ing the bottoms of cans and small pails; canheading machines, and various grooving, notching, flanging, squeezing, threading, cleaning and polishing machines, together with can-wedges, floating-boards, soldering-plates, solder-ladles and solder-kettles, etc. A great variety of dies of almost numberless shapes and designs are also used. C. H. COCHRANE. CANNA, a tropical American monocotyledonous genus of about 30 species, largely cultivated for ornament, and belonging to the family Scitaminacea, although sometimes restricted to a family by themselves, the Cannacea. The common name "Indian shot refers to the hard shot-like seeds in the rough three-celled pod. The flowers are irregular and showy, and the leaves large and handsome. CANNABIS, the generic name of the plant yielding "hemp," the only species being C. Sativa. It is a native of India, but is extensively cultivated in almost all countries for its fiber. It also yields the "hashish" of the Arabians, and the "bhang" of the Hindus. See HEMP, Vol. XI, p. 647.

CANNING, SIR SAMUEL, civil engineer; born in Wiltshire, England, in 1823; manufacturer and superintendent of the laying of the Atlantic cables of 1865, 1866 and 1869, and the Mediterranean cables; also, was largely in charge of the English cables to Gibraltar, Malta and Alexandria. By his direction the Atlantic cable, lost in 1858, was found and relaid. He was knighted in 1866.

CANISTEO, a village of Steuben County, western New York, situated on the Canisteo River, 55 miles W. of Elmira, on the New York, Lake Erie and Western railroad. It contains manufactories of flour, leather, chairs, lumber, and boots and shoes. An academy is here. Population 1890, 2,071.

CANNELTON, & city, capital of Perry County, southern Indiana, on the Ohio River, 70 miles above Evansville, on the Louisville, Evansville and St. Louis railroad. It is an important coalingstation for steamboats, and manufactures cotton goods, flour, pottery, chairs, paper, lumber and drain-tiles. Population 1890, 1,991.

CANNING INDUSTRY. There are now more than twenty thousand canning factories in the United States and territories. Maryland has the largest number, followed, in order, by Maine, New York, Virginia, New Jersey, Delaware and California. Employment is given by these factories during the canning season to more than one million persons, while some three million more have indirect connection with the business, through raising the fruit, vegetables, etc., for their use, manufacturing machinery, or selling the product. It is estimated that one and a half million acres of land in the United States are devoted to raising goods for the canners. Three thousand fishing-vessels and twenty-five thousand fishermen find employment in gathering salmon, mackerel and other fish for canning, while two thousand vessels and twenty thousand men in the oyster industry are kept busy supplying the canner. The number who furnish meat to the canning

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house is not obtainable, but the output of canned meats foots up to twenty-five million dollars annually.

The machinery used in a canning factory includes usually the following: A steam-boiler for heating a water-bath, with piping and connections to tanks or kettles; scalding kettles or tanks are used for scalding or blanching numerous vegetables; exhaust tanks or kettles are required to exhaust cold air from the cans after they have been packed and capped; process kettles or tanks are provided for cooling or "processing" the canned fruit; scalding-baskets of heavy galvanized wire are used for tomatoes, in order to faciltate peeling; crates made of strap-iron, with handles which may be hooked to a crane, are used for handling cans in quantities, in the operations of exhausting and "processing." Many factories use gasolene fire-pots for heating capping-steels and tinning-coppers; gasolene-tanks have to be provided for these, and an air-pump for pumping air into the gasolene-tank, thus forcing the oil to the fire-pots, where it is vaporized and burned as a gas. The tinning-coppers are used to close the vents after the air has been exhausted from the cans. Capping-tables are used for holding firepots and for capping cans. Can-tongs, platformscales, thermometers, syrup-gauges, and various minor tools complete the outfit. For special work there are made pea-hulling machines that will handle one thousand bushels a day; rotary peaseparators, that will grade into sizes six hundred bushels a day; corn-cutting machines, taking the corn from the cob at the rate of seventy ears a minute; corn-silking machines, for removing silk and refuse from the corn after it is cut from the cob; automatic steam-cooking and can-filling machines for corn, having a capacity of twelve thousand cans per day; can-dipping machines, for filling cans or jars with liquids of various kinds; tomato and pumpkin fillers, for accurately filling cans; pumpkin-peelers; pumpkin-graters; peasieves, for grading peas in small quantities; peablanchers, for scalding and blanching hulled peas; corn-cutting knives, and various forms of parers, graters, seeders, corers, etc.

