Church, and of the Christians in Georgia and Mingrelia. The catholicos ordains bishops and consecrates the holy oil used in religious ceremonies. CATKIN, in botany, a spike of numerous small unisexual flowers, which are protected by prominent scale-like bracts. Examples are found in the willow, oak, alder, birch, etc. Also called ament.

CATLETTSBURG, village and capital of Boyd County, northeastern Kentucky; a railroad junction on the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad, and on the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Big Sandy River. A state normal school is located here, and the town has a large lumber trade and several manufactories. Population 1890, 1,374.

CATMINT OR CATNIP (Nepeta cataria), a plant of the family Labiata, widely diffused throughout Europe, Asia and North America. It has erect stems, two or three feet high, dense whorls of many whitish flowers, and stalked, heart-shaped, velvety leaves, whitish and downy beneath, and its fragrance is very attractive to cats. Also used as a domestic remedy.

CATOCHE CAPE, the northeastern extremity of Yucatan, Central America. Lat. 21° 36' N., long. 87° 6' W. Here the Spaniards first landed in America. CATON, JOHN DEAN, an American jurist; born in Monroe County, New York, March 19, 1812; died in Chicago, July 30, 1895. He went to Chicago in 1833, and was admitted to the bar of that city. In 1834 he was elected a justice of the peace; in 1842 a justice of the supreme court of the state; and in 1855 chief justice of that court. He resigned this position in 1864, and spent the remainder of his life in travel and study. He was known as a naturalist, and some of his works are of value. Among such might be mentioned Antelope and Deer of America, and Miscellanies.

CATOPTRICS, that division of geometrical optics which treats of the phenomena of light incident upon the surfaces of bodies, and reflected therefrom. As applied, to illumination, see LIGHTHOUSE, Vol. XIV, 618-620.

CATOSTOMIDÆ, the family of fishes composed of the suckers and their allies, the carps, buffalo-fish, etc. There are about 60 described species, mostly from eastern North America. Two species are found in Asia. They are all of little value as foodfishes.

CATRON, JOHN, jurist; born in Wythe County, Virginia, in 1778; died in Nashville, Tennessee, May 30, 1865. He practiced law in Tennessee; served under General Jackson in the War of 1812; was elected state attorney; chosen a supreme court judge, and was chief justice from 1830 to 1836. In 1837 he became associate justice of the United States supreme court, retaining the office up to his death. Judge Catron was a Democrat, a fervent Unionist, and for his opinions on secession was for a time compelled to leave the state. CAT'S-EYE, a variety of precious stone, which, when cut in a particular form, produces an opalescence. The finer and more valuable stone is a variety of C. & S. C. q.v., in article on MINERALOGY, Vol. XVI, p. 386; see also under QUARTZ, P. 389.

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CATSKILL, a village and the capital of Greene County, southeastern New York, situated on the right bank of the Hudson and on the West Shore railroad, 35 miles below Albany. A railroad runs from Catskill Landing, a mile below, on the Hudson, through Catskill up into Catskill Mountains, for summer visitors. It is the seat of an academy; contains various manufactories, including woolen and paper mills, and in the vicinity are stoneyards and icehouses. Population 1890, 4,920. CATSKILL GROUP, in geology. See GEOLOGY, Vol. X, p. 345.

CATTAIL, a common name applied to the species of Typha, a reed-like marshy ground genus of the Typhacea, with flag-like leaves and tall stem terminated by a dense cylindrical spike; often called "cattail-flag." The common grass Phleum pratense, (timothy) is often called "cattail-grass.' CATTEGAT OR KATTEGAT, a strait between Sweden and Denmark. See BALTIC, Vol. III, p. 294.

CATTELL, ALEXANDER GILMORE, Senator and financier; born in Salem, New Jersey, Feb. 12, 1816; died in Jamestown, New York, April 8, 1894. He was elected to the legislature in 1840; moved to Philadelphia, but maintained his residence in New Jersey; was elected to the United States Senate from New Jersey in 1866; served for two years as a civil service commissioner, being on the first commission appointed; was financial agent to London for the government (1873-74); was instrumental in bringing about a settlement of the Alabama claims, and was engaged in important financial transactions.

CATTELL, WILLIAM CASSIDY, brother of the preceding; an educator; was born in Salem, New Jersey, Aug. 30, 1827. He was graduated at Princeton College and Theological Seminary; became professor of Latin and Greek in Lafayette College in 1860, and for three years was pastor of the Pine Street Presbyterian Church at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. In 1863 he became president of Lafayette College, in which capacity he made extensive improvements. He was a director of Princeton Theological Seminary, and for several years corresponding secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Ministerial Relief.

CATTLE, in the United States. See AGRICULTURE, in these Supplements.

CATTLE-PLAGUE. See MURRAIN, Vol. XVII, pp. 59, 60.

CATTLE TRAFFIC. See RAILROADS, in these Supplements.

CATTLEYA, a genus of tropical American orchids, noted for the size and brilliant coloration of their flowers. Numerous species are great favorites in cultivation, and are all epiphytic.

CATTY, Chinese weight. See CANTON, Vol. V, p. 38.

CATULUS, QUINTUS LUTATIUS, Roman general, and consul with Caius Marius IV in 102 B.C.; pro-consul the next year, and with Marius gained a decisive victory over the Cimbri at Vercellæ. Catulus claimed the honor of the victory, but Marius was given the credit at Rome.

