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CARUS CARYOPHYLLACEE

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1878, and was knighted in 1879. He has introduced He has introduced | Kennebec County, Maine, Oct. 22, 1842. She gradumany reform motions in Parliament, those bearing ated at the Female Seminary in Gorham, Maine, on the question of finance being the most important. in 1862, and in 1866 went CARUS, JULIUS VICTOR, a German zoölogist; to Italy for the purborn at Leipsic, Aug. 25, 1823. He studied medi- pose of having her voice cine and surgery at Leipsic, subsequently at Würz- trained by Giovanni Corburg and Freiburg, and in 1849 went to Oxford as si of Milan. She made keeper of the Museum of Comparative Anatomy. her début in Italian opera In 1851 he returned to Leipsic, and in 1853 was in Copenhagen, and for there placed in the chair of comparative anatomy. the next few months sang Carus lectured at Edinburgh for Wyville Thomson in the principal European during his absence on the Challenger expedition. cities. His writings, numerous and valuable, consist chiefly of monographs devoted to particular departments of zoology. The more general of his works are System der Thierischen Morphologie (1853); Handbuch der Zoologie (1863); Geschichte der Zoologie (1872); and Prodromus Fauna Mediterranea (1884).

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CARVALHO-MIOLAN, MARIE CAROLINE, a French opera-singer; born at Marseilles, Dec. 31, 1827. She received her first instruction from her father, Felix Miolan, an oboe-player, and then from Duprez at the Paris Conservatoire (1843-47), receiving the first prize in singing, and making her début, at Duprez's benefit, Dec. 14, 1849, in the first act of Lucia, and in the trio in the second act of La Juive. From this year until 1856 she sang at the Opera Comique, making her reputation as Isabelle in Le Pré aux Clercs, and as the heroines in Giralda and Les Noces de Jeanette. In 1853 she married Leon Carvalho, then engaged at the same theater. Mme. Carvalho sang for the next ten years at the Lyrique, appearing in a new opera, La Fanchonnette, and during this period established her right to be regarded as the first female singer of the lyric stage in France. She retired from the stage, June 9, 1885. Just two years later she appeared in a benefit concert given for the sufferers at the fire of the Opera Comique, singing in a duet from Mireille with Faure. She died at Dieppe, July 10, 1895.

CARVER, JOHN, governor of Plymouth colony; born in England about 1590; died in Plymouth, Massachusetts, April, 1621. He was a member of the Puritan company at Leyden, and was an agent sent to secure permission from the Virginia company to found a colony in America. Carver came over in the Mayflower, was elected governor by the Pilgrims while the ship was in the harbor of Provincetown, and was re-elected in March, 1651, but died suddenly, the following month.

CARY, ALICE, authoress; born near Cincinnati, Ohio, April 20, 1820; died in New York City, Feb. 12, 1871. Her youth was spent where the opportunities for education and culture were very limited. At the age of 18 she began to write prose and verse for the press, and her work met with acceptance. In 1852 she removed to New York City, where she attained literary eminence. Among her published works are Clover nook Papers (1851); Hagar: A Story of To-day; Lyra, and Other Poems (1852); The Clovernook Children (1854); Married, Not Mated (1855); Pictures of Country Life (1859); Lyrics and Hymns (1866); The Bishop's Son; The Lover's Diary; and Snow-Berries (1867).

CARY, ANNIE LOUISE, singer; born in Wayne,

ANNIE LOUISE CARY.

In 1869, having further improved her voice by study at BadenBaden and Paris, she came to America and sang in Steinway Hall, New York. For 12 years she sang in America, with the exception of two winters (187576 and 1876-77) spent in Russia. Her voice was a rich contralto of singular sweetness. In 1882 Miss Cary married Mr. Raymond of New York, and retired from the stage.

