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CARRIÈRE-CARROLL

purpose must be brought from the place to which it is intended that they should return, and this must be within a short period, not exceeding two weeks from the time of their liberation. The best results of homing have been achieved, too, when the birds had young in their nests; the remarkable fecundity of the species co-operating for its employment in this way. The birds are also kept in the dark and without food for eight hours at least before being sent upon their journey. These pigeons have been known to fly a mile in 90 seconds and 30 miles in an hour, and to have returned home from distances of from 200 to 500 miles, and, though very rarely, from 1,000 miles. For practical purposes this means of communication has been more employed in the East than anywhere else. In the East it is the custom to bathe the feet of the birds with vinegar, to keep them cool, so that they may not be induced to alight in quest of water, which might destroy the message. During the siege of Paris carrier-pigeons were fre quently used to convey messages, the microscopic message being wound into a goose-quill and tied to a wing feather.

CARRIÈRE, EUGÈNE, a French painter; born at Gournay-sur-Marne, Seine-et-Oise, Jan. 17, 1849. After studying in the provinces he went to Paris and entered the School of Fine Arts, becoming a student of Cabanel, and made his début at the Salon in 1870 with a Portrait de Femme; and afterward exhibited Portrait de Mlle. Stern (1877); Jeune Mère (1879); La Nymphe Echo (1880); Le Baiser de l'Innocence (1882); Deux Amis and Marguerite (1884); L'Enfant Malade (1885); Femme à sa Toilette (1888); Intimité (1889); and at the exhibition on the Champs de Mars, in 1890, Sommeil, Tendresse and Le Déjeuner, etc. He was one of the decorators of the Hotel de Ville, obtained several medals from the Salon, and was decorated with the Legion of Honor in 1889.

CARRIERE, MORITZ, German philosophical writer; born at Griedel, in Hesse, March 5, 1817; studied at Giessen, Göttingen and Berlin, and in 1853 became professor of philosophy at Munich. He was one of the founders of the modern school of thought, which endeavors to reconcile deism and pantheism. His important work, Die Kunst im Zusammenhang der Kulturentwicklung und die Ideale der Menschheit (5 vols., 1863–74), was so popular that a third edition was commenced in 1876. He also published Die Sittliche Weltordnung (1877), a thoughtful monograph on Cromwell, and works on æsthetics, poetry and art. He commenced the publication of a series comprising his complete works in 1886.

CARRINGTON, EDWARD, a Revolutionary soldier; born in Charlotte County, Virginia, Feb. 11, 1749, and was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of artillery, Nov. 30, 1776. While detached with a portion of his regiment he was made a prisoner at Charleston; afterward served under Generals Gates and Greene, becoming the quartermaster-general of the latter. At the battles of Hobkirk Hill, April 24, 1781, and at Yorktown he commanded the artillery and rendered excellent service. In 1785 he was a delegate to the Continental Congress from Virginia, and in 1807 was foreman, of the jury in the trial of Burr for

treason.

1810.

He died at Richmond, Virginia, Oct. 28, CARRINGTON, HENRY BEEBE, an American soldier; born in Wallingford, Connecticut, March 2, 1824. In 1845 he graduated from Yale, and for the three following years taught in Irving Institute, New York, then studied law at New Haven and again engaged in teaching, being an instructor in the Ladies' Collegiate Institute of New Haven. He removed to Columbus, Ohio, practiced law, engaged in the antislavery movement, and helped to organize the state militia. When President Lincoln issued the first call for troops, Carrington, who was adjutantgeneral of the state, placed nine regiments of militia. in western Virginia. During the war he was for most of the time engaged in raising and drilling troops, and he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers. He was mustered out of this service in 1865, and until 1870 served on military expeditions in Nebraska, Montana and Colorado, and became instructor of military science in Wabash College. The rest of his life has been given to literary pursuits. Among his publications are Russia as a Nation; American Classics; or, Incidents of Revolutionary Suffering (1849); Ab-sa-ra-ka; or, Land of Massacre, relating the adventures of his life on the plains (1868); Crisis Thoughts (1878); and Battle Maps and Charts of the American Revolution (1881).

CARRINGTON, PAUL, an American statesman; born in Charlotte County, Virginia, Feb. 24, 1733; brother of Edward Carrington. He graduated at William and Mary College; studied law; began practice when only 21, and was soon prominent in public affairs, being a member of the house of burgesses for ten years from 1765. He voted against the stamp-act resolutions of Patrick Henry; was a member of the house of delegates, passing from that to the bench of the general court in 1779, and from that, ten years later, to the court of appeals, where he remained until 1811. In the Virginia convention he voted for the adoption of the constitution. He died June 22, 1818.

