CAMERON He held important offices in British scientific associations. He was knighted in 1886. Besides numerous important papers on selenium compounds, he has published History of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Manual of Hygiene and Compendium of the Sanitary Laws; etc. CAMERON, HENRY CLAY, clergyman and scholar; born in Shepherdstown, Virginia, Sept. 1, 1829; was graduated in 1847 at Princeton College, and at Princeton Theological Seminary in 1855; elected professor of Greek at Princeton in 1861; entered the ministry of the Presbyterian Church in 1859; became a member of the board of visitors of the West Point Military Academy in 1876. He has published a History of the American Whig Society and contributed largely to periodical literature. CAMERON, JAMES, soldier; born in Maytown, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, March 1, 1801; killed at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. He entered his brother Simon's printing-office in Harrisburg in 1820; edited the Lancaster Political Sentinel in 1827; studied law; served as sutler in the Mexican War, and was colonel of the Seventy-ninth New York regiment at the outbreak of the Civil War. CAMERON, JAMES DONALD, an American statesman; son of Simon Cameron; born in Middletown, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, May 14, 1833. After graduating at Princeton he became successively clerk, cashier and president of the Middletown Bank. He was president of the Northern Central Railway Company of Pennsylvania from 1863 to 1874, when that road passed into the control and ownership of the PennsylJAMES DONALD CAMERON. vania Railroad Company. Mr. Cameron is also interested in coal, iron and manufacturing industries. Under President Grant he held the portfolio of war in 1876; in 1877 he resigned to take his father's place in the United States Senate. He was re-elected Senator in 1879, 1885 and 1891. CAMERON, JOHN HILLYARD, Canadian statesman; born in Beaucaire, Languedoc, France, April 14, 1817; died in Toronto, Nov. 14, 1876. He was educated at Kilkenny College, Ireland, and in Toronto; entered the legal profession; was elected to the Canadian Parliament in 1846, and appointed Solicitor-General in the same year. He served for 16 years in the legislative body, and during that time was a prominent mover in a number of important bills, one of which secured better postal facilities between Canada, Great Britain and the United States. He was the author of several legal works, including Rules of Court Relating to Pleading in the Court of Queen's Bench. He was one of the commissioners appointed for the revision of the statutes of Upper Canada in 1840, and the consolidation of the statutes in 1856. CAMERON, MALCOLM, Canadian statesman; born at Three Rivers, Canada East, April 25, 1808; died in Ottawa, June 1, 1876. He was entirely self-educated 665 and rose by his own efforts from the drudgery of stableboy to positions of honor and profit under the Canadian government. He began his political career in 1836, as representative in the Upper Canada assembly, and was successively inspector of revenue, cabinet officer, president of the council, Commissioner of Public Works, Postmaster-General and member of the House of Commons from South Ontario. CAMERON, SIMON, an American statesman; born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, March 8, 1799; died there, June 26, 1889. He learned the printer's trade when only nine years of age, and in 1820 had risen to be editor of a newspaper in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. Two years later he edited another paper in Harrisburg. He held the office of adjutant-general for his state, and in 1845 was elected by the Democratic party as their representative in the United States Senate. In 1856, having become a member of the Republican party, he was sent to the United States Senate. When Abraham Lincoln was nominated for the Presidency, Senator Cameron was a favorite candidate for the first place on the ticket, and also for the second; but the Pennsylvania delegation was not agreed, and he failed of nomination. President Lincoln called him to his Cabinet as Secretary of War. When he served his second term in the Senate his loyalty was questioned on account of his advocacy of peace; but in the Cabinet he urged more aggressive measures than the President was prepared to sanction. He was in favor of arming fugitive slaves, and instructed General Butler to this effect. In January, 1862, he resigned his position and was sent as minister to Russia, where he helped in securing the friendship of that nation at this trying period. He resigned in November, 1862, and four years later was returned to the United States Senate. He was elected to a fourth term, but resigned in his son's favor in 1877. He was practically the Republican dictator in his state, and was called the "Czar of Pennsylvania Politics." CAMERON, VERNEY LOVETT, African explorer; born near Weymouth, England, in 1844; died