CARY, PHOEBE, authoress, sister of Alice Cary; born near Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 24, 1824; died in Newport, Rhode Island, July 31, 1871. Her life and her literary work were closely connected with that of her sister. She began to write poetry at the age of 17, one of her first poems being the hymn so widely known, commencing, "One sweetly solemn thought." As mistress of the New York home she had less leisure for writing than her sister, and she attempted but little prose. The Poems of Alice and Phoebe Cary are mostly the work of Alice. Phoebe's lines are more buoyant and cheerful in tone than are her sister's. Her published works are Poems and Parodies (1854); Poems of Faith, Hope and Love (1867); and a number of the hymns published by Rev. Dr. Deems in Hymns for All Christians (1869). Mary Clemmer Ames Hudson, an intimate friend of the sisters, published a memorial of them.

CARY, SAMUEL FENTON, Congressman; born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb. 18, 1814; graduated at the Miami University in 1835 and the Cincinnati Law School in 1837; served as Independent Republican in Congress from 1867 to 1869, and was the Republican who voted against the impeachment of President Johnson. In 1876 Peter Cooper and Samuel F. Cary were the candidates on the national Greenback ticket.

CARYATIDES, a columnar ornament. See ARCHITECTURE, Vol. II, pp. 407, 408.

CARYOCAR, a genus of large trees of the family Ternstræmiaceae, natives of the tropical parts of America. It yields a good timber for ship-building, and produces the delicious nuts called butternuts. Its flowers are large and of a purplish red color. The fruit is a sort of drupe, the fleshy part of which consists of a butter-like substance which is used in cookery instead of butter.

CARYOPHYLLACEÆ, a family of exogenous plants, containing upward of one thousand known species, mostly herbaceous, distributed all over the world. Most of them are inconspicuous weeds, but many produce beautiful flowers, and are favorites in many gardens, as the pink, carnations, sweet-williams,

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etc.

CARYOPSIS-CASELLI

A few contain saponin, and afford a substitute for soap.

CARYOPSIS, in botany, a fruit in which the seed and pericarp so closely adhere as to be inseparable and even undistinguishable. The term is exclusively applied to the characteristic fruit (commonly known as the "seed") of grasses. Common illustrations are "grains" of wheat, corn, etc.

CARYOTA, a genus of southern Asiatic palms, belonging to the section of "feather-palms," with bipinnate leaves and fruit a berry. The best-known species is C. urens, which yields an abundance of sugary sap, from which sugar or syrup is obtained by boiling, or "toddy" by fermentation, or "arrack" by distillation. The pith also yields a much-used starch, resembling sago, and the leaves a very valuable fiber.

CARYSFORT REEF, is situated off the southern coast of Florida, in lat. 25° 13' 15" N., and long. 80° 12' 45" W. It is a dangerous coral reef, and has an iron-pile lighthouse 112 feet high, furnished with a powerful flash-light.

CASABIANCA, LOUIS, a French naval officer; born at Bastia about 1755; sat in the National Convention of 1792, and in 1798 was captain of the flagship L'Orient in the expedition to Egypt. He was mortally wounded at the battle of the Nile, Aug. 1, 1798; the ship caught fire; his ten-year-old son would not leave him, and both perished. Mrs. Felicia Hemans has immortalized the boy and incident in one of her most popular poems.

CASAS, BARTOLOME DE LAS. See LAS CASAS, Vol. XIV, p. 319.

CASCARILLA, a name given to a number of South American bitter barks used in medicine, notable among which is the bark of Croton Eleutheria, a genus of the family Euphorbiacea.

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CASCO BAY, a body of water extending along the coast of Cumberland County, southern Maine, for about 20 miles, from Cape Elizabeth to Fuller's Rock, inclosing about three hundred islands. The city of Portland is at the western end of the bay. CASE, as a legal term, means any action or proceeding in law or equity. It is synonymous with “cause,' or cause of action." The word has also another and distinct signification. In this latter sense it is a shortening of the term "trespass on the case," and is the technical name applied to a form of action which may be maintained to recover damages for injuries to the person or property. In its broadest sense, case includes what have now become known as distinct forms of action, assumpsit and trover. In the sense in which it is now used it is a form of action to recover damages for injuries committed without force, or if forcible, which damage the plaintiff consequentially, and does not include damages for the breach of a contract. Thus an action for damages on account of slander, malicious prosecution, deceit or injuries which result from negligence, is properly brought in case.

