CARBONDALE-CARCASS MOND, Vol. VII, p. 163; and MINERALOGY, Vol. CARBONDALE, a city and railroad junction of CARBONDALE, a city and railroad junction of Osage County, central eastern Kansas, 16 miles S. of Topeka by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé railroad. It has extensive coal-mines. In 1895 the population was 683. CARBONDALE, a city of Lackawanna County, northeastern Pennsylvania, on the Lackawanna River, 16 miles N.N.E. of Scranton, and on the Delaware and Hudson, the New York, Ontario and Western, and the New York, Erie and Western railroads. The mines of the neighborhood are worked by the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, and yield about 900,000 tons annually. It is supplied with electric lights and motor power, gas and water. The population of the city was, in 1880, 7,714; in 1890, 10,826. See Vol. V, p. 89. 695 the most recent improvements in electric cars, that of electric-heating commands much attention. Coils are placed under the seats, and, the current being turned on, the heat escapes into the car through gratings. When this system of heating is used on a vestibule-car, having no doors directly at the ends to cause chilling blasts to sweep through, it is possible to keep a car comfortably warm in quite cold weather. In some recent styles of cars, electric buttons are placed at intervals, by means of which passengers. may signal when they desire to stop the car.. Improved forms of fenders and brakes are being applied. See BRAKE, in these Supplements. C. H. COCHRANE. CARBURETER. The principal gas companies now employ gasolene extensively for raising the illuminating power of their gas. In the Maxim apparatus, patented in 1889, the gasolene is evaporated by heat, so as to obviate any fractional evaporation or any variation of the amount volatilized, due to differences in temperature of the air or gas. The extent of evaporation is automatically regulable. With this carbureter the enrichment of the gas is the same, no matter how many or how few burners are being supplied, and no deposition of liquid takes place if the temperature of the enriched gas is kept below 50° F. CARBONIC ACID. See under CARBON, Vol. In the Maxim and Sedgwick carbureter the gaso- Vol. X, pp. 346-350. CARBON THEORY OF STEEL. See IRON, in these Supplements. CARBORUNDUM. See CHEMISTRY, in these Supplements. CAR-CONSTRUCTION, ELECTRIC. Street-cars are being made larger and stronger each year, as the patronage of electric railways increases. To a great extent their manufacture has taken the place of carbuilding for steam-railways, the latter industry having suffered a most marked decline. The frames of trolley-cars have to be built especially strong, for several reasons—the roof has to bear the jerks of the trolley-pole, the floor-frame has to support powerful brake-mechanism, and the bracing has to withstand the shocks incident to the sudden stops which are often required. The cross-timbers of the floor-frames have to be arranged so as to avoid the motors, and so as to contain trap-doors through which the motors can be removed entire when needed. All the principal woods are used in their manufacture, though oak and hard pine predominate. Concealed steel rafters are commonly used to strengthen the roofs. The average length of trolley-cars is now about 25 feet, but the tendency is toward increased length. The principal styles made are motor, trailer and mail cars; also, open, closed, vestibule, convertible and combination styles. Notwithstanding increased size and strength, the weights are kept down, varying mostly between 3,000 and 5,250 pounds. The electric mail-car was first introduced in Boston, and, proving successful, has been placed on lines in several other large cities of the United States. Among drawn from the main at a convenient point, and to force the gasolene vapor out of an injector in such manner that it draws a quantity of unenriched gas from the main by means of the partial vacuum created, and this, mingling with the gasolene vapor, becomes enriched, the extent of such enrichment being easily controlled. The Simplex carbureter is largely used in the manufacture of air-gas. In this, hot water and a brush are made use of, to vaporize the petroleum. C. H. COCHRANE. CARCANO, GIULIO, born in Milan, Italy, Aug. 7, 1812; died Sept. 5, 1884. He was brought to public notice in 1835 by his novel, Ida della Torre. He was banished in 1849; but on the establishment of national independence he was appointed inspector of schools, and held several important offices under the government. He was a poet and novelist of much merit. He made a faithful translation into Italian of the dramatic writings of Shakespeare. CARCASS, in military pyrotechny, a hollow case of iron filled with combustibles. It is fired from a mortar. Its chief use is to ignite the enemy's buildings, and to give sufficient light to aim the shot and shells. Carcasses were first used by one of the princely ecclesiastics, the Bishop of Münster, when he fought against the Duke of Luxemburg at Groll, in 1672. They do not burst, but send out an inextinguishable fire through holes in the shell. They burn from 3 to 10 minutes. The fuses are inserted in the holes and are adjusted in length to suit the time taken in firing. The composition with which the carcass is filled consists for the most part of saltpeter, sulphur and pitch. 