Wages paid in canning factories vary from $2.50 to $1 a day, or less, a considerable portion of the work often being done by women or children working by the piece. C. H. COCHRANE.

CANNON-BALL TREE, a name applied to Couroupita Guianensis, a large tree belonging to the Myrtacea. It is a native of Guiana, as its specific name implies, and has received its common name from the hard globular fruit, which resembles a large cannon-ball.

CANOE, MODERN PLEASURING. The sport of sailing and racing canoes had its origin in New York City in 1871, and the formation of clubs and annual regattas since that time has resulted in a material development of this form of water craft. The early canoes carried lateen, leg-of-mutton and four-sided fore-and-aft sails, being universally twomasted. Experience showed that an extension of the lower portion of the sails was desirable, so ar

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ranged that it could be reefed in at times. In 1883 the Atlantis was built, with sails having equilateral triangular tops, and being rectangular below. In 1885 the form was altered so as to bring the peak to the top of the mast. More recent forms have four or five divisions, like the parts of a folding fan. These can be reefed in as desired. Others maintain the triangular peak, with a rectangular body, arranged for two or three reefs. It was not until about 1888 that the canoeists learned that it was best to get out of the hold and sit on the deck to balance the sails. In 1888 there was introduced a sliding deck-seat, on which the sailor would extend his body as ballast. The canoes have also been improved by the addition of center-boards, the prevailing type being made of several fan-like leaves. Canoes managed only with a double-bladed paddle also have been used in races, but they are not as popular as the sailing-canoes. C. H. COCHRANE.

CANNON, JOSEPH G., born in Guilford, North Carolina, May 7, 1836; removed to Illinois and practiced law; was state's attorney, March, 1861, to December, 1868. In 1874 he was elected to Congress as a Republican from the fifteenth district of Illinois and re-elected continuously until 1890, and again in 1892 and 1894.

CANON, in music. See Music, Vol. XVII, p. 82. CAÑON CITY, the capital of Fremont County, central Colorado, 41 miles from Pueblo by the Denver and Rio Grande railroad and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé railroad. It is on the Arkansas River, just below the Grand Cañon. It is popular as a health-resort, owing to its mild climate, mineral springs and the beautiful scenery of the vicinity. The surrounding country abounds in copper, silver, coal, iron, marble, limestone and oil. Population 1890, 2,825.

CANONSBURG, a borough of Washington County, southwestern Pennsylvania, on the Washington branch of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis railroad, 22 miles S. W. of Pittsburg. In 1802 Jefferson College was founded at this place, the first college west of the Alleghanies. It was removed to Washington, Pennsylvania, in 1869, and united with Washington College there. Canonsburg is the site of the Western Pennsylvania State School of Reform. It has iron, steel and coal works, rolling and planing mills. Population 1893, 2,800.

CANONESS, the title given to a class of women, the members of a Roman Catholic order during the eighth century and for some time afterward. The rules governing the order were not so severe nor so rigid as those governing nuns. They took the vows of celibacy, to last only during membership. They were not required to live in poverty nor in cloisters. They were divided into secular and regular, a division brought about in the natural order of growth, and not indicated by law. To the secular belonged many of the daughters of princes and nobles. The chief occupation of the canoness was the education of girls, transcription of church books and embroidery of vestments. The order was confined to the German Empire.

at the time of the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth in 1620; died June 4, 1647. He gave to the colonists of Roger Williams the land upon which stands the city of Providence. It was this chief who sent to Governor Bradford a rattlesnake-skin stuffed with arrows as an indication of hostility, and to whom the governor returned the skin stuffed with powder and bullets.

CANOPIC VASES. See POTTERY, Vol. XIX, pp. 603, 604.

CANOPUS, a star of the southern hemisphere, constellation Argo Navis, or the Ship Argo. It is situated in the rudder of the ship, and is said to have received its name from Canopus, the pilot of Menelaus. It is the brightest star of the constellation. CANOPY. See ARCHITECTURE, Vol. II, p. 461. CANOSSA, a small town of Italy, in Emilia, 11 miles S. W. of Reggio. Its chief interest lies in the fact that here Henry IV, emperor of Germany, made humiliating submissions to Pope Gregory VII, in 1077. See HENRY IV, Vol. XI, p. 668.