March 26, 1894. He entered the navy in 1857, and served in the Mediterranean, the West Indies, and the Red Sea, and on the East Coast of Africa, taking part in the Abyssinian expedition and in the suppression of the slave trade. In 1872 (see AFRICA, Vol. I, p. 249), he was appointed to the command of an East Coast expedition to relieve Livingstone; and starting from Bagamoyo in March, 1873, in August, at Unyanyembe, he met Livingstone's followers bearing his remains to the coast (see GEOGRAPHY, Vol. X, p. 194). After making arrangements for their safe arrival, he proceeded to Ujiji, where he found some of Livingstone's papers and a map, which he forwarded to Zanzibar. He then made a survey of Lake Tanganyika, which he found to be disconnected with the Nile system. Taking a southerly. route, he reached the Portuguese settlement of Benguela, on the West Coast, Nov. 7, 1875, thus being the first European to cross Africa from east to west, and returned to England. Created a commander of the Bath and raised to the naval rank of commander in 1878, he traveled overland to India, and in 1882, with Sir Richard Burton, he visited the Gold Coast. 666 CAMERONIAN REGIMENT-CAMPANULARIA Among his works are Across Africa (1877) and Our CAMERONIAN REGIMENT, a name given to the Twenty sixth Regiment of British infantry, which had its origin in a body of Cameronians. In 1689 the convention at Edinburgh, taking advantage of the zeal and courage of the members of this religious body, induced a number of them to assist in the Revolution, on the understanding that the special object of the corps was to recover and establish the work of reformation in Scotland. The regiment, with the youthful Lord Angus as colonel and William Cleland, the poet, as lieutenant-colonel and actual commander, was sent northward to quell the insurrection. On Aug. 21, 1689, the Cameronians, 1,200 strong, defended themselves against 5,000 Highlanders, and although Cleland fell early in the fight, his work was accomplished; for, in Macaulay's words, "the Cameronians had finished the war. See CAMERON, RICHARD, Vol. IV, p. 742. CAMERONIANS, a religious body in Scotland, followers of Richard Cameron, officially called Reformed Presbyterians. In 1681, societies were organized bearing the names of the districts to which they belonged, for the purpose of defense against the oppression of the government, and for the maintenance of worship. They refused to accept the indulgence granted to the Presbyterian clergy in the times of Charles II (see PRESBYTERIANISM, Vol. XIX, p. 684), lest by accepting they should be understood to recognize his ecclesiastical authority. The political position of the Cameronians was very peculiar, since, declining to recognize any laws or institutions which they conceived to be inimical to those of the kingdom of Christ, they refused to take the oath of allegiance. In 1860 there was an attempt to prevent the members exercising the franchise, but in 1863 it was decided not to exercise discipline to the extent of suspension and expulsion on such questions. In consequence of this decision, to which the majority adhered, 10 or 12 congregations seceded. In 1876 the larger body, known as the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland, formally united with the Free Church. The principles of the Cameronians are now, therefore, distinctively represented by the few congregations which seceded in 1863. See, for an account of the founder, CAMERON, RICHARD, Vol. IV, p. 742. CAMEROON, a German colony on the West Coast of Africa, extending along 15° E. long. from the Cross River to the mouth of the Rio del Rey, below 3 N. lat. The name is derived from the Cameroon River, which enters the Bight of Biafra, opposite Fernando Po, by an estuary over 20 miles wide. The stream is for a considerable distance nearly a mile broad, has at some seasons a current of five miles an hour, and its yellow waters may be traced far out at sea. The country is very fertile, abounding in ebony, redwood and palm trees, and a variety of tropical fruits, while the production of cotton and ivory is very considerable. More recently plantations of tobacco and cacao have been established. The climate is very trying to Europeans, and traders generally live in hulks, and only store their goods on shore. The natives belong to the Bantu group. | Their kings, Bell and Akway, practically wholesale CAMILLA, a town, capital of Mitchell County, southwest Georgia, 26 miles S. of Albany, on the Savannah, Florida and Western railroad. Population 1890, 866. CAMLET, properly a fabric made from the hair of the Angora goat. It is also made wholly of wool, or of wool mixed with cotton or linen, and spun hard. Marco Polo mentions the fabric as among the products of Tibet. The cloth is still made in the Afghanistan countries. The imitation is made in England and America. CAMOMILE-FLOWERS. Vol. V, p. 384. See CHAMOMILE, CAMORRA, the name of a secret society in the former kingdom of Naples, under the Bourbon