696 CARCEL LAMP-CARDINAL CARCEL LAMP, a lamp invented in 18co by Carcel, a native of France. It burns colza, a vegetable oil. It is used in lighthouses and photometry. The oil is pumped to the wick by clockwork arranged to go a certain number of hours. In France the flame of this lamp is taken as the standard of illumination. CARDIADE OR CARDIIDÆ. See COCKLE, Vol. VI, p. 100. CARDIFF, a town in Onondaga County, central New York, situated on Onondaga Creek, I miles N. of Syracuse, chiefly notable for being the place of the pretended discovery of the "Cardiff Giant," a statue carved in Chicago from a block of Iowa gypsum, and then buried at Cardiff. When dug up it was exhibited as a petrified giant. Population 1890, 5,135. Roman Church, nor were they called cardinals. Gregory III, however, appointed seven bishops to officiate by turn in the cathedral of St. John Lateran, and thus instituted the order of cardinal bishops. The number later was reduced to six, and these bishops were appointed to the suburbicary churches or dioceses of Ostia and Velletri, Porto and Santa CARDBOARD, a stiff compact pasteboard made Rufina, Frascati, Sabina, Palestrina, Albano, making by pasting together several layers of paper, accord- six in all. The bishops of these dioceses, and they ing to the thickness and quality required. Bristol- alone, are cardinal bishops of the Holy Roman board, used by artists, is made entirely of white pa- | Church. The essence of the cardinalate consists in per; ordinary cardboard, of fine white paper outside, the right and duty of assisting the Roman pontiff with one or more sheets of coarse cartridge-paper | in ruling the universal church, and in case of vacancy between, while fine cards are enameled with a coat- in the Apostolic See of supplying his place until the ing of size, and polished with a stiff brush. election of a new pope. These duties are performed by the cardinals as a body, not as individuals, so that the corporate or collegiate form is of the essence of the cardinalate. The name, privileges and the various accessory duties of the cardinalate have undergone great changes in the course of ages, but its essential characteristic has been traced back to apostolic times by not a few writers, as appears from the Council of Constance, held in 1417. The dignity of the cardinalate is, after that of the pope, the highest in the church. It is greater than that of bishops, archbishops, primates, or even patriarchs. Whether this precedence was obtained by cardinals only in the eleventh or twelfth century, or whether by right and in fact they always held it, is a controverted question. Bellarmine, Baronius, Thomassin, maintain the former opinion, as do also Cohellius, Petra and Ferraris, who all wrote specially on this subject. Natalis Alexander claims that only under Innocent IV, in the year 1243, did cardinals obtain the right of precedence in session over bishops. All these writers claim that the precedence of the cardinals of the Holy Roman Church over all other dignitaries was only of gradual development. The question of precedence was specifically determined by Pope Eugene IV, in his bull Non Mediocri, by which he gives precedence to John Kemp, bishop of York and cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, over Henry, Archbishop of Canterbury, primate of England and legate-born of the Holy See. Later, in the year 1449, the Archbishop of Gneisen, primate of Poland, was made yield precedence to Cardinal Sbigneo, bishop of Cracow. Precedence among the cardinals themselves is regulated by the order of cardinal bishop, cardinal priest or cardinal deacon, to which they belong, and seniority in creation. CARDINAL, the highest dignitary in the Roman Catholic Church after the pope. (See CARDINAL, Vol. V, pp. 96-99.) Cardinals are divided into the three orders, of bishops, priests and deacons. This classification, though now well known and fully recognized, was of gradual development. First in chronological order was the institution of cardinal priests; then came cardinal deacons, and lastly cardinal bishops. There have been, also, cardinal subdeacons of the Holy Roman Church, but since the time of Alexander III we find no mention of them. The order of cardinal priests seems to have originated in this manner: St. Cletus, who was the second successor of St. Peter, and began his reign in A.D. 78, according to Liber Pontificalis divided the city of Rome into districts and assigned to each its own priest. Pope Evaristus later confirmed this division of the city of Rome into parishes or titles, and the priests who were incardinated or entitled