CANOVAS DEL CASTILLO, ANTONIN, Spanish statesman; born Feb. 8, 1828, at Malaga, Spain. He became a journalist in 1852, and the same year began to take an active interest in politics. He was elected to the Cortes, or Chamber of Deputies, in 1854. He was an active royalist, and took a prominent part in the restoration of Alphonso XII in 1874. He was, that year, in recognition of his ability and on account of the stand he took in regard to the monarchy, appointed Prime Minister. He remained in office until 1879, being forced to resign by the opposition of Martinez de Campos. He was again called to the premiership in 1880, and from that time on alternated in the office with Sagasta. He is a Conservative, and under his leadership that wing of the gov ernment has constantly grown in power. In addition to his political work, Señor Castillo has found time for historical writing. Among his published works are History of the Decline of Spain from the Ascension of Philippe III to the Death of Charles II; Problems of To-day; and Arts and Letters.

CANROBERT, FRANÇOIS CERTAIN, marshal of France; born in the department of Lot, June 7, 1809; died in Paris, Jan. 28, 1895. He entered the Military School of St. Cyr in 1826, and later enlisted as a private soldier. He served many years in Africa, and was wounded in the siege of Constantine. In the Crimean War he commanded a division and was wounded at Alma. Promoted commanderin-chief, he headed a charge of zouaves at Inkerman, and was again wounded. He commanded the Third Corps at Magenta and Solferino, and was made marshal of France, and awarded the grand cross of the Legion of Honor. In the Franco-Prussian war his corps was cut to pieces by the Crown Prince of Prussia at Woerth, Aug. 6, 1870. He was shut up in Metz with Bazaine, and after the surrender was sent a prisoner to Germany. In 1876 he was elected to the Senate, and again in 1879. He retired at the expiration of the last term, and did not again appear in public except at the funeral of Marshal MacMahon in 1893.

CANSO, the name of a strait, cape and town of Nova Scotia. The strait runs from St. George's to

Chedabucto Bay, connecting the Gulf of St. Law- | rence with the Atlantic Ocean and separating Cape Breton Island from Nova Scotia. It is 17 miles in length and varies between 2 and 3 miles in width. The cape, on St. Andrew's Island, is the extreme eastern point of Nova Scotia. The town is a seaport in Guysborough County, on the Chedabucto Bay, 35 miles E. by S. of Guysborough. Population 1891, 1,824.

CANSO, GULF OF See CAPE BRETON, Vol. V,

p. 40.

CANTABRI, an ancient people. See CANTABRIA, Vol. V, p. 27.

CANTABRIAN MOUNTAINS. See SPAIN, Vol. XXII, p. 294.

CANTALOUPE.

See MELON, Vol. XV, p. 841. CANTATA. See Music, Vol. XVII, p. 88. CANTEEN, a term derived from the Italian cantino, meaning a wine-cellar. It is applied (1) to a sutler's store connected with a camp or garrison, in which spirituous beverages are sold under military regulation; (2) to a mess-case used by British army officers to hold knives, forks, tea and like articles for use at the mess-table; (3) to a soldier's flask or vessel for carrying water or other portable liquid on the march, usually strung about the neck when worn. Its usual capacity is about three pints. The regulation canteen of the United States army is made of two concave tin plates joined together and having an open neck, and covered with some woven

fabric.

CANTERBURY-BELL, a species of the campanula. See HAREBELL, Vol. XI, p. 478.

CANTILEVER, a bracket used in architecture for supporting cornices and balconies. The term, originally thus applied, is better known as the name of a class of bridges in which two brackets are built out, one from each bank of the stream to be bridged, to meet at the center without the support of intermediate piers.

CANTO FERMO, the simple melody of the ancient chants of cathedral music. These tunes form the basis of the compositions of many of the Roman Church composers. See PALESTRINA, Vol. XVIII, pp. 179, 180.

CANTON, a city of Fulton County, west-central Illinois. It is situated on the Chicago, Burlington and Western, the Illinois Western and the Toledo, Peoria and Western railroads. By the last of these it is 28 miles W.S. W. of Peoria. It commands abundant supplies of grain, timber, clay and coal, and has numerous manufactories, comprising cigar, tile, gun, broom and cigar-box factories, marble-works and flouring-mills. It has gas and electric-light works, a public library and a high school. Population 1890, 5,604.