CASE, AUGUSTUS LUDLOW, rear-admiral, United States navy; born in Newburgh, New York, Feb. 3, 1813; entered the navy as midshipman in 1828; was promoted through the several grades until 1872, when he was made rear-admiral, and in 1875 was placed on the retired list. He served during the Mexican War, the Civil War, and in 1865 was ap

In

1874 the combined European, North Atlantic and South Atlantic squadrons, which, at the time of the Virginius difficulties, were grouped in the harbor of Key West, were under his command. He died in 1893.

CASE-HARDENING. See IRON, Vol. XIII, p.

342.

CASATI, GAETANO, an Italian African explorer; born at Lesmo in 1838; educated there and at Mi-pointed fleet-captain of the European squadron. În lan and Pavia. In his twenty-first year he joined the army in Piedmont, and in 1867 reached the rank of captain. He resigned in 1879, determined to become an African explorer, sailing thither from Genoa, in December of that year. He arrived at Khartoum, May, 1880, and succeeded in meeting his countryman, Gessi Pasha, governor of the region around Bahr-el-Gazelle. In the middle of October of this year he was able to proceed to Rumbeck, after which he was not heard of until a letter reached his patrons, the Societa d'Explorazione Commerciale d' Africa, who had fitted out his expedition, dated Dec. 29, 1881, stating that he had been a prisoner, and had only succeeded in making his escape on the 7th of that month. Two years later he met Emin Pasha at Lado, and also Junker, a Russian explorer. This was at the time the Mahdi was making a stir, and the three adventurers were cornered in Egypt. The expeditions sent to rescue them, conducted by Dr. Fischer and Dr. Lenz, both failed; but Henry M. Stanley was successful in reaching Emin. Casati then went to live as a "resident" in King Kabba Rega's territory, where he acted as postmaster to Emin in finding means of transmitting the latter's correspondence to Europe. Kabba detained him in semi-cap-purpose of popularizing physical sciences. In 1856, tivity. Stanley's arrival in 1889 set him free. His Ten Years in Equatoria was published in 1891. CASCADE RANGE. See Oregon, Vol. XVII, p. 822; WASHINGTON, Vol. XXIV, p. 385.

CASELLI, JEAN, an Italian inventor; born at Sienna, May 25, 1815; pursued his studies at Florence, where he had for his master the famous physicist, Leopold Nobili. The first writing of Caselli was on the life and work of his master. Caselli was made a member of the Italian Athenæum, and read many interesting papers before that society, notably a critical discourse on the History of the Italian Republics of the Middle Ages, by De Sismondi. In 1836 he took religious orders and accepted a benefice. In 1841 he was called to Parma as tutor to the children of Count Sanvitale. After a short period of exile on account of a political vote Caselli returned to Florence and devoted himself entirely to the study of electrical science. He worked with apparatus constructed by himself, with the assistance of his son, Ludovic, a distinguished mechanician. In 1854 he founded La Recreazione, a journal for the

as a result of his labors, he succeeded in perfecting a new system of telegraphy, which he termed "pantelegraphy," by which the message was transmitted as originally written. This system of autograph

CASEIN-CASINO

telegraphy was at once adopted in France and in Russia, and was also extended into China and Persia. For many years Abbé Caselli was engaged in perfecting a practicable electric motor, and constructed one, at the expense of Napoleon III, in 1865. He was made an officer of the Order of St. Maurice and Lazarus. Died at Florence, Oct. 7, 1891.

CASEIN. See CHEESE, Vol. V, pp. 455, 456. CASEMATE, originally a loopholed gallery excavated in a bastion, through which artillery could fire upon an enemy who had gained possession of the ditch. As defense from shells became more important, the term was subsequently applied to a bombproof vault in a fortress for the security of the defenders, without direct reference to the annoyance of the enemy.

