red, yellow, green camayeu. The word is sometimes used for cameo. CAMBERWELL BEAUTY (Vanessa Antiopa), a of Howard Sqnare?!! 662 CAMBIST-CAMBRIDGE CITY butterfly almost world-wide in range. In America CAMBIST, an Italian word for money-changer, CAMBIUM, an embryonic meristem tissue, coinposed of thin-walled cells rich in protoplasm, and lying between the wood and bast. By its activity new wood and bast are formed, increasing the member in diameter. It is characteristic of the stems of dicotyledons and gymnosperms, resulting in the production of the growth-rings (annual rings). When bark is peeled off, the line of easy separation is furnished by the cambium. See BOTANY, Vol. IV, p. 101. CAMBRIA, the ancient name of Wales, the Britannia Secunda of the Romans. The name is derived from that of Cimbri or Cymri, by which the Welsh have always called themselves. CAMBRIAN PERIOD, in geology a period nearly merged into the Lower Silurian. See GEOLOGY, Vol. X, pp. 329-331. CAMBRIC, a general term applied to the finest and thinnest of linen fabrics. It is said to be derived from Cambray, a city of France, formerly of Flanders, where the goods were first manufactured. Scotch cambric is really a muslin, being made of cotton with the fiber twisted very hard, to imitate real or linen cambric. See CAMBRAY, Vol. IV, p. 726. CAMBRIDGE, a village, capital of Henry County, northwest Illinois, 30 miles E. of Rock Island, on the Rock Island and Peoria railroad. Population 1890, 940. CAMBRIDGE, a town, capital of Dorchester County, southeast Maryland, on the Choptank River, about 50 miles S. E. of Annapolis, on the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore railroad. It is an important shipping-point for oysters, herring and shad; contains several canning factories and establishments for the manufacture of tobacco, flour and staves, and is the seat of two excellent academies. Population 1890, 4,192. CAMBRIDGE, a city of Middlesex County, east Massachusetts, the seat of Harvard College. For history and location, see CAMBRIDGE, Vol. IV, p. 732. The city includes Old Cambridge, North Cambridge, Cambridgeport and East Cambridge. Harvard College is in the center of Old Cambridge. At the east end of Harvard Square still stands the famous Wadsworth House, built in 1726, in which the successive presidents of Harvard College lived for 125 years. At the western end still stands a venerable elm, surrounded by an iron fence, marked with a granite slab, which records that "Under this tree Washington first took command of the American army, July 3, 1775." North Cambridge is a district of much commercial importance. Cambridgeport, lying be- THE WASHINGTON ELM. the most recently settled portion of the city, contains CAMBRIDGE, a village, capital of Isanti County, CAMBRIDGE, a village of Washington County, central eastern New York, about 35 miles N.E. of Albany, on the Delaware and Hudson railroad. It contains manufactories of machinery, flour, leather and lumber, and is the seat of Cambridge Washington Academy. The Cambridge valley agricultural fair, annually held here, is one of the most complete agricultural exhibits in the state. Population 1890, 1,598. CAMBRIDGE, a city, capital of Guernsey County, east-central Ohio, in an agricultural and mining region, about 60 miles N. of Marietta, on the Baltimore and Ohio and the Cleveland and Marietta railroads. Coal and natural gas are found in the vicinity, and the town contains important manufactories of flour, iron, pottery and roofing. The general offices and shops of the Cleveland and Marietta railroad are located here. Population 1890, 4,361. CAMBRIDGE, GEORGE WILLIAM, DUKE OF, born in Hanover, March 26, 1819. He is the son of Adolphus Frederick, first Duke of Cambridge, is grandson of George III and first cousin of Queen Victoria. In 1856 he was made commander-inchief of the British forces, and in 1862 was made a field-marshal. CAMBRIDGE CITY, a village of Wayne County, east-central Indiana, on the Whitewater River, 15 miles W. of Richmond, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis, the Lake Erie and Western, and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis railroads. It contains extensive manufactories of railroad cars, machinery, furniture, sash and CAMBRIDGE GREENSAND-CAMEL'S HAIR blinds, flour and lumber. It is the northern terminus of the Whitewater Canal. Population 1890, 1,782. CAMBRIDGE GREENSAND, a name given to certain "coprolite beds" met with in Cambridgeshire, which were at one time supposed to represent the upper greensand. The beds in question are now ascertained to occur on the horizon of the base of the chalk marl. See COPROLITES, Vol. VI, p. 353. CAMBRIDGE PLATFORM, a statement of a system of government for the Congregational Church, drawn up at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1648. The system was to be a means of bringing uniformity into the Church government. A wide difference existed among the New England Congregationalists. This system, in general, is the same as now in use by the Church. CAMBUSLANG, a large mining village of Lanarkshire, Scotland, 4 miles S.E. of Glasgow. Here a revival, known as the "Camb'slang Wark," was held under Whitefield in 1741. Population, 5,538. CAMDEN, a town, capital of Wilcox County, southwest Alabama, 4 miles S. of the Alabama River, 36 miles S.W. from Selma. An academy and seminary are located here. Population 1890, 545. CAMDEN, a city, capital of Ouachita County, central southern Arkansas, situated at the head of low-water navigation