CANTON, a town of Norfolk County, eastern Massachusetts, situated on the Neponset River, and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroad, 14 miles S. of Boston. Within the township are extensive manufactories of machinery, sewing-silk and cotton and woolen goods. Population 1890, 4,538.

CANTON, the capital of Madison County, central Mississippi. It is situated on the Illinois Central

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It has 8

railroad, 24 miles N.N.W. of Jackson. churches, 5 schools, planing-mills, box and agricultural tool factories. Population in 1890, 2,131.

CANTON, a town of Lewis County, northeastern Missouri, an important shipping-station for the surrounding country, being conveniently situated on the St. Louis, Keokuk and Northwestern railroad, 142 miles N.N.W. of St. Louis, on the Mississippi River. Christian University is here located. Population 1890, 2,241.

CANTON, a manufacturing town, county seat of St. Lawrence County, northeastern New York, situated on Grass River and on the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg railroad, 50 miles N.E. of WaterCanton Academy and the St. Lawrence University (Universalist) are two of the institutions here located. It has also a boat factory of importance. Population 1890, 2,580.

town.

CANTON, a city and capital of Stark County, northeastern Ohio. It is situated on half a dozen railroads; by the Cleveland, Canton and Southern railroad it is 60 miles S. E. of Cleveland. It is an extensive manufacturing city, its industries numbering over 450, in which are invested twelve millions of dollars, and which employ 5,000 hands. The chief of these industries is the manufacture of agricultural implements, bricks and tiles, products of lumber, roofing materials, and saddlery and harness and railway car shops. It is also important as an agricultural shipping-station, receiving from the vicinity corn, wheat and oats in abundance. The residence of Major William McKinley, Jr., is at Canton. Population in 1890, 26,327, an increase of 14,069 since 1880. See also CANTON, Vol. V, p. 39.

CANTON, a borough in Bradford County, northeastern Pennsylvania, located on the Northern Central railroad, 38 miles S. of Elmira, and having in 1890 a population of 1,393; that of the township being 1,835.

CANTON, town and county seat of Lincoln County, southeastern South Dakota, situated on the Sioux River, about 70 miles N. of Sioux City. It is on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad. It is the seat of Augustana College; has several manufactories, water-works, good schools and an electriclight plant. Population 1895, 1,611.

CANTON, in geography, a division of territory constituting a separate government or state, as in Switzerland. In France a canton is a subdivision of an arrondissement, comprising several communes. In heraldry it is used to designate a small division in the corner of a shield, generally the dexter corner. When it is on the left side it is called a canton sinister.

CANTONMENT, in general use applied to quarters for soldiers. Troops, when not in close proximity to the enemy and yet in the field, are distributed among adjacent villages and quartered upon the inhabitants. These villages are then called cantonments. In India, cantonments have become permanent military towns, containing barracks for troops, houses and gardens for the officers, magazines, public buildings, etc. Such towns are distinct from the native villages and cities.

CAPE FRANÇAIS. Same as CAPE HAYTIEN, Vol. V, p. 50.

CAPE GIRARDEAU, a city of Girardeau County, southeastern Missouri, on the Mississippi River, 130 miles below St. Louis. The St. Louis, Cape Girardeau and Ft. Smith railroad runs through the city. It has a normal school, a female academy and St. Vincent's College. It exports cotton, and its manufactures are plows and mineral paints. Population 1890, 4,297.

CAPEL, THOMAS JOHN, MONSIGNOR, an English Roman Catholic prelate; born at Brompton, Oct. 28, 1836; was ordained a priest in 1860; founded St. Mary's Normal College at Hammersmith in 1854; established the English Catholic mission at Pau; was private chamberlain to Pope Pius IX in 1868; established the Roman Catholic public school at Kensington in 1873; visited America in 1883. He has held many important church offices, and gained a reputation as a preacher. He has published several volumes, among them Great Britain and Rome; The Holy Catholic Church; and The Pope the Head of the Christian Church.

CAPELIN OR CAPLIN (Mallotus villosus), a small fish of the smelt family, found in northern seas. It forms a large portion of the cod's food, and the fishermen use it as bait. It is used as food in Europe.

