700 CARLETON COLLEGE-CARLOS Michigan, Oct. 21, 1845. He graduated at Hills- | ernment; has had under its care 2,500 students, of dale in 1869, visited Europe in 1878 and 1885, and is well known by his ballads of rural life. He has lectured in England, Canada and some parts of the United States. His collections of published poems are entitled Farm Ballads; Farm Legends; Young Folks' Centennial Rhymes; Farm Festivals; and City Ballads. CARLETON COLLEGE, organized in 1870, at Northfield, Minnesota; conducted by the Congregational Church; president in 1895, James W. Strong; the same year there were 22 in the faculty and 277 students; 12,000 volumes in the library. From its organization till the year 1895, 229 have graduated. CARLETON PLACE, a town of Lanark County, eastern Ontario; on a navigable stream called the Mississippi River, and on the Canadian Pacific railroad, 28 miles S. W. of Ottawa. There are manufactories of iron and woolens, and a large number of lumber-mills. Population 1891, 4,435. CARLINE THISTLE, a name applied to species of Carlina, a genus of plants of the family Composite. The name is said to be derived from a legend, that an angel showed the root of one of the species to Charlemagne as a remedy for a plague. This particular species (C. acaulis) grows on hills and mountains in the middle latitudes of Europe. It has a very short stem and very large heads of flowers. CARLING, SIR JOHN, Canadian senator and statesman; born in London, Ontario, Jan. 23, 1828; a member of the brewing firm of Carling and Company; director of the Great Western and auxiliary railways; elected to the general assembly of Ontario in 1857; Receiver-General in 1862; member of the House of Commons from 1867 to 1874; Minister of Public Works in 1867-71; Postmaster-General from 1882 to 1885; then became Minister of Agriculture, holding the office until 1892. After 1892 he was a member of the Cabinet without holding a special office. He was appointed to the Senate in 1891, but resigned in 1892, and was elected to the House of Commons. CARLING SUNDAY. See CARE OR CARLE SUNDAY, in these Supplements. CARLINVILLE, city and capital of Macoupin County, southwestern Illinois, on the Litchfield, Carrollton and Alton and the Chicago and Alton railroads; 54 miles N.N. W. of St. Louis. Blackburn University is here located, and there is also a theological seminary. Coal is found nere. Population 1890, 3,293. CARLISLE, capital of Nicholas County, northeastern Kentucky, on the Louisville and Nashville railroad, 17 miles N. E. of Paris. Its principal industries are carriage-making and flour-milling. Population in 1890, 1,081. CARLISLE, borough, and the capital of Cumberland County, southern central Pennsylvania. (See Vol. V, p. 110.) It is situated on the Philadelphia and Reading and the Cumberland Valley railroads; by the latter, 18 miles W.S. W. of Harrisburg. It is well laid out; has wide streets, electric lights and water-works. It has car-shops, switch-works, shoe and carpet factories. It is the seat of Dickinson College; also of the Carlisle Indian School, an institution founded in 1879 and supported by the gov whom some 150 have been graduated. Their training is to a great extent industrial. The pupils make their own uniforms, and much of the work of the school is done by the students. Carlisle also has some fame for its sulphur springs, four miles north of the borough. Population 1890, 7,620. JOHN G. CARLISLE. CARLISLE, JOHN GRIFFIN, an American statesman; born in Campbell County, Kentucky, Sept. 5, 1835; taught school in the county, and afterward at Covington; was admitted to the bar in 1858, and was a member of the House of Representatives from 1859 to 1861. He was elected to the state senate in 1866, and re-elected in 1869; he was also a delegate-at-large from Kentucky to the national Democratic convention in 1868. He resigned his seat in the Senate in June, 1871, and was the same year elected lieutenant-governor, serving until September, 1875. The year following he was alternate Presidential elector for the state at large. He was a member of consecutive Congresses from the Forty-fifth to the Fifty-first, both inclusive, and was speaker in the Forty-eighth, Forty-ninth and Fiftieth Congresses. In 1890 he was elected to the United States Senate as a Democrat, to fill the unexpired term of James B. Beck, and in March, 1893, was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by Mr. Cleveland. In 1895-96 he took a firm stand in favor of the gold standard, making numerous speeches in various parts on the country, and was looked upon as one of the leaders of the "sound money" wing of his party. CARLISTS, the name given to the supporters of the Spanish pretender, Don Carlos de Bourbon. See SPAIN, Vol. XXII, pp. 345, 346. CARLOMAN, the name of two Frankish dukes. See FRANCE, Vol. IX, p. 531. CARLOS I, king of Portugal, son of King Louis I, was born