in these churches were afterward called cardinal priests. The origin of cardinal deacons is more obscure than that of cardinal priests. Pope Clement, in the the year 92, appointed seven deacons, similar to those mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, to preside over the seven districts or regions into which he divided the city of Rome, and to their care he confided the diaconia, that is, hospitals or houses where widows, orphans and the poor in general were received and supported out of the patrimony of the church. Later, the number of deacons was increased to 14, each of whom was incardinated or assigned to a deaconry, and then were known as cardinal deacons of the Holy Roman Church. The admission of cardinal bishops into the College of Cardinals seems to have taken place not earlier than the year 731. Before that time the bishops of the churches surrounding Rome may have been consulted by the pope concerning affairs of the universal church, but they were not considered part of the presbytery or chapter of the For the creation of a cardinal, all that is required is the will of the sovereign pontiff sufficiently expressed. Neither a certain form nor any special ceremony is essential, because the whole substance of the cardinalate consists in the power of jurisdiction, and its consequent prerogatives, which depends simply on the will of the superior. The cardinalate is not, like the priesthood, a sacrament. Since the publication of the decree of Pope Pius V, it is certain that cardinals obtain all cardinalitial rights the moment they are appointed in secret consistory, unless the pope makes special mention to the contrary. If the newly appointed cardinals are in Rome, they proceed in their usual dress without any attendants to the Apostolic Palace, where one of the CARDINAL-BIRD-CARDUCCI old cardinals presents them to the Holy Father, who gives them the red cap, or beretta. But if a newly appointed cardinal is absent from Rome, one of the attendants of the Pope is dispatched at once to carry him the red beretta, in receiving which the new cardinal must promise on oath, under pain of deprivation of the cardinalate, that within a year he will proceed to Rome to visit the Holy Father. A public consistory is then called for giving the insignia to the new cardinals. In another consistory, the pope closes the mouths of the new cardinals, prohibiting them from speaking in consistories and other meetings until their mouths are opened again. Then, again, in another consistory, the pope orders the new cardinals to retire, while he asks the older cardinals whether they think the new cardinals should have their mouths opened. And, all assenting, the new cardinals are called back and kindly admonished by the Holy Father, who then opens their mouths, with these words: "We open your mouth both in conferences and in councils and in the election of the sovereign pontiff, and in all acts which both in and out of the consistory pertain to cardinals. In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, amen." Then finally the ring is given, and the title or church assigned to each new cardinal. The title of a cardinal is the church in the city of Rome to which he is appointed. Cardinals, who are at the same time ordinaries or bishops of dioceses are obliged to reside, not in their titular churches in Rome, but in their dioceses. Though such cardinals cannot fully assist the Pope, still they can give some help, and it has long been the custom that quite a number, sometimes reaching nearly one half of the seventy cardinals, are selected from among such bishops as are obliged to reside in their own dioceses. Cardinals retain the title assigned them until by right of option, they acquire a higher, cardinals of a lower order having the right to ascend to a higher one. Thus the vacancies in the six suburban sees are always filled, not by an election, but by the right of option; according to seniority in the cardinalate. Thus, too, the oldest cardinal bishop who is present in the papal court becomes dean of the Sacred College as soon as a vacancy occurs. This cardinal is always the Bishop of Ostia, and he has the privilege of consecrating the newly elected pope if, when chosen, he is not yet a bishop. Cardinals have many privileges, but chief among them is the precedence all of them have over bishops, archbishops, primates and patriarchs. They have also the exclusive right to the titles "Eminence" and "The Most Eminent," and everywhere rank with princes of the royal blood. At present cardinals have the exclusive right of electing a new pope when a vacancy occurs. (See CONCLAVE, in these Supplements.) In this election they are obliged strictly to follow the laws made before the Further, it may be observed that while the pope usually consults with the cardinals, still neither their consent nor advice is necessary for the validity of papal acts. The College of Cardinals is a corporate body, and has as secretary a prelate who keeps its records, and a cardinal camerlingo | vacancy. 