CARRION-CROW OR BLACK VULTURE (Cathartes atratus), a bird of the crow family (Corvida), abundant in the Gulf states, Central and South America. They are useful as scavengers. CROW, Vol. VI, p. 618.

See

CARRION-FLOWER, a name which has been given to the flowers of various species on account of their odor, which resembles that of putrid meat, an odor which attracts certain insects, such as flies, and thus secures cross-pollination. The carrion odor is usually accompanied by livid colors. Notable among the carrion-flowers are the species of Stapelia of the Cape of Good Hope, and Smilax herbacea of the United States.

CARROLL, town and capital of Carroll County, western central Iowa, on the Chicago and Northwestern railroad, 67 miles E.N.E. of Sioux City. It is chiefly an agricultural center. Population 1890, 2,448.

CARROLL, CHARLES, of Carrollton, an American statesman, born in Annapolis, Maryland, Sep. 20, 1737; died in Baltimore, Maryland, Nov. 14, 1832. He was descended from one of the ancient septs of

CARROLL-CARROLLTON

Ireland, which traced its ancestry to the royal line of Munster. He was educated at the Jesuit college of St. Omer, at Rheims, in French Flanders, and in the college of Louis le Grand, Paris; studied civil law in Bourges and in the Middle Temple, London. In 1765 he returned to Maryland. At the outbreak of the Revolution he was the wealthiest man in the colonies, was ever ready to use his influence and means for the aid of liberty, and as early as 1770 had protested against arbitrary taxation. In December, 1774, he was one of the committee of correspondence for the province, and in 1775 was elected a member of the Council of Safety.

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St. Omer's and Liège, and when the Society of Jesus was suppressed in 1773, he was forced to leave the Continent, and went to England, where he conducted important negotiations with the French government regarding the property owned by the society in France. In 1774 he returned to Maryland, whose resistance to the crown enlisted his sympathies. The condition of the Roman Catholics was unhappy there at this time. The celebration of mass was prohibited, Roman Catholic schools were forbidden, and the members of this church were not allowed to bear arms. In February, 1776, he was appointed by the Continental Congress commissioner, with Charles Carroll of Carrollton, Samuel Chase and Benjamin Franklin, to visit Canada to seek co-operation in the struggle for American independence. After the Revolution, the Roman Catholics of the United States were anxious to have ecclesiastical jurisdiction of their own, independent of the vicar-apostolic of London, and petitioned the Pope to appoint a supewhose allegiance would be to the Federal government alone.

About this time he adopted the designation of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, to distinguish himself from a relative, Charles Carroll, a barrister, also of Annapolis. In January, 1776, he was appointed by the Continental Congress to visit Canada, with a number of commissioners, and induce those colonies to unite in the common cause of independence. On July 4, 1776, he was elected to represent Mary-rior land in the Continental Congress, and signed the Declaration of Independence. The story that he first affixed the addition " of Carrollton" then is disputed. He was again a delegate to Congress in 1777, and served on the committee which visited Valley Forge to investigate complaints about General Washington. In 1788 he was elected the first Senator from Maryland under the constitution of the United States, serving until 1791. He was elected to the state senate, and served until 1801. In 1797 he was one of the commissioners to determine the boundary line between Maryland and Virginia. He inaugurated the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, July 4, 1828. He was the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence. His only son, Charles, married Harriet, the daughter of the Hon. Benjamin Chew, chief justice of Pennsylvania; his daughter Catharine was married to Robert Goodloe Harper, a distinguished Federalist of Maryland, and his daughter Mary was married to Richard Caton of Maryland, whose four daughters, noted for their beauty, were known at the court of George IV as The American Graces." Three of them were married to English noblemen, the fourth, Emily, to John McTavish of Baltimore, Maryland.

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CARROLL, HENRY KING, an American journalist and author; born at Dennisville, New Jersey, Nov. 15, 1848. His first position was that of assistant editor of Hearth and Home, a Methodist publication. He was later religious and political editor of the Independent of New York, and became chief editor of the Papers and Proceedings of the Centennial Methodist Conference (1885). He wrote The World of Missions (1881); The Catholic Dogma of Church Authority (1884); and The Religious Forces of the United States (1893).