Sept. 28, 1863; married Marie Amélie, daughter of the Comte de Paris, May 22, 1886, and succeeded his father on the throne, Oct. 19, 1880. CARLOS, DUKE OF MADRID, born March 30, 1848. He claims the Spanish throne as the son of Don Juan, the brother of Carlos (Charles VI), who claimed the throne, and in whose behalf the uprisings of 1848, 1855 and 1860 took place. As Charles VI died without heir, his claims were taken up by Don Juan, and in turn by the present Carlos. Don Juan married Maria Teresa of Austria. Carlos is married to Margaret of Bourbon, sister of the late Henry V of France, Comte de CARLOS 1. CARLOS-CARLYLE Chambord. Carlos styles himself Charles VII, and in 1872, 1873 and 1875-78 his followers raised rebellions in the mountain provinces. They were defeated, and Carlos obliged to flee to France, from which he was driven in 1881 on account of his actions in behalf of the Comte de Chambord. He took refuge in London. CARLOS, DON, son and heir of Philip II of Spain, the subject of Schiller's tragedy, Don Carlos; died miserably in prison, his father being suspected of causing his death. See PHILIP II, Vol. XVIII, P. 744, 745 CARLOTTA, ex-empress of Mexico, daughter of Leopold I, first king of the Belgians, was born June 7, 1840. In 1857 she married the Archduke Maximilian of Austria, who became emperor, in 1863, of that part of Mexico which was occupied by French troops, and was shot at Queretaro, June 19, 1867. Carlotta, in 1866, returned to Europe, and sought aid in vain to uphold her husband's fortunes in Mexico, but in Rome her mind gave way under stress of grief and anxiety, and she was secluded in Brussels. NASTY. CARLOVINGIAN OR CAROLINGIAN DYSee FRANCE, Vol. IX, pp. 531-536. CARLSEN, EMIL, artist; born in Denmark in 1848; moved to the United States in 1872; since 1887 has lived in New York, with the exception of a short time spent in San Franciso. He is known on account of his landscapes, but better by reason of his work in still life. CARLTON, THOMAS, Methodist clergyman; born in Londonderry, New Hampshire, July 26, 1808; died in Elizabeth, New Jersey, April 16, 1874. He entered the ministry in 1829, and for 23 years remained in the Genesee Conference, being located in Buffalo, Rochester and elsewhere. In 1852 he became senior agent of the Methodist Book Concern in New York City, and remained in that position until 1872. CARLUDOVICA, a genus of tropical American palms, belonging to the small family Cyclanthacea. It differs from the true palms, with pinnate leaves, in having fan-like folded leaves. The flowers are arranged in whorls or close spirals on a thick axis. The leaves of C. palmata are used in the manufacture of Panama hats. CARLYLE, a town and capital of Clinton County, central southern Illinois, on the Kaskaskia River, 47 miles E. of St. Louis, and on the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern railroad. It contains important manufactories of iron, wagons and plows, and is the seat of a seminary for young women. Population 1890, 1,784. CARLYLE, ALEXANDER, Scottish Presbyterian ecclesiastic; born Jan. 26, 1722, at Prestonpans, East Lothian (of which parish his father was minister); died at Inveresk, Aug. 25, 1805. He was educated at the universities of Edinburgh, Glasgow and Leyden, and in 1748 was ordained minister of Inveresk. With Robertson, the historian, he led the moderate party in the kirk, and he was sent to London as the accredited agent of his church; was moderator of the General Assembly and dean of the chapel-royal. Carlyle enjoyed the friendship of 701 Hume, Adam Smith, Smollett and John Home. His Autobiography, a charming picture of the manners of a bygone age, was published in 1860, edited and completed by John Hill Burton. CARLYLE, THOMAS, a British essayist and historian; born at Ecclefechan, a small market town of Dumfriesshire, Scotland, Dec. 4, 1795; died at Chelsea, London, Feb. 5, 1881. He was the second son of James Carlyle, stonemason, a man of great physical and moral strength, who, though in humble circumstances, was able to give his sons an excellent Scottish education. Thomas received his elementary instruction from his father and mother. His home-teaching was supplemented by attendance at the Ecclefechan school, whence he proceeded, in 1805, to Annan Academy, and in 1809 entered Edinburgh University. Except in geometry, his college curriculum was not remarkable, and even in the mathematical class he took no prize. In 1813 he began a fitful preparation for the ministry, which, however, was soon abandoned. THOMAS CARLYLE. In 1814 Carlyle became mathematical master of Annan Academy; in 1816 assistant teacher at Kirkcaldy, and two years later removed to Edinburgh, where he engaged in private teaching. An introduction to Dr. David Brewster led to his writing articles for the Edinburgh Encyclopædia, and subsequently to his translating Legendre's Elements of Geometry. At