CASE-SHOT. See AMMUNITION, Vol. I, p. 745. CASEY, SILAS, American soldier; born at East Greenwich, Rhode Island, July 12, 1807; graduated at West Point in 1826; served on the frontier in the Florida war, in the war with Mexico, where, at Chapultepec, he was severely wounded while leading the assault, and in the Civil War. He drilled volunteers at the national capital, fought at Fair Oaks, and presided over the board which examined officers for colored troops. At the close of the war he was brevetted major-general of the United States army, and was retired from the service in 1868. He was the author of Infantry Tactics (1862) and Infantry Tactics for Colored Troops (1863). He died at Brooklyn, Jan. 22, 1882.

CASEY, SILAS, JR., an American naval officer; born in Rhode Island, Sept. 11, 1841; graduated at the Naval Academy in 1860, and rose successively to the positions of lieutenant, lieutenant-commander, and in 1874 commander. He took part in the first attack on Fort Sumter, and in other engagements in Charleston harbor. In 1886 he commanded the receiving-ship Dale, and in 1891 the cruiser Newark.

CASEY, THOMAS LINCOLN, an American military engineer; born at Madison Barracks, near Sackett's Harbor, New York, May 10, 1831; was graduated at West Point (1852) and became principal assistant professor of engineering at West Point (1857-59). He commanded a detachment of engineer troops in the district of Oregon from 1859 until 1861, and in the summer of the latter year was on the staff of the general commanding the department of Virginia. He had charge of fortifications on the coast of Maine and New Hampshire from 1861 until 1867, and was assistant to the chief of engineers from 1867 until 1879. He was in charge of the public buildings and grounds of the District of Columbia from 1877 until 1881, and of the construction of building for the State, War and Navy departments. In 1888 he became chief of engineers, with the rank of brigadier-general. He was placed on the retired list in 1895.

CASHMERE. See KASHMIR, Vol. XIV, p. 9. CASHMERE GOAT. See GOAT, Vol. X, p. 709. CASIMIR OR KAZIMIERZ, five Polish kings. See POLAND, Vol. XIX, 286-290, 294, 295.

CASIMIR-PERIER, JEAN PAUL PIERRE, exPresident of the French Republic; born Nov. 8,

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1847; the son of Casimir Victor Perier, Minister of the Interior in 1872 under Thiers, and grandson of Casimir Perier, Prime Minister to Louis Philippe in 1831. Jean Paul was trained for a political career, and during the Franco-Prussian war greatly distinguished himself in the siege of Paris as captain of the Mobiles d'Aube, receiving the cross of the Legion of Honor as a reward therefor (1871). Next year he was appointed by his father Under-Secretary of the Department of the Interior. In 1874 he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for Nogent-sur-Seine as a Republican. In 1877 he entered the Cabinet as Under-Secretary of State in the Department of Public Worship and Instruction, and was Under-Secretary of War in 1883. In 1885 he was again elected to the Chamber, this time as an Opportunist, and also in 1880. In 1890 he was elected vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies and president of the Commission on the Budget. In 1893 he was prevailed upon to form a ministry. His ministry was of short duration, though there are those who insinuated that he desired its dissolution, so that he could prosecute his candidature for the presidential succession. The assassination of Carnot brought about an immediate contest, and Perier was elected, June 27th, his chief opponent having been M. Brisson (q.v., in these Supplements). The election of M. Gerault-Richard, who had been sentenced to one year's imprisonment and a fine for publishing an article reflecting upon the President, and the election of M. Brisson, Dec. 18, 1894, to the presidency of the Chamber of Deputies, annoyed the President deeply, for he was a man who had a keen sense of the dignity becoming his office, and he resigned, Jan. 15, 1895. Here may be recalled the words he used upon his acceptance of the presidency: "The weight of responsibility is too heavy for me to speak my gratitude. I love my country too well to be happy on the day when I become its chief." These words reflect the sentiments of a high-minded man.