CARROLL, JOHN, Roman Catholic archbishop; born in Upper Marlboro, Maryland, in 1735; died in Georgetown, District of Columbia, Dec. 3, 1815. He was a cousin of Charles Carroll of Carrollton. He was educated in the College of St. Omer, in French Flanders, and at the Jesuit college at Liège, where he was ordained priest in 1759. Until 1771 he was professor of moral philosophy at

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In 1784 Father Carroll was appointed to this post, and he then settled in Baltimore. In 1789 he was appointed first bishop in the United States, with his see in Baltimore. In 1788 he laid the foundation of Georgetown College, which was completed in 1791, and he established a theological seminary in connection with this, which was merged into that of St. Mary's, Baltimore, in 1792. He was also a founder of St. John's College, Annapolis, which subsequently gave him the degree of LL.D. In 1806 he laid the foundation of the Cathedral of Baltimore, which he also dedicated. Owing to the increasing number of Catholics, he caused Baltimore to be erected into an archiepiscopal see, with four episcopal sees as suffragans, and in 1808 he was made archbishop. His diocese then embraced Maryland, Virginia and the Southern states as far as the Gulf and the Mississippi. He was an ardent Federalist, and one of the most powerful factors of his church in this country. Congress invited him to deliver a panegyric on Washington on Feb. 22, 1800. His writings, which are chiefly controversial, include An Address to the Roman Catholics of the United States of America; A Concise View of the Principal Points of Controversy Between the Protestant and Roman Churches; etc.

CARROLL, LEWIS, the pseudonym of DODGSON, CHARLES LUTWIDGE; q.v., in these Supplements.

CARROLL, SAMUEL SPRIGG, an American soldier; born in Washington, District of Columbia, Sept. 21, 1832. In 1856 he graduated at West Point. During the Civil War he was engaged in the battles of Cedar Mountain, the Rapidan, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilderness and at Spottsylvania, where he was severely wounded. He was brevetted brigadier-general of United States army in 1865, and in 1869 was retired, for disability from wounds, as major-general. He died at Tacomac Park, District of Columbia, Jan. 28, 1893.

CARROLLTON, town and capital of Carroll County, western central Georgia, on the Little Tallapoosa River, and on the Central of Georgia and the Chattanooga, Rome and Columbus railroads; by

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CARROLLTON-CARSON CITY

the latter 59 miles S. of Rome. Its interests are principally commercial. Population 1890, 1,451. CARROLLTON, city and capital of Greene County, southwestern Illinois, on the Litchfield, Carrollton and Western and the Chicago and Alton railroads; by the latter, 58 miles N. of St. Louis. It contains manufactories of iron, machinery, carriages and flour. Population 1890, 2,258.

CARROLLTON, town and capital of Carroll County, Kentucky, situated on the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Kentucky, 62 miles from Louisville. It is the seat of a seminary, and contains manufactories of cotton goods, woolen goods and flour. Population 1890, 1,720.

CARROLLTON, a village of Saginaw County, east-central Michigan, on the Saginaw River, and on the Michigan Central, the Cincinnati, Saginaw and Mackinaw, and the Flint and Pere Marquette railroads; by the last, it is eight miles S. of Bay City. It is situated in a rich agricultural district, and exports a large quantity of leaf-tobacco. Population 1894, 892.

CARROLLTON, city and capital of Carroll County, northwestern Missouri, on the Wakenda Creek; on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé and the Chicago, Burlington and Kansas City railroads, 66 miles E.N.E. of Kansas City. It contains flourmills and a woolen factory, and has a school building which cost $40,000. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic convent. Population, 3,878.

CARROLLTON, village and capital of Carroll County, central eastern Ohio, on the Cleveland, Canton and Southern railroad, 27 miles S. E. of Canton. It is principally an agricultural station. In 1890 the population was 1,228.

CARRONADE, a short iron gun, long superseded, named after the Carron Iron Works of Scotland, where it was first made in 1779. It was used in naval engagements at close range. It is lighter than ordinary guns, and has a chamber for powder, like mortars. For an illustration of this gun, see Vol. XI, p. 306.

CARROT. See AGRICULTURE, Vol. I, p. 369; HORTICULTURE, Vol. XII, p. 280.

CARRUTHERS, ROBERT, a Scotch journalist and author; born at Dumfries, Nov. 5, 1799, where he was educated and apprenticed to a bookseller and bookbinder. After his apprenticeship he went to Huntingdon, where he was the master of the national school, and published a History of Huntingdon. In 1828 he went to Inverness and conducted the Inverness Courier, one of the leading weekly journals of the north. Here he "discovered" Hugh Miller, many of whose earliest writings appeared in the Courier. Carruthers became associated with Robert Chambers in the publication of the Cyclopaedia of English Literature, and contributed numerous articles to this ENCYCLOPEDIA. He was for several years lecturer at the Philosophical Institution, Edinburgh, and received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Edinburgh University. He published a Life of Pope in 1858, and edited that poet's works. died May 26, 1878.