the beginning of the session of 1819 he enrolled in the class of Scots law, but he found law as uncongenial a study as divinity. In 1822, while engaged as a private tutor, he arranged to write a Life of Schiller for the London Magazine, and a translation of the Wilhelm Meister of Goethe for an Edinburgh publisher. In 1824 Carlyle paid his first visit to London, where he remained some months, superintending the publication, in book-form, of his Life of Schiller. At this time he made the acquaintance of Coleridge, Thomas Campbell, Cunningham, Procter and other eminent literary men. In the spring of 1825 he removed to a farm near Mainhill, which he had leased, his brother attending to the farming, while he himself translated German romances. His marriage with Jane Baillie Welsh took place in 1826, and they at once settled in Edinburgh. Here Carlyle completed four volumes of translations, which were published under the title of German Romances, and became a contributor to the Edinburgh Review. In 1828 the Carlyles removed to Mrs. Carlyle's property of Craigenputtock, and there they lived for about six years. During this period Carlyle subsisted by writing for a number of reviews. He also wrote a History of German Literature, the best parts of which were subsequently published in the form of essays, and in 1833-34 there appeared, by installments, in Fraser's Magazine, Sartor Resartus, his most characteristic work. Carlyle's quiet life at 702 CARMAGNOLE-CARMAN Craigenputtock was varied by occasional visits to Edinburgh, and by a residence of six months in London, during which time he made the acquaintance of John Stuart Mill and John Sterling. In 1834 Carlyle resolved to try his fortune in London, and in the summer of that year established himself at No. 5 Cheyne Row, Chelsea, where he lived till the day of his death. Here he settled down to the writing of his French Revolution, which appeared in 1837. During the years 1837-40 he lectured to considerable yet select audiences, and his yearly earnings from these lectures maintained him and his wife till the French Revolution not only established his reputation as a literary genius of the highest order, but placed him beyond the possibility of want. In 1838 appeared Sartor Resartus in bookform, and the first edition of his Miscellanies. 1845 he published Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, perhaps the most successful of all his works, inasmuch as it completely revolutionized the public estimate of its subject. In 1851 he published a biography of his friend John Sterling. From this time Carlyle gave himself up entirely to his largest work, the History of Friedrich the Second, Called Frederick the Great, the first two volumes of which were published in 1858, and which was concluded in 1865. In In November, 1865, Carlyle was elected lord rector of Edinburgh University, and in the following April the ceremony of his installation took place amid extraordinary demonstrations of enthusiasm. A few days later news reached him, in Dumfries, of the death of Mrs. Carlyle. His grief developed into remorse when he discovered from certain of her letters and her journal that, during a period of their married life, his unconscious want of consideration for her had caused her much misery. It has also been demonstrated by the Letters and Memorials of Jane Welsh Carlyle that at one time they were somewhat estranged. These Memorials are of note as proving Mrs. Carlyle to have been one of the keen- | est critics, most brilliant letter-writers and most accomplished women of her time. Carlyle wrote no important work after his wife's death. In 1874 he was offered and accepted the Prussian Order of Merit, in recognition of his having written the life of Frederick the Great, who founded the order. In the same year Disraeli offered him the grand cross of the Bath (with the alternative of a baronetcy) and a pension, but he declined both. He died at his house in Chelsea, Feb. 5, 1881. A burial in Westminster Abbey was offered, but in accordance with his own wish, he was laid in the churchyard of Ecclefechan, beside his kindred. The growth of a strong character can always be traced to a wonderful degree of accuracy in the utterances or writings of the man. As the thought and manner of thinking change, so does the style, and so does, of course, the disposition of the man himself. Of no one can these foregoing statements be made more truthfully than of Carlyle. What may have been a sweet and generous disposition was so changed by his manner of thought, his dyspeptic way of looking at every subject, that in the later years of his life there was no more crabbed or disagreeable personage than he. His fellows at Annan and Edinburgh first called out an evidence of his disposition, and each successive circumstance. emphasized the foundation of that first example. As in speech the crabbed man makes use of