CAPELLA, a bright star of the first magnitude, on the left shoulder of the northern constellation of Auriga, in front of the Great Bear, nearly in a line with the two pointers.

CAPE MAY, a city and watering place at the southern extremity of New Jersey, 81 miles by rail from Philadelphia, and in a county of the same. name. Adjoining it on the west is Cape May Point, at the mouth of Delaware Bay, and here is a revolving lighthouse 150 feet high. Inland there are lagoons used for sailing and fishing. About 12,000 people make these places a summer resort, and at Cape May there are several large and fashionable hotels. Steamboat excursions from Philadelphia to the Point are made daily in the summer, whence visitors may go by a trolley road to Cape May. The beach is unbroken and the bathing good. Permanent population of Cape May in 1895, 2,452.

CAPE MAY COURTHOUSE, town in Middle township, Cape May County, southern New Jersey, and capital of the county. It is situated on the West Jersey railroad and the South Jersey railroad, 12 miles from Cape May City, and midway between the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay. The population of the township in 1895 was 2,500.

CAPEN, ELMER HEWITT, president of Tufts College, Massachusetts, and a leader of the Universalists; born in Stoughton, Massachusetts, April 5, 1838; in 1860 was graduated at Tufts College; elected to the legislature while in college; began the practice of law in 1863; entered the ministry in 1865; preached at Gloucester, Massachusetts; St. Paul, Minnesota; and Providence, Rhode Island; was appointed president of Tufts College in 1875. He published, in 1878, The Latest Word of Universalism, and wrote the article on Universalists for this ENCY

CLOPEDIA.

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CAPERCAILZIE, a bird. Same as CAPERCALLY. Vol. V, pp. 53, 54.

CAPERS, WILLIAM, a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church South; born in St. Thomas Parish, South Carolina, Jan. 26, 1790; died in Anderson, South Carolina, Jan. 29, 1855; studied at South Carolina College; began the study of law, but was licensed to preach in 1808; was minister to the Creek Indians in Georgia in 1821; in 1825, became editor of the Wesleyan Journal, which was merged into the Christian Advocate of New York in 1826; was editor of the Southern Christian Advocate in 1837; became bishop in 1846. He wrote an autobiography, Short Sermons for Children, and Catechisms for Negro Missions.

CAPE VINCENT, a village and summer resort of Jefferson County, New York, situated on the St. Lawrence River, opposite Kingston, Ontario, at the outlet of Lake Ontario. Shingles and flour are here manufactured, and there are also large seed warehouses. The place is a port of entry. It is a popular resort for tourists, as the vicinity furnishes good fishing. Population in 1890, 1,324.

CAPIAS. A capias is a writ issued out of a court, directing the sheriff to take the person therein named in custody. It is in the nature of a supplemental writ, and is issued only to enforce compliance with a prior original writ, or a judgment or decree of the court. Many kinds of capias writs were in use under the common law, but those which are now in general use in this country are capias ad satisfaciendum, which commands the sheriff to arrest the person named and produce him in court on a day named to satisfy the party who has recovered judgment against him; and capias ad respondendum, which requires the sheriff to arrest the party named and produce him in court at the time named to answer the plaintiff's demand. Since imprisonment for debt is no longer permitted in this country, these writs are not now in use except where debt is contracted through fraud of the debtor or in actions of tort. See WRITS, Vol. XXIV, p. 695. CAPIBARA, a rodent. See CAPYBARA, Vol. V,

p.

80.

CAPILLARIES. See VASCULAR SYSTEM, Vol. XXIV, pp. 103, 107.

CAPITAL. See ARCHITECTURE, Vol. II, p. 461. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT, in criminal jurisprudence, is the infliction of the punishment of death upon conviction of crime. This extreme penalty has formed a debatable proposition for modern jurists, statesmen, philosophers and philanthropists. Applying the general rules of the ancients, Plato and Protagoras, those in favor of the retention of capital punishment base their arguments upon the fact that this punishment, more than any other, tends to deter men from committing the crime of murder. But statistics vary, and are of little value in proving this proposition.

The history and methods of inflicting the penalty. vary with every nation. In the theocracy of ancient Israel many were the offenses punished capitally, for there was a taint of apostasy in disobedience of the

law.

Among them are particularly to be noted dese