government, the members of which were called "Camorristi." It was first publicly known about 1820. It had a central rendezvous in every large provincial town, and twelve such in the city of Naples; and for each of these sections there was a chief, with powers of absolute command, and a treasurer with charge of the common fund. This organization, partly political and partly of the nature of a standing vigilance committee, plundered and terrorized the country for many years. It was tolerated under King Ferdinand II, for political reasons, but the government of Francis II endeavored to put down the society, and the police received instructions to seize and transport all known members of it. Those who remained entered into alliance with the Garibaldian committee, and essentially aided in the expulsion of the Bourbons. The organization still retains a nominal existence, but is of no importance. CAMPANULA ("a little bell "), a genus of plants of the family Campanulacea, including the bluebell or harebell, the canterbury-bell, etc. Commonly called "bell-flowers" in the United States. See HAREBELL, Vol. XI, p. 478. CAMPANULARIA, a common genus of hydroids and type of a family, Campanularida (see HYDROzoA, Vol. XII, p. 561). The delicate steam bearing the colony of polyps may be simple or branched; the nutritive individuals are surrounded by transparent, bell-shaped sheaths, within which they may be retracted. The genus is common in north European seas and in the Mediterranean. CAMPARDON-CAMPBELL CAMPARDON, ÉMILE, French author; born in | Paris, July 18, 1834; since 1884 chief of the bureau of legislature and judiciary in the office of the Archives of the Empire; received the decoration of the Legion of Honor in 1888. His writings relative to the eighteenth century and the French Revolution are the most important of his works. Among these are Histoire du Tribunal Révolutionaire de Paris; Madame du Pompadour et la Cour de Louis XV; Voltaire, Documents Inédits; L'Académie Royale de Musique au XVIII Siècle; and, in conjunction with M. Boutaric, Les Mémoires de Frédéric II CAMPBELL, an ancient and illustrious Scottish family, to which genealogists have chosen to assign an Anglo-Norman origin, deriving its surname from the Latin De Campo Bello. According, however, to the Duke of Argyle, it is purely Celtic, of ScotoIrish origin; and Cambel, as the name was always formerly written, is just the Celtic cam beul, "curved mouth." See ARGYLESHIRE, Vol. II, pp. 498-500. | CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER, an Irish divine; born at the historical Shane's Castle, County Antrim, Ireland, Sept. 12, 1788; died in Bethany, West Virginia, March 4, 1866. He was educated at the Glasgow University. His father, Thomas, came to this country in 1807, and ministered to destitute congregations in western Pennsylvania. Following his father in 1809, he became pastor of a Presbyterian church in Washington County, Pennsylvania. The father and son became dissatisfied with Calvinistic doctrines, and in 1810 organized a church at Brush Run, Pennsylvania, whose creed was the Bible and whose form of baptism was immersion. Alexander Campbell in 1827 organized the church which is variously called "Disciples of Christ," "Christians," "Church of Christ," and "Campbellites." The sect increased in numbers, and in 1880 had a membership of 500,000. Its founder was in 1823 the editor of The Christian Baptist, afterward called The Millennial Harbinger. Mr. Campbell believed slavery permissible to Christians, and according to Scriptural authority. He wrote much for the religious press, and published many religious books, among which are Christian System; Living Oracles; Christian Baptism: Its Antecedents and Consequents; Lectures on the Pentateuch. His published works number 60 volumes. In 1840-41 he founded Bethany College, of which he was the first president, holding this office until his death. CAMPBELL, SIR ALEXANDER, Canadian statesman; born in Yorkshire, England, in 1822; died May 22, 1892. He came to Canada when a boy, and in 1843 was called to the bar of Upper Canada. In 1856 he was created queen's counsel. He sat in the legislative council of Canada before the union. In 1867 he took office under Sir John Macdonald, first as Postmaster-General and afterward as Minister of the Interior. In 1878 he was Postmaster-General and Minister of Militia in the Liberal-Conservative administration. Entering the Senate he became leader of the government party in that body; in 1881 was made Minister of Justice, and in 1885 Postmaster-General. In 1887 he became lieutenant-governor of Ontario. CAMPBELL, BARTLEY, an American dramatist; 667 born in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, Aug. 12, 1843; died in Middletown, New York, July 30, 1888. He began the study of law, which he relinquished, and became a Leader reporter. He founded The Evening Mail of Pittsburg in 1868, The Southern Magazine of New Orleans in 1867, and three years later was official reporter of the