short paragraphs, sentences and abrupt endings, so in writing he made use of a style in accord with his nature. Some are inclined to blame his constant study of the German inverted style for his peculiar mannerisms in expression. The German may have had an influence, but the dyspepsia had more. That he could make use of good flowing English is evinced in his Wilhelm Meister, but that style was unnatural, and he did not maintain it. His Sartor Resartus is a fair example of his natural expression at the time when his life had a little humor in it, but mixed with satire. This work established Carlyle's reputation, for it placed before the public a collection of satirical humor in unique, graphic and rugged style, such as could not but attract attention. The most pessimistic of pessimists, if he puts his ideas into phrases constructed in a manner peculiarly his own, will attract notice and be read ever so widely. with the French Revolution, perhaps his greatest work, great because the new clothes of old ideas attract. There was less opportunity for display of satire, but a splendid chance for dramatic descriptions. The story of the French struggle is told as the incidents that went to make up the lives of the leaders. Carlyle was careful of the truth as he saw it. truth as he saw it. In his historical writings he was sure to give the exact circumstance without coloring. This desire to state facts carried him to the extreme in his Life of Frederick the Great, in which are given so many details as to make the whole work wearisome. Carlyle was, it must be said, consistent. He preached along the same line in the last year of his life that he did in the early part of his career. He used no delicacy in his method of argument, but pounded and hammered his reading congregation. He was brilliant, powerful, a critic and a genius, but to many so much of his life as was spent in pessimistic sarcasm is a blemish upon his learned industry and life-purpose. So His Reminiscences were edited by J. A. Froude (1881); the Correspondence of Carlyle and Emerson (1886), by Charles E. Norton, who also edited the Correspondence of Carlyle and Goethe (1887); A Life of Carlyle, by J. A. Froude, was published in 1882; and the Letters and Memorials of Jane Welsh Carlyle in 1883. CARMAGNOLE, the name of a popular song, dance and jacket. With the Reign of Terror both the song and jacket disappeared. See CARMAGNOLA, Vol. V, p. 114. CARMAN, ALBERT, a Canadian churchman; born at Matilda (now Iroquois), Ontario, June 27, 1833; was educated at Victoria University, Cobourg, in 1854. In 1858 he was appointed professor of mathematics in Albert College, Belleville, Ontario, becoming president of the institution in 1858, developing it into Albert University. He was also instrumental CARMAN-CARNEGIE in founding Alma College for Girls, at St. Thomas. In 1864 he was ordained an elder in the Methodist Episcopal Church, bishop in 1874, and was chosen general superintendent of the church in Canada; it being by his means that the various sections of that church in Canada became united. He has published a work entitled the Guiding Eye. 703 CARNALLITE, a mineral which, when found in masses, has fertilizing value. See MINERALOGY, Vol. XVI, p. 384. CARNARVON, HENRY HOWARD MOLYNEUX HERBERT, EARL OF, born in 1831, died Jan. 28, 1890. He was educated at Oxford, and succeeded his father as fourth earl in 1849. He entered the Upper House as a Conservative, and in 1866 accepted from Lord Derby the office of Colonial Sec CARMAN, BLISS, a Canadian poet of the nineteenth century, whose songs, in minor key, have obtained considerable popularity, was born in Freder-retary, but resigned in 1867. On Disraeli's return ickton, New Brunswick, April 15, 1861. He was educated at the University of New Brunswick and also studied abroad. Then he read law for a few years, tried engineering, and returned to his studies in philosophy and English at Harvard in 1886. Four years later he became connected with the editorial staff of the New York Independent, also assisting in launching the early numbers of the Chap-Book and contributing thereto. His first book of verse, Low Tide on Grand Pré, was published in 1893, and won unusual recognition from capable critics. There There was in it a tender threnody and strain of the woods and waste places, as well as true poesy. His next volume, Songs From Vagabondia, written in collaboration with Richard Hovey, was published in 1894, and was as favorably received. In 1895 he issued a Threnody for Robert Louis Stevenson, a delicate tribute of poetry to his dead friend. to power in 1874, Lord Carnarvon resumed office as Colonial Secretary-once more, however, to resign in January, 1878, in consequence of the dispatch of the British fleet to the Dardanelles. During the brief Conservative administration of 1885-86 he was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and