CASINO, a game of cards, in which the object is to obtain the most points, consisting of certain counts and cards of a recognized value. The game can be played by two or more, by single or individual opponents or partners. The cards are dealt one, two or three at a time, provision being made also for a hand dealt to the table, the faces of which are turned up. The game proceeds by taking tricks, in three ways: by pairing, that is, by matching a card on the table by one in the hand, of equal denomination; by combining, that is, by collecting from the board all the cards whose united number of spots equal that of a card in the hand; and by building, that is, by combining cards on the table with one in the hand, the trick, if it comes round without being captured by an opponent, being taken by the card of equal denomination reserved for that purpose. The points in the regular game are: cards, 3; big casino (the ten-spot of diamonds), 2; little casino (the two-spot of spades), 1; spades, 1; each ace, 1; the total points being 11 for each deal. If the cards are equal (26) in each party's hand at the end of the rubber, cards are said to be "not out," and are not counted to either party. Sometimes another count

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CASINO-CASSIOPEIA

is introduced, called "sweeps "; that is, when, by any of the three modes above described, a trick is taken which clears or sweeps the board; this necessitates the next in hand playing out a card without any advantage, in fact at a loss. When "sweeps" are played, each counts one point. Casino is a game of skill, as will be at once seen; for it needs a memory of the cards which are out and taken, so as to avoid the capture of a trick in process of building up before it comes round, of preventing similarly the capture of the other counting-points, especially the casinos. The number of points to a game are usually 51, but any number can be agreed upon.

CASINO. See MONTE CASSINO, Vol. XVI, p.

778.

CASPARI, KARL PAUL, a Norwegian exegete and church historian; born at Dessau Anhalt, Feb. 8, 1814; became professor of theology at Christiania in 1857. His Arabic grammar (4th ed. 1875) is in high repute, and his contributions to the study of the Old Testament include works on Obadiah, Isaiah, Micah and Daniel. Besides his Kirchenhistorische Anekdota (1883), he published at Christiania Quellen zur Geschichte des Taufsymbols und der Glaubensregel (2 vols., 1866-69), extensions of which appeared in 1875 and 1879. He died April 11, 1892.

CASPER, town and capital of Natrona County, east-central Wyoming, on the North Platte River, and the terminus of a branch of the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley railroad, 240 miles N.E. of Cheyenne. It is supported by its mining industries. Population 1890, 544.

CASSAGNAC, PAUL ADOLPHE DE. See GRANIER DE CASSAGNAC, in these Supplements.

CASSAREEP, an antiseptic and condiment. See CASSAVA, Vol. V, p. 182.

CASSATION, Court of. In the law of France, the act of annulling the decision of a court or judicial tribunal is called cassation; and the function of cassation, as regards the judgments of all the other courts, is assigned to a special tribunal, called the court of cassation. See FRANCE, Vol. IX, p. 511.

CASSATT, MARY, an American artist; born in Pennsylvania, and residing in Paris, where she studied under Soyer and C. Bellay, making her début at the Salon of 1874 with Ida. She has studied in Spain, and shows a partiality for Spanish subjects. In 1878 she exhibited, in Paris, works exhibiting the influence of the impressionist school. She has exhibited in America The Music Lesson; After the Bull Fight; and At the French Theater.

CASSELL, JOHN, founder of the English publishing firm of Cassell and Company, the son of a Manchester innkeeper; born Jan. 23, 1817; died April 2, 1865. He had no early educational advantages, but fitted himself for his later work by careful self-culture while employed as an apprentice joiner. He went to London in 1836, where he was for some time established as a tea and coffee merchant. Turning his attention to literary work, he issued his Working Man's Friend (1850); Illustrated Exhibitor (1851); Popular Educator (1852), the most popular of all his works, which, in a revised form, is still on sale; and Family Paper (1853). In 1859 he entered into partnership with Messrs. Petter and

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| Galpin, and before his death he shared in the prosperity of one of the largest publishing houses of modern times.

CASSELTON, a thriving town of Cass County, southeastern North Dakota, situated in the fertile wheat-producing valley of the Red River of the North, about 25 miles W. of Fargo, on the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railroads. Population 1890, 840.