Louisiana house of representatives. He took up the writing of dramatic pieces in 1871, and among his plays are the following: Through Fire; Peril; Fate; The Virginian; On the Rhine; an adaptation of the German comedy Ultimo, which he named The Big Bonanza; Heroine in Rags; How Women Love; My Partner; The White Slave; My Geraldine; and Paquita. The Big Bonanza netted a San Francisco theater $16,000 in a month. My Partner achieved success in New York, being the first of Mr. Campbell's plays which gave satisfaction in that city. In 1886 the author became insane. CAMPBELL, DOUGLAS, lawyer; born in Cherry Valley, New York, in 1839; died in Schenectady, New York, March 7, 1893. He was graduated at Union College in 1860; took part in the Civil War, attaining the rank of major; began the practice of law in New York City in 1866. He retired from active practice a few years before his death. He published The Puritan in Holland, England and America: An Introduction to American History. CAMPBELL, DOUGLAS HOUGHTON, an American botanist; born in Detroit, Michigan, Dec. 16, 1859; was graduated at the University of Michigan and studied in Germany, at Bonn and Tübingen; from 1888 to 1891 professor of botany at Indiana University; later at Stanford University as professor of botany. He has published, among other writings, The Devel opment of the Ostrich Fern; Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany; and Mosses and Ferns, which appeared in 1895, and is taken as an authoritative work on that subject. CAMPBELL, SIR GEORGE, British statesman; born in 1824; died in Cairo, Egypt, Feb. 18, 1892. He entered the service of the East India Company in 1842; held several important offices in India, among them that of chief commissioner of the Central Provinces; in 1871 was appointed lieutenantgovernor of Bengal; in 1875 entered Parliament. He published several successful works, including Modern India; White and Black in the United States; and The British Empire. CAMPBELL, George WashingTON, an American statesman; born in Tennessee in 1768; died in Nashville, Feb. 17, 1848. He graduated at Princeton in 1794; served in Congress from 1803 to 1809 as Representative, and from 1811 to 1814 as Senator; became Secretary of the Treasury in 1814; elected to the Senate in 1815; was appointed minister to Russia in 1818; and appointed a member of the French Claims Commission in 1831. CAMPBELL, HELEN STUART, an American authoress; born in Lockport, New York, July 4, 1839. She was educated in Warren, Rhode Island, and at Mrs. Cook's Seminary in Bloomfield, New Jersey. She began at an early age to contribute sketches to the newspapers, and made a study of the housekeeping problem, employments for women, and the condition of the poor in cities. Among her books are 668 CAMPBELL-CAMPBELLITES Unto the Third and Fourth Generation; The Problem | him a charge of heresy, which led to his deposition of the Poor; Mrs. Herndon's Income; What-to-do by the General Assembly in 1831. (See SCOTClub; Under Green Apple Boughs. CAMPBELL, JABEZ PITT, an African Methodist Episcopal bishop; born Feb. 5, 1815; died Aug. 9, 1891. He was by birth a slave; escaped to Philadelphia, where he was educated; entered the ministry in 1837; was very successful, preaching in pulpits in all the larger cities of the United States; was consecrated bishop in 1864; in 1887 was bishop of North Carolina, Virginia and Maryland; made several visits to Europe, representing the African Methodist Church in important international Methodist conferences. He held the most important offices in his church, and to him is attributed much of its success. CAMPBELL, JAMES, an American public man; born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sept. 1, 1822; died there, Jan. 27, 1893. He became a lawyer; was judge of the court of common pleas from 1841 to 1850; attorney-general of the state in 1852; and appointed Postmaster-General in 1853. CAMPBELL, JOHN ARCHIBALD, an American jurist; born in Washington, Georgia, June 24, 1811; died in Baltimore, Maryland, March 12, 1889. graduated at the State University in 1826, and was admitted to the bar by special act of legislature, as at the time he passed his legal examination he was a minor. Upon removing to Montgomery, Alabama, he practiced law, and frequently sat in the legislature. President Pierce gave him the appointment of associate justice of the United States supreme court, and this office he held from 1853 to 1861. He believed in the right of secession, but opposed the Civil War. Under the Confederacy he was assistant secretary of war. The Peace Commission of February, 1865, which met at Fortress Monroe, numbered him as one of the Southern representatives. After the Confederacy had been abolished, he was arrested and detained in Fort Pulaski; when discharged he resumed the practice of law. CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS, Scottish folk-lorist; born at Islay, Scotland, Dec. 29, 1822; died at Cannes, France, Feb. 17, 1885. Educated at