on the Ouachita River, 100 miles S.W. of Little Rock, on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern and the St. Louis Southwestern railroads. It is a shipping-point for cotton and an important center of trade. Steamboats ply between here and New Orleans. It contains several establishments for the manufacture of flour. Population 1890, 2,571. CAMDEN, a town of Kent County, central Delaware, three miles S. of Dover. It is the seat of an academy. The chief industry is the canning of fruits. Population 553, in 1890. CAMDEN, a village of Knox County, southern Maine, on the west shore of Penobscot Bay, about nine miles N. of Rockland. It contains manufactories of railroad cars, car-wheels, pumps, spikes, anchors and woolen goods, and is engaged in commerce, ship-building, and the exportation of lime. CAMDEN, a city of Camden County, central western New Jersey, on the Delaware River, opposite Philadelphia, with which it is connected by several lines of ferries. It is an important railway city, seven railroads having their termini here; namely, Camden and Amboy, Camden and Burlington County, Camden and Atlantic, Philadelphia and Atlantic City, West Jersey and Camden, Gloucester and Mount Ephraim. The city has increased rapidly during the last 20 years, both in population and business; in part, however, by annexation of a portion of Newton. There are located here eight shipyards, with dry-docks, marine railways, etc., iron foundries, boot and shoe factories, and manufactures of paints, oils, etc. The water-works which supply the city with water from the Delaware River are at Pavonia, about one mile north of Camden. Population, 63,467, in 1895. CAMDEN, a village of Oneida County, central New York; about 18 miles N.W. of Rome, on the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg, and Elmira, 663 | Cortland and Northern railroads. It contains important manufactories of leather, furniture, woolen goods, rakes and iron, and has several vegetable and fruit canning factories. Population 1890, 1,902. CAMDEN, a town, capital of Camden County, northeast North Carolina, on the Pasquotauk River, 42 miles S. of Norfolk, on the Norfolk and Southern railroad. Population 268, in 1890. CAMDEN, a town, capital of Kershaw County, central northern South Carolina, 1 mile E. of the Wateree River and 32 miles N.E. of Columbia, on the Ohio River, and Chattanooga and the South Carolina and Georgia railroads. Ancient Indian mounds are found in the vicinity. It is an importtant educational and trade center. During the Civil War it was captured by General Sherman, and large stores of cotton and tobacco and most of the busi ness houses were burned. Population 1890, 3,533. See CAMDEN, Vol. IV, p. 734. CAMDEN, a town, capital of Benton County, west Tennessee, 87 miles W. of Nashville, on the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis railroad. Population 330, in 1890. CAMDEN SOCIETY, an association formed in London, in 1838, for the purpose of publishing historical and other manuscripts of antiquarian or literary interest. The name was taken in honor of William Camden, the historian. The publications of this society are highly valued. Over 165 volumes have been issued. CAMEL, a caisson-like apparatus for floating a vessel through shoal-water or over sand-bars. It was invented by Bekker of Amsterdam, Holland, about 1690. It is often used between Kronstadt and St. Petersburg. The principle on which it operates is very simple. A large, light caisson, or "camel," nearly filled with water is attached to each end of the vessel to be raised. The water is then pumped out, and the buoyancy of the exhausted "camels" floats the vessel over the obstruction. Machines made on the same principle are used in dry-docks. CAMELFORD, a village in the northwest of Cornwall, England, 11 miles N. E. of Bodmin, near the source of the Camel, 14 miles from Launceston. It lies in a high and hilly tract, and is said to have been the scene of a battle between King Arthur and his nephew, Mordred, A.D. 542, in which both were slain. Population, 800. CAMELOPARDALIDE. See GIRAFFE, Vol. X, pp. 618-620. CAMELOT, a steep hill of Somersetshire, England, near Ilchester, in the parish of Queen's Camel, identified by tradition with one of the capitals of the legendary King Arthur. There are some remains of remote antiquity in the vicinity. CAMEL'S HAIR, an article of commerce in the east of Europe, Arabia and Persia, the camelinum of the middle ages. It is used by the Arabs in making carpets, tents and wearing-apparel. In France, the imported hair is used in the manufacture of hats. The fine hair from which artists' pencils are made is imported from Smyrna and Constantinople, but originally was obtained in Persia. There are three qualities-red, black and gray. Of these the black is considered the best. The "camel's hair" 664 CAMEL'S THORN-CAMERON cloth sold in some places is in reality woolen. For imitation Camel's Hair, see ABATTÖUS in these Supplements. in the base-board of the camera. This arrangement secures portability, does away with the troublesome tripod screw, and enables the operator to instantly turn the camera toward any desirable point, where it may be held rigid by fastenings provided. CAMEL'S THORN, a name primarily applied to species of Alhagi, a genus of plants of the family Leguminosa, containing a number of herbaceous or The introduction and evolution of the hand-camhalf-shrubby species. These plants are of great im- era presents one of the most interesting phases of portance