CASSIA, a plant. See SENNA, Vol. XXI, p. 664. CASSICAN, a South American bird of the genus Cassicus, resembling the orioles. They are gregarian, and prefer to live near human habitations. They have remarkable power of imitating other

birds.

CASSIDARIA, a genus of gasteropod mollusks of the family of helmet-shells (Cassida). The living species live in the warmer seas. There are many fossil species in the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations.

CASSIDY, WILLIAM, journalist; born in Albany, New York, Aug. 12, 1815; died there, Jan. 23, 1873. He was a graduate of Union College in 1834; studied law and was admitted to the bar, and in 1840-42 was state librarian. In 1843 he became editor of the Albany Atlas, a Democratic daily. In 1856 the Atlas and Argus were consolidated, and he became editor. In 1865 the paper was called the Argus. Mr. Cassidy, from 1868 till 1873, was secretary of the Democratic State Committee, and framed the celebrated antislavery plank which suffered defeat at the convention at Herkimer. In 1872 Governor Hoffman appointed him as one of a committee of sixteen to revise the constitution.

CASSIMERE, a soft, fine woolen dress fabric, usually in plain colors and twilled, used for men's wear. An imitation of it is made of cotton and wool. Cashmere (from which word the former is derived) is a fine, costly fabric, made in Cashmere, in the Himalayas, and spun from the yarn made from the flossy wool of the Cashmere goat. This fabric is best known in the form of cashmere shawls. A coarse worsted variety of cassimere is known in Scotland, where it is manufactured, as kerseymere, which word is probably a corruption of cassimere.

CASSIN, JOHN, an American ornithologist; born near Chester, Pennsylvania, Sept. 6, 1813. His specialty was description and classification. He was one of the most active members of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, contributing much to its journal. His works include Illustrations of the Birds of California, Texas, Oregon, British and Russian America, commenced in 1855; Zoology of the United States Exploring Expedition; Quadrupeds and Birds (1855); Zoology of Gillies's United States Astronomical Expedition to Chile (1855); American Ornithology, a general synopsis of North American ornithology, containing descriptions and figures of all North American birds not given by former American authors (1856); etc. He died in Philadelphia, Jan. 10, 1869.

CASSINO. Same as CASINO, in these Supple

ments.

CASSIOPEIA, a beautiful constellation of the northern hemisphere, supposed to represent the

CASSIQUIARE-CASTELLANA

wife of Cephus sitting in a chair with a branch in her hand. In 1572 there appeared in the constellation a new star, which was brighter than Venus. The star gradually diminished in luster, and in March, 1574, it disappeared. See also under ANDROMEDA, Vol. II, p. 22.

CASSIQUIARE, a river of southern Venezuela, South America. It is a small effluent of the Orinoco, and gradually increases until, at its union with the Rio Negro, it attains a width of six hundred yards. By means of this singular river, water communication is established, through the Amazon, Orinoco, and their affluents, between the interior of Brazil and the Carácas in Venezuela.

CASSITERIDES, islands. See PHOENICIA, Vol. XVIII, p. 806.

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sion of the Old and New Testaments; and a posthumous work, in dialogue, on predestination, election, free-will and faith. He died in Basel, Dec. 29, 1563.

CASTANEA, the chestnut tree. See Vol. V, p. 608; ARBORICULTURE, Vol. II, p. 317.

CASTEGGIO, a town of Lombardy, northern Italy, 28 miles S. of Milan. It was an important military position as early as the times of the Gallic and Punic wars. Near here was fought, in 1800, the battle of Montebello, in which Bonaparte defeated the Austrians. Some Roman antiquities still remain, and numerous curious inscriptions and coins have been found. Population, 3,685.

CASTELAR, EMILIO, a Spanish statesman and orator; born at Cadiz, Sept. 8, 1832. He was edu

CASSITERITE, an ore of tin. See MINERALOGY, cated at Madrid, and in Vol. XVI, p. 387.