his negotiations with Mr. Parnell gave rise, two years later, to considerable controversy. He was author of The Druses of Mount Lebanon (1860); Reminiscences of Athens and the Morea (1869); and translations of the Agamemnon (1879); and the Odyssey (1886). In October, 1895, was published, in uniformity with a special series, Behind the Arras: A Book of the Unseen, in which the author's previous reputation was fully sustained. Indeed, in his particular field, Mr. Carman, by his fresh glimpses of life and nature, reveals the scenes of his native Arcady, linking his verses with memories of Longfellow. CARMATHIANS OR KARMATHITES, a branch of the Ismailian sect of Islam. See MOHAMMEDANISM, Vol. XVI, pp. 586-588, 594. CARMEL, town and capital of Putnam County, southern New York; 49 miles N. of New York City. It is the seat of Drew Seminary for Young Ladies. Population 1890, 2,912. CARMEN SYLVA, the pseudonym of Pauline Elizabeth Ottilie Louise, queen of Roumania. See ELIZABETH, QUEEN OF ROUMANIA in these Supple ments. CARMI, city and capital of White County, southeastern Illinois, situated at the head of navigation on the Little Wabash, about 100 miles N.E. of Cairo, and on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis, and the Louisville and Nashville railroads. It contains flour-mills and manufactories of woolens and iron. Population 1890, 2,785. CARNAHUBA PALM OR CARNAUBA PALM, a very beautiful species of palm (Copernicia cerifera), a native of Brazil. It attains a height of from 20 to 40 feet, and its timber is used in Brazil for a great variety of purposes. The fruit is black, and about the size of an olive. It is sweet, and is eaten raw, and also prepared in various ways. Scales of wax cover the under side of the leaves, and drop off when the fallen and withered leaves are shaken. Being collected in this way, the wax is melted into masses, and forms an important article of commerce. See WAX, Vol. XXIV, p. 459. ८ ANDREW CARNEGIE. CARNATION, a plant. See PINK, Vol. XIX, pp. 106, 107; HORTICULTURE, Vol. XII, p. 254. CARNEGIE, ANDREW, an American manufacturer; born in Dunfermline, Scotland, Nov. 25, 1835. His father was a weaver, who, in the hope of bettering his family, came to the United States, where the son found employment at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, in tending a small stationary engine. Dissatisfied with this, the boy became telegrapher for the Atlantic and Ohio Company. While in the employ of the superintendent of the telegraph lines he met Woodruff, the inventor of the sleeping-car, and seeing the value of the invention, engaged in the enterprise of getting it into use. This venture laid the foundation for his immense fortune. He became superintendent of the Pittsburg division of the Pennsylvania railroad; was at one time a member of an oil syndicate which realized $1,000,000 annually in cash dividends; established, in company with others, a rolling-mill, and in the extension of this last-mentioned enterprise Mr. Carnegie has become the controller of the largest system of iron and steel works in the world. works in the world. Mr. Carnegie frequently writes on the labor question, and is the author of An American Four-in-Hand in Britain (1883); Round the World (1884); Triumphant Democracy; or, Fifty Years' March of the Republic (1886, 1893); and The Gospel of Wealth (1890). Besides carrying on immense business enterprises, Mr. Carnegie has established generous charities. His native country has been remembered in the gift of $250,000 for a free library in Edinburgh, and in the erection (1879) of extensive swimming-baths and the gift of $40,000 to establish a free library for the use of the citizens of Dunfermline. Bellevue Hospital, in New York City, has been endowed with $50,000 for a Carnegie laboratory. Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, has received 704 CARNELIAN-CAROB $500,000 for a free library, while Allegheny City | wrote biographies of his father and of Henri has been given half that amount for a music hall and Gregoire and of Barrère. He died in Paris, March library. Mr. Carnegie has established free libraries 16, 1888. for the use of his employees at several places. CARNELIAN. See AGATE, Vol. I, p. 277. CARNIFEX FERRY, BATTLE OF, was fought near the ferry crossing the Gauley River, in Nicholas County, south-central West Virginia, eight miles below Summerville, on the north bank of the river, Sept. 10, 1861. The Confederates, under General Floyd, numbered 5,000 and were strongly intrenched. They were attacked by a superior force of Federals under General Rosecrans. The battle was continued until darkness, when, during the night, General Floyd escaped by the bridge, which he cut behind him, leaving his camp equipment and munitions to fall into the hands of the Federal troops. CARNOT, MARIE FRANÇOIS SADI, late President of the French Republic, was born at Limoges, Aug. 