on account of the food which they afford photographic practice. "Its name is legion." It for camels, as they are natives chiefly of the deserts has contributed much, in careful hands, to photoof the East. (See MANNA, Vol. XV, p. 493.) A. graphic growth and improvement, yet it is responsiMaurorum exudes a sweetish substance, which is one ble for much that degrades and disgusts the true of the numerous "mannas" of the Oriental deserts. photographer and his art. Only the most skilled The name is also said to be applied in Persia and can have good success with the "hand" or "snapIndia to a species of Zizyphus used as fodder for shot" camera, unless it be by accident, for it resheep and goats, and in South Africa to various quires the best judgment as to light and composispecies of Acacia browsed upon by giraffes. CAMENÆ, according to Italian ancient religion four prophetic nymphs, but identified with the Muses by later mythology. The most important of these ancient nymphs was Carmenta; her associates, Antevorta, Egeria and Postvorta. CAMERAS. The changes which have been made in cameras consist principally in adjustments and attachments, and have had for their object the securing of compactness, portability, convenience and efficiency. The principle of the camera obscura remains unchanged. The introduction of the "square" form of camera for outdoor work marks one of the chief advances. It was common to construct cameras so that the view presented upon the ground glass would be "horizontal." If a "vertical" view-say, of a tree or a tall building-was preferred, the camera had to be removed from the stand or tripod and readjusted. This required time; and while it was being done, the light upon the scene might change or the best chance pass entirely away. The newly constructed square camera is provided with a reversible front (or back, according to style), which permits the quick reversal of the plate-holder from a "vertical" to a "horizontal" plane, and vice versa, as the circumstances require. To secure the advantages of such a contrivance, the bulk of the camera must be increased; but that is no great disadvantage. The "revolving-back" camera accomplishes similar advantages, but it is more expensive, and not so desirable practically. Modifications have been made in the single and double swing attachments, which secure greater lightness and speedier action. The construction of the front board upon which the objective is fixed, so that it may be raised or lowered at will, has also been so altered as to provide greater facility and less cumbersomeness. By the use of the sliding front the operator regulates the height of the horizon in a landscape or the measure of foreground, and insures more artistic balance. The folding platform is sometimes supplemented by an added extension for use with objectives of very long focus. The turn-table camera-base is an important improvement, having for its object the displacing of the loose tripod head. Using this invention, two metal flanges, one revolving inside the other (the inner flange being fitted with projecting pins which receive and hold the legs of the tripod) are inserted tion. Broadly speaking, hand-cameras may be divided into three classes: First, those constructed for glass plates, to be used in the common plate-holder or in magazine; second, those adapted for cut films also; and third, those fitted for a roll-holder, adapted for the use of bands of film sufficiently long for a number of exposures. The modification of the camera and its parts for special uses in the various scientific and industrial applications of photography offers an interesting study. The panoramic camera, the photo-microscopic camera, the telescopic camera, the stereoscopic camera, the bicycle camera, the multiplying camera and the pinhole camera (used without a lens) are all ingenious in mechanism, and supply admirably the wants of the workmen for whom they have been designed. See PHOTOGRAPHY, Vol. XVIII, pp. 839, 840. EDW. L. WILSON. CAMERON, a hamlet, capital of Cameron Parish, southwest Louisiana, on the east bank of Calcasieu River, 2 miles from the Gulf of Mexico and 90 miles N.E. of Galveston. Population 1890, 941. CAMERON, a city of Clinton County, northwest Missouri, about 29 miles E. of St. Joseph, and 55 miles N.E. of Kansas City. It is an important railroad and trade center, on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific and the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroads. It is the seat of the Missouri Wesleyan College, Population 1890, 2,917. CAMERON, a city, capital of Milam County, central Texas, 60 miles N. E. of Austin, on the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fé and the San Antonio and Aransas Pass railroads. Two colleges, one for men and the other for women, are located here. Population 1890, 1,608. CAMERON, ANGUS, statesman; born in Caledonia, Livingston County, New York, July 14, 1826; removed to La Crosse, Wisconsin, in 1857; served several terms in both branches of the state legislature, and for nine years served as regent of the University of Wisconsin. From 1875 to 1885 he was United States Senator from Wisconsin. CAMERON, CHARLES ALEXANDER, SIR, chemist; born in Dublin, Ireland, July 16, 1830; studied at Dublin and in Germany; public analyst to the city of Dublin in 1862; in 1867 professor of hygiene in the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; since 1876, professor of chemistry in that institution and in control of the department of health of Dublin. |