Eton and the University of Edinburgh; he held offices at court, and was afterward secretary to the lighthouse and coal commissions. Much of his life was spent in travel. He was an enthusiastic Highlander, a profound Gaelic scholar, and a man of singularly lovable nature. An obelisk was raised to his memory in 1887 on the summit of Choc-na-Dab, a hill in Islay, near his birthplace. Campbell's great work is his Popular Tales of the West Highlands (4 vols., Edinburgh, 1860-62), a very important contribution to the scientific study of folk-tales. He gave much attention also to scientific studies, and published several scientific works. CAMPBELL, JOHN MCLEOD, Scottish theologian; born at Kilninver, in Argyle, in 1800; died at Roseneath, Feb. 27, 1872. Sent to Glasgow University at the age of eleven, he was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Lorne in 1821, and was ordained minister of Row, near Helensburg, in 1825. His views on the personal assurance of salvation and on the universality of the atonement brought upon LAND, Vol. XXI, p. 538.) For 26 years he preached quietly, without remuneration, to a regular congregation that gathered round him in Glasgow. His health failing, the remainder of his life was spent in retirement. In 1868 his university gave him the degree of D.D., and in 1871 a testimonial and address were presented to him by men of nearly every religious denomination in Scotland. He was the author of three of the most valuable of modern English theological books: Christ the Bread of Life (1851); The Nature of the Atonement (1856); and Thoughts on Revelation (1862). CAMPBELL, LEWIS, Greek scholar; born Sept. 3, 1830, in Scotland; educated at Glasgow and Oxford universities; was tutor in Balliol College under Professor Benjamin Jowett; ordained a minister of the Church of England in 1857; appointed professor of Greek in the University of St. Andrews in 1863. He has edited and published numerous works on classical subjects, among which are The Theatetus of Plato; Sophocles; Plays and Fragments; contributed the articles on Plato and Sophocles in the ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA, and has written many papers for British and foreign periodicals. CAMPBELL, THOMAS, clergyman; born in Ireland, Feb. 1, 1763; died in Bethany, West Virginia, Jan. 4, 1854. The Campbells of Argyle were his ancestors. He studied at Glasgow University, and was trained for the ministry under the Scottish establishment. Soon after becoming a minister, he joined the "seceders," and then sailed for the United States. He identified himself with the Associate Synod of North America and assumed the care of destitute churches in western Pennsylvania. His son joined him in 1809, and thereafter the two were united in church work, organizing the "Disciples of Christ," or "Campbellites." He labored to assist his son until blindness and the infirmities of age obliged him to give up work. CAMPBELL-BANNERMAN, HENRY, British statesman; was born in 1836, and was educated at the University of Glasgow and at Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1872 he assumed the additional surname of Bannerman, under the will of an uncle. Mr. Campbell- Bannerman has represented the Stirling district of boroughs in the Liberal interest since December, 1868; he was financial secretary at the War Office from 1871 to 1874; was again appointed to that office in 1880; and in May, 1882, was nominated to succeed Mr. Trevelyan as Secretary to the Admiralty. On the resignation of Mr. Trevelyan he was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, 1884-85; and in Mr. Gladstone's third cabi-net, 1886, held the office of Secretary of State for War, a position to which he was again called on the return of his chief to power in 1892. He was called to occupy the same office in the Rosebery cabinet of 1894, retiring with that cabinet in 1895. Soon after he was elected member of Parliament for the Stirling, Scotland, district. CAMPBELLITES, the popular name for a religious order founded in 1811 by Alexander Campbell. See DISCIPLES OF CHRIST, in these Supplements. CAMPBELL ISLAND-CAMTOOS CAMPBELL ISLAND, a lonely spot of volcanic origin to the south of New Zealand, discovered in 1810 by the captain of a whaling-vessel, who gave it the name of the owners of his vessel. It is in lat. 52° 34' S., and long. 169° 62' E. It was used as an observatory during the transit of Venus in 1874. Though it is mountainous, portions rising to a height of 1,498 feet, and measures only 36 miles around, it has valuable harbors and a rich and rare flora. CAMPBELL'S STATION, a hamlet of Knox County, southeast Tennessee, 12 miles S. W. of Nashville. Here, in November, 1863, the Union forces under Burnside defeated the Confederates under Longstreet. CAMPBELLSVILLE, a town, capital of Taylor County, central Kentucky, 18 miles S. of Lebanon, on the Louisville and Nashville railroad. Tobacco warehouses are here. Population 1890, 1,018. CAMPBELL WEB PERFECTING PRESS. See