697 who attends to its property. Still, as a college, it may not meet without the previous permission of the pope. the pope. The selection of cardinals is optional with the pope. Still, certain positions in the papal court are supposed to prepare the way to the cardinalate, and are thus termed cardinalitial positions. Such are nunciatures to the greater nations. Among the cardinals there should be at least four from the regular and mendicant orders, according to the bull of Sixtus V, and finally, according to the mind of the Council of Trent, the cardinals, as much as can be, should be selected from all the nations of Christianity. Following the wish of the council, the Roman pontiffs now promote to the dignity of the cardinalate select men from various regions, but particularly from Catholic nations. P. A. BAART. CARDINAL-BIRD, also called cardinal grosbeak. See GROSBEAK, Vol. XI, p. 209. CARDINAL-FLOWER, a name applied to Lobelia cardinalis on account of showy deep red flowers. Indigenous in the United States, in wet or low grounds, but often cultivated for ornament. has a tall, simple stem, alternate lance-oblong leaves, and an erect raceme of showy flowers, which sometimes vary from deep red to rose-colored or even white. It CARDINGTON, a village of Morrow County, northern central Ohio, on the Olentangy River, 38 miles N. of Columbus, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati and St. Louis railroad, in a fertile agricultural district. It contains manufactories of flour and woolens. Population 1890, 1,428. CARDITIS, or inflammation of the heart, a form of disease of very rare occurrence, if the term be limited in its application to cases of true acute inflammation of the muscular structure of the heart itself. Carditis, however, was formerly understood in a wider sense, so as to include certain forms of disease of the external and internal lining membrane of the heart. See HEART, Vol. XI, p. 554. CARDOON, a vegetable. See HORTICULTURE, Vol. XII, p. 280. CARDUCCI, GIOSUE, Italian poet; born July 26, 1836, at Val di Castello, near Pietrasanta, in the province of Pisa. His youth was spent in study, and at the age of 25 he was appointed to a professorship in the University of Pisa, from which he was transferred in 1860 to a chair in the University of Bologna. He has been throughout his life a stanch republican, and in 1867 was for a short time suspended from his professorship for having signed an address to the patriot Mazzini. In 1876 he was returned to the Italian Parliament as member for Lugo di Romagna. His earliest poems, Juvenilia and Levia Gravia, contrast strongly with his later works. Signs of a transition in sentiment and in style appeared in the Decennalia, which dealt mainly with political events of the years 1860-70. The change became complete in the Nuove Poesie, in which he gave expression to the most advanced political views. These poems are remarkable for the sustained power and dignity of the language and the frequent nobility of the thought. The Odi Barbare, written in meters borrowed from Horace, are 698 CARDWELL-CAREY very popular with Italians, but to foreign critics | which incloses the pistil as a more or less inflated Carducci seems in these pieces to have erred in the rejection of rhyme. CARDWELL, EDWARD, VISCOUNT, English statesman; born in Liverpool, July 24, 1813; died Feb. 15, 1886. He was educated at Oxford, where he became professor of ancient history. He was elected to Parliament in 1842 as a member of the party known as Peelites, and was president of the Board of Trade from 1852 to 1855. In 1855 he was returned to Parliament for Oxford. He became Secretary for Ireland in 1859, and Secretary of State for the Colonies in April, 1864, but resigned with his colleagues in June, 1866. In December, 1868, he entered the Cabinet of Gladstone as Secretary of State for War, and while occupying this position introduced important reforms in the army. He was raised to the peerage in 1874. CARE OR CARLE SUNDAY, the Sunday before Palm Sunday, said to be so called because it was the practice in many places to eat gray peas, called carlings, which were steeped all night in water and fried the next day in butter. This practice apparently had its more immediate origin in the custom of the Roman Catholic people of eating hallowed beans at this time. The beans are described in some religious books as symbolical of confession, and their steeping before use of meditation. It appears to have been adapted from a heathen custom. CARÊME, MARIE ANTONIN, French cook and author; born in 1784 in Paris; died there in 1833. He wrote Les Déjeuners de l'Empereur Napoléon, La Cuisine Française, and other works connected with his craft. As Talleyrand's cook he played an important part at the Congress of Vienna. He was also cook to the Czar Alexander and George IV of England. CARETTE, ANTOINE ERNEST HIPPOLYTE, HIPPOLYTE, French military officer and writer, was born May 25, 