He

CARRUTHERS, WILLIAM A., novelist; born in Virginia about 1800; died in Savannah, Georgia,

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CARS, PASSENGER. See RAILROADS, in these Supplements.

CARSE, a term applied in Scotland to low lands along river mouths. Carse soils usually consist of argillaceous deposits, which produce crops of great luxuriance. See SCOTLAND, Vol. XXI, p. 524.

CARSON, ALEXANDER, an Irish preacher; born in County Tyrone in 1776; educated at Glasgow University, and was a Presbyterian minister at Tubbermore. In 1805 he left the Presbyterian Church and became a Baptist, under the influence of Robert Haldane. During the latter part of his life he favored the precepts of the peculiar Sandemanian order, which practiced asceticism, and held property in common for the good of the church; among other customs were the kiss of brotherhood, the Sunday love-feast, and the abstention from blood and the flesh of any strangled animal. Carson was at no period in fellowship with the Baptists of England, though he was claimed by William Jones as an adherent of "Scotch Baptists" of England. He was the author of Baptism: Its Mode and Subjects (1831), and died at Belfast, Aug. 24, 1844.

CARSON, CHRISTOPHER ("Kit Carson"), an American frontiersman; born in Madison County, Kentucky, Dec. 24, 1809; died at Fort Lynn, Colorado, May 23, 1868. His boyhood was spent in what was then the wilderness of Missouri, and at the age of 17 he joined a hunting party, and commenced a roving life on the plains. He served as guide for General John C. Frémont in his explorations; became became familiar with more Indian tribes than any man since his time, and could speak their dialects fluently; assisted in making treaties between the United States and the Indians; served the government in New Mexico, Colorado and the Indian Territory during the Mexican and Civil wars, and for his conduct in the latter was brevetted brigadier-general.

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KIT CARSON.

CARSON CITY, a city of Nevada, capital of the state and county seat of Ormsby County, in the northwestern corner of the state. It is beautifully situated in the midst of grand and picturesque scenery, on a plateau at the base of the Sierra Nevadas, about 15 miles S. of Virginia City. It contains a United States branch mint, railroad-shops

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CARSON RIVER

and offices, various manufactories, and several mills
for extracting gold and silver, which are found in
the vicinity.
Carson City was founded in 1858; its
incorporation dates from 1876. Population 1890,
3,950.

CARSON RIVER, a stream of Nevada, 150 miles long. It rises in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and flows northeast into Carson Lake, a body of water 15 miles long, which has no outlet.

CARSTENS, ASMUS JAKOB, a Danish artist; born near Schleswig in 1754; died at Rome in 1798. In 1776 he went to Copenhagen, where he produced his Baldur's Death and Æolus and Ulysses. For five years (1783-88) he maintained himself by portraitpainting in Lubeck. He subsequently went to Berlin, where his great composition, the Falls of the Angels, with 200 figures, gained for him an appointment as professor in the Academy, while his decoration of a salon in the Dorville Palace obtained for him an introduction to the king and a pension. He then visited Rome and devoted himself to the study of the works of Michael Angelo and Raphael. His Visit of the Argonauts to the Centaur Chiron was distinguished by purity of style, beauty of form and fine distribution of light. He lost his position in Berlin, and his last days were days of penury and dejection, but his work had marked influence on German art.

CARTEL, during the time of war, an agreement between the belligerents for an exchange of prisoners, or for some reciprocal advantage. Sometimes the epithet is applied to a ship commissioned to convey the exchanged prisoners or to carry messages to the enemy.

CARTER, FRANKLIN, an American scholar; born at Waterbury, Connecticut, Sept. 30, 1837; educated at Yale and Williams colleges, and studied in Berlin. In 1872 he became professor of German in Yale College, and in 1881 was made president of Williams College. He translated Goethe's Iphigenie auf Tauris (1879), and published a Study of Mark Hopkins (1892).

CARTER, PETER, publisher; brother of Robert; born in Earlston, Berwickshire, Scotland, July 19, 1825. In 1832 he came to the United States with his parents; received a common-school education, and in 1848 was admitted as partner in the publishing house of Robert Carter and Brothers, New York City. He was connected with temperance, charitable and Sunday school work, and wrote Crumbs from the Land o' Cakes (1851); Scotia's Bards (1853); Bertie Lee (1862); Donald Frazer (1867); Little Effie's Home (1869).