CASSIUS PARMENSIS, so named from his birthplace, Parma, was one of the murderers of Cæsar, 43 B.C. He took an active part in the war against the triumvirs, and after the death of Brutus and Cassius, joined Pompey in Sicily with the fleet which he commanded. He followed the fortunes of Antony after Pompey's defeat, going to Athens, subsequently to the battle of Actium, and was put to death by the order of Octavianus, 30 B.C. He was a poet whose works were prized, and wrote two tragedies, Thysetes and Brutus.

CASSIUS, PURPLE OF, a coloring substance of very ancient use, which is prepared by adding a mixed solution of protochlorid and bichlorid of tin gradually to a solution of chlorid of gold, when a more or less abundant precipitate of double stannate of gold and tin is thrown down. Purple of cassius is employed by the potter to communicate a rich purple or rose tint to fine china, and it also imparts the red color to Bohemian glass.

CASSIVELLAUNUS OR CASSIBELAN, a Celtic chief. See BRITANNIA, Vol. IV, pp. 352, 353. CASSOCK, a long, loose coat worn by the Episcopal and Catholic clergy. It has a single upright collar, and reaches to the feet. Its common color is black for all orders of the clergy. In the Anglican Church, on state occasions, the bishops frequently wear purple. In the Roman Catholic Church cassocks vary in color according to the dignity of the wearer, priests wearing black, bishops purple, cardinals scarlet, and the pope white.

CASSOPOLIS, village and capital of Cass County, southwestern Michigan, on the Michigan Central and the Chicago and Grand Trunk railroads, 98 miles S.W. of Lansing. It contains manufactories of lumber, iron, sash, blinds and furniture. Population 1894, 1,324.

CASTALIO, SEBASTIEN, a French theologian; born at Dauphiné in 1515. About 1540 he was invited to Geneva by Calvin, and appointed humanity professor, but having the misfortune afterward to differ from the reformer in religious opinion, he was banished from the city, and went to Basel, where he spent the rest of his life in extreme poverty. Among his various writings may be mentioned De Hæreticis, etc., a treatise which argues against the right of the magistrate to punish heretical opinions; a Latin ver

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EMILIO CASTELAR.

1856 became professor of
history and philosophy in
its university. He joined
the revolutionary repub-
licans, and after the at-
tempted uprising in 1866,
being condemned to
death, fled to France, but
returned in 1868. On
the abdication of King
Amadeo, brought about
in 1873 by his means, he
became Minister for For-
eign Affairs, and after-
ward President of the Cortes and President Dictator
of the Republic. He resigned in 1874, and again
sought France, upon the pronunciamento of General
Martinez Campos in favor of Alfonso XII. The
same year he resigned the chair of history in the
University of Madrid, through disgust at the educa-
tional decree promulgated by the Spanish govern-
ment. He returned to Madrid in 1876, and was
again elected to the Cortes. His literary labors
include several works of a political and economic
character, some autobiographical sketches and ro-
mances. He has been a frequent contributor to
the prominent magazines, reviews and newspapers.
Among his chief works are La Civilisación (2d ed.
1865); Cuestiones Politicas y Sociales (1870); Dis-
cursos Parlamentarios (1871); Historia del Movimiento
Republicano en Europa (1874); La Cuestión del Oriente
(1876). He contributed, in 1892, a Life of Columbus
to the Century Magazine.

CASTELBUONO, a town of central northern Sicily, five miles S. of Cefalù, noted for its mineral springs. It also has some manna trade. Population, 8,945.

CASTEL-GANDOLFO, a village of Italy, the summer residence of the pope. It is situated on a volcanic peak, 14 miles S. E. of Rome. Population, 1,684.

CASTELLAMONTE, a town of Piedmont, northern Italy, 21 miles N. of Turin. It has an old castle, manufactories of earthenware and a trade in the agricultural produce of the district. Population, 6,375.

CASTELLANA, a town of Italy, in the province of Bari, 25 miles S. E. of the city of that name. The

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