1808. He entered the Polytechnic School in Paris in 1828; took an active part in the revolution in July of that year. Joining the army, he took part in the Algerian campaigns. There he became interested in ancient African history, and was accorded especial mention for his writings on that subject by the French Institute. He was a member of scientific expeditions to Algiers in 1840-42. After the revolution of 1848 he participated in the discussion of the Algerian question, and was defeated for the Chamber of Deputies at the elections under the constitution. In 1852 he was appointed chief of a battalion of engineers and colonel in 1863. He retired in 1868. He was made a commander of the Legion of Honor in 1867. CAREX, a very large genus of plants of the family Cyperaceae, commonly known as sedges. They are all of a grassy or rush-like appearance, and have some value in the economy of nature as forming the principal part of vegetation in swamps, which they assist in converting into fertile ground. The stems are triangular, and the staminate and pistillate flowers are separated from each other in the same cluster, or in different clusters on the same plant, or, rarely, on different plants. A characteristic feature of the genus is the perigynium sac. CAREY, a village of Wyandot County, north central Ohio, on the Columbus, Hocking Valley and Toledo, the Northern Ohio and the Cleveland, Chicago and St. Louis railroads. By the last it is 16 miles S. of Tiffin. It contains manufactories of lumber and iron. Population 1890, 1,605. CAREY, HENRY CHARLES, an American political economist, son of Matthew Carey; born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Dec. 15, 1793; died there, Oct. 13, 1879. At the age of 21 he became a partner in his father's business, and later was head of the publishing house. He was the originator of the system of trade sales between book dealers. In 1835 At HENRY C. CAREY. he retired from business, and devoted himself to scholarly pursuits. He was the founder of a school of political economy. first he was a free-trader, but he came to believe protection the best fiscal policy for the government. He was a member of the Republican party from its formation, supported the Union during the Civil War, was a trusted adviser of Mr. Lincoln and Mr. Chase, and was a member of the constitutional convention of Pennsylvania in 1872. He bequeathed his valuable library to the University of Pennsylvania. His first work was The Principles of Political Economy. He afterward wrote The Credit System of France, Great Britain, and the United States; The Past, the Present and the Future; Principles of Social Science; Letters on International Copyright; The Way to Outdo England Without Fighting Her; Miscellan eous Works; and The Unity of Law. See POLITICAL ECONOMY, Vol. XIX, pp. 384, 385. CAREY, JOSEPH M., a United States Senator from Wyoming; born in Milton, Delaware, Jan. 19, 1845; graduated at Union College, New York; was admitted to the bar in 1867; United States attorney for Wyoming in 1869; engaged in stock-raising; associate justice of the Wyoming supreme court in 1871; from 1885 to 1890 member of Congress; elected to the Senate in 1890, retiring in 1895. CAREY, MATTHEW, publisher; born in Ireland, Jan. 28, 1760; died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sept. 16, 1839. He was well educated, and selected as his life-work the printing and bookselling business. Among his first pamphlets was an inflammatory address to Irish Catholics, which obliged him to flee to Paris to escape trouble. Here he made the acquaintance of Benjamin Franklin. He returned after a year to Ireland, where he established the Volunteer's Journal, a newspaper very bold in tone, which became a political power. In 1784 an attack on Parliament brought on a suit for libel, and he was imprisoned. He sailed to the United States after his liberation, and within two months had started a newspaper, The Pennsylvania Herald; in this first appeared accurate reports of legislative deliberations. CARIACOU-CARLETON For six years he published The American Museum. He founded the Hibernian Society, and assisted in the formation of the first American Sunday school society. He published, in 1814, the Olive Branch; or, Faults on Both Sides, Federal and Democratic, a work designed to conciliate the different factions in the United States which disagreed on the subject of the War of 1812. He issued, in 1820, the New Olive Branch, and two years later appeared his wellknown work, Essays on Political Economy, which was followed by a series of tracts advocating the protective system, as necessary for the good of all classes. CARIACOU, a name often applied to deer of the genus Cariacus. The common white-tailed or Virginia deer of North America is a member of the genus. CARIAMIDÆ, a family of South American birds, composed of the genus Cariama. In structure they are extremely generalized, and intermediate between the cranes and the birds of prey (Accipitres). They are