11, 1837. He was the son of Lazare Carnot and a grandson of L. N. M. Carnot, "the organizer of victory" under the French Convention, and a civil engineer by profession. When only 20 years of age he entered as a student the École Polytechnique, and passed with distinction to a school for special instruction in the building of roads and bridges. Dur ing the siege of Paris he M. FRANÇOIS SADI CARNOT. was appointed Prefect of the Seine Inférieure, and as Commissary-General gave valuable assistance in organizing the defenses of that department. A month later he took his seat in the National Assembly as deputy for Côte-d'Or, ranging himself in line with the Republican Left. He afterward sat for Beaune. In 1886 he took office in the Brisson Cabinet as Finance Minister, the duties of which he also filled when M. de Freycinet formed his government in January, 1887. On the resignation of M. Grévy in 1887, M. Carnot was elected President of the republic. The Czar of Russia conferred on him the Order of St. Andrew in March, 1891. During the Franco-Russian fêtes of 1893 he took a prominent part both at Paris and at Toulon, and in consequence of these it was said that he had determined to stand again for the Presidency. promising career was cut short by the dagger of an assassin (an Italian anarchist named Santo) during a fête given in his honor at Lyons, June 24, 1894. He was a sagacious and high-minded statesman, and his death was universally regretted. CARNOCHAN, JOHN MURRAY, an eminent surgeon; born in Savannah, Georgia, July 4, 1817; died in New York City, Oct. 28, 1887. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and graduated there, and afterward studied surgery in Paris, London and other Continental cities. In 1847 he began the practice of surgery in New York City, where he at once attained a very high reputation on account of his success in operations never before attempted. In 1852 he severed and tied the femoral artery, effecting a cure in an exaggerated case of nutrition (elephantiasis arabrum). The same year he removed a lower jaw, entire, with both condyles. In 1854 he removed the entire ulna, and also the entire radius. In 1856 he cut down and removed the entire trunk of the second branch of the fifth pair of cranial nerves, the nerve being cut from the infra-orbital foramen to the foramen rotundum, at the base of the skull, involving an operation through the malar bone. The removal of this nerve had been decided upon to secure relief in a chronic case of neuralgia. It was entirely successful, and made the bold and accurate operator famous throughout the world. In 1851 he was appointed professor of surgery in the New York Medical College. He occupied other professional appointments, including that of surgeon-in-chief to the State Immigrant Hospital. He has published Congenital Dislocations (1850); Contri-City, in a district of stock and produce farms. It butions to Operative Surgery and Surgical Pathology (1860, 1877-86). CARNOT, LAZARE HIPPOLYTE, a son of the celebrated French statesman and mathematician, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot (q.v., Vol. V, p. 124), and father of the late President of the French Republic (see article following); born at St. Omer in 1801; died in 1888. He was a radical republican of note, and was an early disciple of St. Simon, but left that school to devote himself to the inculcation of a more orthodox and moral socialism. From 1840 to 1848 he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies, and was appointed Minister of Instruction, February of the latter year, but resigned in July. From 1863 until 1868 he was a member of the legislative assembly; he was defeated in 1869 by Gambetta, but in 1871 was again elected; upon the formation of the Senate in 1875 was elected a life member. He published a work exposing St. Simonianism, and also His CARO, village and capital of Tuscola County, in the west-central part of southern Michigan, on the Michigan Central railroad, 34 miles E.S.E. of Bay has several lumber-mills; is supplied with electric lights and water-works. In 1894 the population was 1,780. CARO, ELME MARIE, a French philosopher; born at Poitiers, March 4, 1826. He was appointed lecturer in the École Normale de Paris in 1857; professor at the Sorbonne in 1867, and member of the French Academy in 1876. His lectures at the Sorbonne became very attractive to ladies, and he was known as "The Ladies' Philosopher." He was a follower of Cousin, and attacked the view of Schopenhauer and Hartman. He was a contributor to the Revue des Deux Mondes and to the Journal des Savants. His works include L'Idée de Dieu et ses Nouveaux Critiques (1883); La Philosophie de Goethe (1880); Le Matérialisme et la Science (1883); Études Morales sur le Temps Présent (1879); Mélanges et Portraits (1888). He died at Paris, July 13, 1887. CAROB. See LOCUST TREE, Vol. XIV, p. 767. |