PRINTING-PRESSES, in these Supplements. CAMPHILENE, an artificial variety of camphor obtained from turpentine, by acting thereon with the dry vapor of hydrochloric acid, and keeping the whole at a low temperature by immersing the vessel in a freezing mixture. A solid substance is produced which separates in white crystalline prisms, and has the taste and agreeable aromatic smell of common natural camphor. CAMPHINE OR CAMPHENE, a term applied in commerce to purified oil of turpentine, obtained by carefully distilling the oil over quicklime, or by rectifying it over dry chlorid of lime to render it quite free from resin. It was formerly much used for fluid in lamps, but being very volatile, and when. mixed with air very explosive, it was discarded as soon as kerosene was introduced. CAMPIDOGLIO, PALAZZO DEL, the name of a palace in Rome which stands between the palaces "of the senators" and "of the conservators." These three palaces were built by Della Porta, but designed by Michael Angelo. They stand upon the place once occupied by the ancient capitol. In its construction were used colossal columns which extend the height of two stories, and which are best expressed in the architectural term colossal order. CAMPINAS, SAN CARLOS DE, a city of southern Brazil, situated on a fertile plain, 44 miles N.W. of of São Paulo. There are large coffee and sugar plantations in the surrounding district. Population, 35,000. CAMPION, the common name of plants belonging to the genera Lychnis and Silene, of the family Caryophyllacea, to which family belong, also, the common "pinks." The common 'campions" of the United States are S. stellata, "starry campion," and S. inflata, "bladder-campion." CAMP-MEETINGS, gatherings of religious organizations, held usually in thinly populated districts, and generally continued for a week or more, with a view of securing prolonged and uninterrupted religious exercises. Assemblies of like kind have been more or less usual at various periods in the history of the Christian Church; but it was in connection with Methodism in America that such 669 The prac meetings became especially prominent. tice of holding such meetings originated in 1799, and is still common. Lorenzo Dow introduced the system of camp-meetings in England about 1801, which led to the formation of the Primitive Methodist Society. CAMPOAMOR, RAMON DE, Spanish poet, philosopher and statesman; born in Navia in 1817; went to Madrid to study medicine, but devoted himself to literature and politics; was appointed governor of Alicante and Valencia; was for several years a member of the Cortes, or government assembly. There he distinguished himself as an orator. After the revolution of 1868, in which he took part with the royalists, he became Minister of the Interior; upon the restoration of Alphonso XII he became Counselor of State. Among his published poetical works are Ayes del Alma; Los Pequeños Poemas; and Oeuvres Poétiques. Among his philosophical writings are Filosofia de las Leyes; Polemicas con la Democracia; and El Idealismo. CAMPOBELLO, an island belonging to New Brunswick. It is situated off the coast of Maine, at the mouth of the Passamaquoddy Bay, about two miles from Eastport. It is 9 miles long, and from 1 to 3 miles wide. It is a popular summer resort, and contains some of the finest hotels on the coast. Lead and coal are found in the island. The chief industry is fishing. Population, about 1,200. CAMPO DE CRIPTANA, a town of south-central Spain, in the province of and about 50 miles N.E. of the city of Ciudad Real. It has manufactories of coarse cloths, and some trade in corn and fruits. Population, 5,255. CAMPO-FORMIO, a village of northern Italy, six miles S. W. of Udine, celebrated for the treaty of peace here concluded, Oct. 17, 1797, between Austria and the French Republic. See AUSTRIA, Vol. III, p. 131; also NAPOLEON, Vol. XVII, p. 200. CAMPOS, ARSENIO MARTINEZ. See MARTINEZ-CAMPOS, in these Supplements. CAMPOS, SÃO SALVADOR DOS, a city in the Brazilian province of Rio de Janeiro, 150 N. E. of Rio de Janeiro City; situated on the Parahyba, which is navigable for small craft to this point, 30 miles from its mouth. It has fine wharves, and considerable trade in coffee, sugar, brandy and timber. Population, 40,000. CAMPUS MARTIUS, now the most crowded part of modern Rome. See ROME, Vol. XX, p. 807; also MARS, Vol. XV, p. 570. CAMPVEER, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in the province of Zealand, in Walcheren Island, four miles N. E. of Middleburg. It has a port on the Veersche Gat, a tract of water separating Walcheren from North Beveland. The town is now in a state of deplorable decay, but it still possesses a splendid cathedral and remnants of its early prosperity. It has one calico factory. Historically it is one of the most interesting of Here William III, Prince of Orange, was first proclaimed stadholder. Population, 900. Dutch towns. CAMTOOS OR GAMTOOS, a river of the east division of Cape Colony, Africa, 200 miles in |