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Colfax was one of his pupils in Latin and Greek. In 1848 he established the publishing firm known as Robert Carter and Brothers. He was a Presbyterian, and frequently a delegate to the Synod and the General Assembly.

CARTER, ROBERT, editor; born in Albany, New York, Feb. 5, 1819; died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Feb. 15, 1879. His education was obtained at the common schools and at a Jesuit college of Chambly, Canada. In 1841 he started, in company with James Russell Lowell, a magazine called The Pioneer, of which only three numbers were issued. In 1847 he was private secretary to the historian Prescott, and after the latter's death wrote an elaborate account of his habits and character. In 1851 he became editor of the Boston Commonwealth, the organ of the Free Soil party. In 1855 Mr. Carter was one of the editors of the Boston Telegraph; the following year he edited the Atlas; from 1857 to 1859 he was Washington correspondent for the New York Tribune; from 1864 to 1869 edited the Rochester Democrat; and from 1870 to 1873 edited Appleton's Journal. Mr. Carter wrote important articles in the first edition of the American Cyclopædia; the articles on Egypt, Hindustan and the history of the United States being by him. He assisted in a revision of that cyclopædia. Mr. Carter traveled in Europe for his health; wrote A Summer Cruise on the Coast of New England, and at the time of his death left an incomplete volume of memoirs.

CARTER, SAMUEL POWHATAN, naval officer and soldier; born in Elizabethtown, Carter County, Tennessee, Aug. 6, 1819. He studied at Princeton; served as midshipman in the navy; was promoted and assigned to the Ohio; was engaged off the Mexican coast during the Mexican War; was a member of the expedition which captured the barrier forts near Canton, China (1856); was appointed instructor in seamanship at Annapolis the following year, and when the war broke out was transferred to the War Department for a time, and assigned to the task of organizing troops in eastern Tennessee. He was assigned to active duty afterward, and while in the field was present at Zollicoffer's repulse at Wild Cat, Kentucky; fought at Cumberland Gap; led the cavalry expedition which destroyed nearly one hundred miles of railroad track in Tennessee; assisted at the siege of Knoxville; and held various commands up to 1866, when he was mustered out of service, having been brevetted major-general in the preceding year. Returning to the navy, he commanded at the Annapolis Academy from 1869 to 1872, and reCARTER, ROBERT, publisher; born near Ab-ceived several promotions, being commissioned combottsford, Berwickshire, Scotland, Nov. 2, 1807; died in New York City, Dec. 28, 1889. His father was a weaver by trade, and his son had little opportunity for gratifying his love of study, being compelled to help in supporting the family. He diligently improved his opportunities, acquired some education, and at the age of fifteen opened a night-school in his father's cottage. He entered the University of Edinburgh, and made rapid progress, but in 1831 came to America, where his first occupation was school-teaching in the city of New York. Schuyler

modore in 1878. He retired from the service three years later, and was made rear-admiral in 1882. He died May 26, 1891.

CARTERET, PHILIP, English navigator; sailed as lieutenant in Byron's voyage, and commanded the second vessel in Wallis's expedition to the southern hemisphere (August, 1766). In the following April, while clearing the Strait of Magellan, Carteret's vessel was separated from the others by a hurricane, and he proceeded alone, discovering Pitcairn, Gloucester, and a number of other small

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CARTERSVILLE-CARTWRIGHT

islands. He explored the strait between New Brit- | burg railroads, 17 miles E. of Watertown. Its ex

ain and New Zealand, and drew a map of the western coast of Celebes. He returned round the Cape of Good Hope to England, March 20, 1769. His long voyage added much to the geographical knowledge of his time. He retired from active service in 1794 with the rank of rear-admiral, and died in Southampton, July 21, 1796.

CARTERSVILLE, city and capital of Bartow County, northwestern Georgia, on the East and West and the Western and Atlantic railroads, 51 miles N.W. of Atlanta. Gold and copper are found in the vicinity. It is a shipping-point for pig-iron and cotton. Population 1890, 3,171.