sometimes domesticated. CARIBBEE BARK OR PITON BARK, the bark of Exostemma Caribbæum, a small tree of the West Indies and of Mexico, belonging to the natural order Cinchonacea. It is one of the barks sometimes substituted for the cinchona barks. CARIBOO, a once famous placer gold-mining district, in the northern part of British Columbia, at the sources of the Stikeen and Liard rivers. It is now almost entirely deserted, except by a few industrious Chinese, who make fair livings by washing over the tailings from the old diggings. CARIBOU. See DEER, Vol. VII, p. 25. CARIBOU, a village in Aroostook County, northern Maine, on the Aroostook River, 20 miles above its junction with the St. John River. It is situated on the Boston and Maine and the Bangor and Aroostook railroads. Its principal industry is agriculture, though it has starch, carriage, sash and door factories, lumber and shingle mills, grist-mills, and a foundry; has water-works and electric lights. Population of Caribou township in 1890, 4,078. CARILLON, a set of bells arranged for striking in such a way as to produce tunes. The set usually varies from 12 to 20. Eight bells and more are called a chime; less than these, a peal. The apparatus by which a carillon is played is called a clavecin, and a recent form of this is operated by electricity, current contacts being produced by a piano key-board that may be placed in any convenient position. The term carillon is sometimes applied to the music produced by or arranged for chiming. See BELL, Vol. III, p. 538. CARINARIA, a remarkable genus of gasteropodous mollusks, of the order called Heteropoda or Nucleobranchiata, having a thin shell, in form somewhat like that of a limpet. The shells of some of the species have been denominated Venus's-slipper. The body is gelatinous, and so transparent that much of its interior organization can be seen. The species are all marine. See MOLLUSCA, Vol. XVI, p. 654. CARINATÆ, the group of birds having keeled breastbones. See BIRDS, Vol. III, p. 699; ORNITHOLOGY, Vol. XVIII, P. 44. 699 CARINI, ISIDORE, premier préfetto at the Vatican Library; born in Palmero, Sicily, Jan. 7, 1843; became a priest in 1866; in 1875, canon of the Cathedral of Palermo; in 1877, professor of paleography and curator of the Archives of Palmero; in 1882, sent to Spain by the government to collect information on the Sicilian vespers; in 1884, assistant archivist and professor of paleography at the Vatican School in Rome; in 1889, appointed premier préfetto at the Vatican Library. He has published numerous writings on religion, bibliography and subjects in archæology. CARINUS, MARCUS AURELIUS, a Roman emperor; elder son of Emperor Carus; raised to the throne in A.D. 283, by his father, who left him in the west and went with his younger son, Numerianus, against the Persians. On the death of Carus the same year, both brothers succeeded to the purple. Numerianus was slain in 284, and Carinus marched to oppose Diocletian in Mosia, defeating him, but was assassinated in 285, by one of his officers, whose wife the emperor had betrayed. CARISSA, a genus of plants of the family Apocynaceœ. Carissa Carandas is a thorny shrub, much used for fences in India. The fruit, called carandas, is a berry about the size of a small plum, and is used for tarts and preserves. CARLÉN, EMILIA SCHMIDT FLYGARE, a Swedish novelist; born in Strömstad, Aug. 8, 1807; died at Stockholm, Feb. 5, 1892. Her first novel, Waldemar Klein, appeared in 1838. She was then a widow, having been married in 1827 to M. Flygare. In 1841 she was again married to J. G. Carlén, a lawyer and a poet. Her literary productiveness was remarkable; many of her works were translated into English, French and German, and circulated both in Europe and America. These works include The Rose of Tistelen; The Representative; and A Name. CARLETON. See COFFIN, CHARLES CARLETON, in these Supplements. CARLETON, SIR GUY, Lord Dorchester, a British soldier; born in Strabane, Ireland, Sep. 3, 1724; died at Maidenhead, England, Nov. 10, 1808. He fought gallantly at Louisburg, Quebec, Belle Isle and Havana. From 1772 to 1775 he governed Quebec. He led the expedition which invaded New York in 1776, and in 1781 was appointed commander-inchief of the British army in place of Sir Henry Clinton. CARLETON, THOMAS, brother of the preceding, and also a soldier; born in 1736; died in Ramsgate, England, Feb. 2, 1817. He served in Wolfe's regiment in 1755; was appointed quartermaster of the army in Canada; with his brother in the naval conflict with Benedict Arnold on Lake Champlain; appointed lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick; and in 1784 governor and commander-in-chief of Nova Scotia and Canada. He remained in America 19 years; for 14 years after his return to England he retained those offices, the administration being carried on by his deputies. He was advanced in military rank, and in 1803 he was made a general in the British army. CARLETON, WILLIAM, poet; born in Hudson, |