CARTERVILLE, a city of Jasper County, southwestern Missouri, on the Missouri Pacific railroad, 10 miles S. W. of Carthage. It is important as a mining center, producing large quantities of zinc and lead ore. In 1890 the population was 2,884. CARTESIAN DEVIL DIVER OR BOTTLEIMP, a philosophical toy, consisting of a small hollow figure, usually in the fancied form of a demon, with a hole near the top. This figure, filled partly with air and partly with water, floats in a tall glass vessel nearly full of water, and covered with an air-tight piece of bladder or India-rubber. When this cover is pressed down, the air beneath is compressed, and water enters the floating figure until the air within is brought to an equal degree of compression. In consequence the figure sinks, not rising again till the pressure is removed.

CARTHAGE, town and capital of Hancock County, western Illinois, 15 miles E. of Keokuk, on the Toledo, Peoria and Western, and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroads. It is the seat of a Lutheran college and of a high school. Population 1890, 1,654.

CARTHAGE, the capital of Jasper County, southwestern Missouri, on Spring River, and on the Missouri Pacific and St. Louis and San Francisco railroads, 60 miles W. from Springfield and 150 miles S. from Kansas City. It contains manufactories of machinery, wind-mills, woolen goods, furniture, plows, etc., for which Spring River furnishes an abundant water-power, and the most extensive stoneworks in the state. Mines of lead, zinc and cobalt and quarries of limestone are successfully worked in the immediate vicinity. During the Civil War, July 5, 1861, Carthage was the scene of a battle between General Sigel, with 1,500 Union troops, and General Price and Governor Jackson, with 3,500 Confederates. Sigel was superior in artillery, but in that alone, and when the Confederate cavalry attacked him, he was forced to retreat to Carthage and thence eastward to Sarcoxie, in order to protect his supplies. His loss in killed and wounded was less than 50, while the Confederates lost about four times that number. The city is lighted by gas and electricity, provided with efficient water and sewerage systems, street-railways, etc. Population 1890, 7,981.

tensive water-power is utilized in forges, foundries and manufactories, where leather, nails, furniture and machinery are made. Population 1890, 2,278.

CARTHAGE, CAPE, a headland of North Africa, projecting into the Mediterranean, opposite the island of Sicily. Traces of the ancient city of Carthage are found on it to the north of the Tunis lagoon.

CARTHAGO, NOVA. See CARTAGENA, in Spain, Vol. V, p. 140.

CARTHAMINE, a dye obtained from safflower. See SAFFLOWER, Vol. XXI, p. 145.

CARTIER, SIR George Étienne, BART., a Canadian statesman; born in St. Antoine, Quebec, Sept. 6, 1814; died in England, May 20, 1873. He was a lawyer who took an active part in the politics of Canada. He participated in the Lower Canada rebellion of 1837, and 11 years later was elected member of Parliament. In 1857 he was attorney-general for Lower Canada, in which office he effected many reforms; he was a member, the same year, of Macdonald's reorganized Cabinet, and of the CartierMacdonald Ministry the following year. He was the leader of the French-Canadian Conservatives in Parliament.

CARTILAGE. See ANATOMY, Vol. I, pp. 851

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CARTWRIGHT, PETER, an American clergyman; born in Amherst County, Virginia, Sept. 1, 1785; died near Pleasant Plains, Illinois, Sept. 25, 1872. His father, a soldier in the Revolutionary War, removed to Logan County, Kentucky, in 1793, where Peter's youth was spent in hardship. He was a wild boy, but was converted at a camp-meeting at Cane Ridge and began to preach; in 1803 was received into the regular ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and in 1806 was ordained an elder. In 1816 he was chosen a delegate to the General Conference in Baltimore, Maryland, and many times subsequently. In 1823 he removed from the Cumberland district to Sangamon County, Illinois, and after a few years was elected to the legislature. He was an early opponent of slavery, but adhered to the Democratic party, and in 1846 was a candidate for Congress, in opposition to Abraham Lincoln, who defeated him by a majority of 1,500. He was an original character and an energetic and powerful preacher. His wit was keen and rough, and his quaint, eccentric habits and fund of stories made him popular wherever he went. His strong, hard sense often shaped the policy of his denomination. He published several pamphlets, the most famous of which was The Controversy with the Devil (1853). His Autobiography was edited by William P. Strick· · land (1856).

CARTWRIGHT, SIR RICHARD JOHN, Canadian statesman; born in Kingston, Dec. 4, 1835. He completed his education at Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, and, entering Parliament in 1863 as a Conservative, he became in 1870 a leader of the LiberHe was Minister of Finance from 1873 until

CARTHAGE, a village and railroad junction of Jefferson County, northwestern New York, on the Black River, and on the New York Central and Hudson and the Rome, Watertown and Ogdens-als.

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