He was

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proscribed in 87 B. C., and put an end to his own life by inhaling the gases of a charcoal fire. He was versed in literature, and was the author of numerous lyrical poems and epigrams.

CAUB, a town of Nassau, North Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine, 21 miles N. W. of Weisbaden. It has underground slate-quarries. It is celebrated as the place where Blücher crossed the Rhine with his army in 1814.

CAUCA, a river and province. See COLOMBIA, Vol. VI, pp. 153, 156.

CAUCASIAN RACE. See

ANTHROPOLOGY,

Vol. II, p. 113; GEORGIA, Vol. X, p. 433. CAUCHON, JOSEPH EDWARD, Canadian author and statesman; born in St. Roch's, Quebec, Dec. | 31, 1816; died in Whitewood, Northwest Territory, Feb. 23, 1885. He founded, in 1842, Le Journal de Québec, which he conducted until his death. From 1844 till 1867 he represented the county of Montmorency in the Quebec assembly. Under the MacNab-Taché administration he held for two years the office of commissioner to the crown, and was at the same time member of the Executive Council. During the Cartier-Macdonald régime, Mr. Cauchon was Commissioner of Public Works. He was Speaker of the Senate from 1867 to 1872, president of the Privy Council of Canada from 1875 to 1877, and Minister of Inland Revenue till 1877, at which time he became governor of Manitoba. He published The Projected Union of the Provinces of British North America in 1858, and in 1865 The Union of the Provinces of British North America.

CAUCHY, AUGUSTIN LOUIS, mathematician; born in Paris, Aug. 21, 1789; died May 23, 1857. He published in 1815 a Mémoire sur la Théorie des Ondes, which was afterward made the basis of the undulatory theory of light. Between 1820 and 1830 he wrote several important treatises. From 1848 to 1852 he was professor of astronomy at Paris, but refused the oath of allegiance to Napoleon III, and subsequently lived in retirement. See ALGEBRA, Vol. I, p. 515.

CAUCUS, a meeting for adopting a plan of action in any future business or meeting. The term is generally used in relation to political parties and the working of those parties. It may be, and is, used in speaking of any preliminary gathering of purely business organizations, as, for instance, the board of directors of a large corporation in which the number of members is so large that they are likely to divide on some important question, and it is desirable that each side shall be prepared to follow a concerted line of action. In politics the caucus may be a meeting of citizens to nominate some one of their number for a town office, or to elect delegates to some larger convention. Such a caucus often is composed of citizens, irrespective of political party. The members of a political party may gather to nominate their candidates and outline their course of action. A caucus is frequently held in legislative bodies, by the members of one side or the other, to agree upon leaders and tactics. The action of a caucus is generally binding upon

its members. It is semi-secret in its nature. The word is said by some to have originated from the Indian cau-cau-as-u, defined by Trumbull as "one who advises, urges, encourages. The generally accepted derivation, however, is that it is a corruption of the word calkhouse. During prerevolutionary and Revolutionary times, secret meetings were held by the calkers of ships, and others, in the calkhouses of Boston, to devise means of resisting the British oppression, and, in time, to govern the town. Secret meetings of influential citizens were frequently held for political purposes. To these meetings the term calkhouse, or cauk-hus, was applied in ridicule. This application gradually spread until it has come into general use. Of late years, in the larger cities of England, the caucus, called by that name, has been introduced. John Adams first makes use of the word in his diary, under the date of February, 1763. The large nominating conventions of the United States are, in every sense of the word, caucuses. The caucus is regulated by law in some states, owing to the abuse of its powers by a few. Where it is so regulated it is called a primary, and the voting is done by ballot, and a system of registration is used.

CAUL, å thin membrane which occasionally is around the head of a child at its birth. It is a part of the amnion which envelops the fœtus in the womb, and remains on the head of the child only when the amnion is broken in an unusual place. It was thought to bring luck not only to the child, but also to the person who gained possession of it. It was especially sought after by sailors on account of the belief that it was a sure preservative from drowning. On account of this superstitious value, it was frequently sold at a high price.

CAULAINCOURT, ARMAND AUGUSTIN LOUIS DE, Duke of Vicenza, a French statesman; born at Caulaincourt, Dec. 9, 1772; died at Paris, Feb. 19, 1827. He entered the army at the age of 15, rapidly attained promotion, and, as colonel of a regiment of carbineers, distinguished himself in the campaign of 1800. He was made a general of division in 1805, and shortly after created Duke of Vicenza. In 1807 he was appointed ambassador at St. Petersburg. Disputes having arisen between Alexander and Napoleon, Caulaincourt endeavored to restore amity and prevent war; but his proposals being rejected, he resigned his post in 1811, and accepted an appointment in the army of Spain. He was made Minister for Foreign Affairs, and in this capacity attended the congress at Chatillon in 1814.

CAULIFLOWER. See CABBAGE, Vol. IV, p. 618; HORTICULTURE, Vol. XII, p. 281.

CAULONIA OR CAULON, now Castelvetere, a town once called Aulon, in Calabria. It was founded by the Achæans. It was destroyed and rebuilt three times, being destroyed the last time in the second Punic war. The Delphian Apollo was worshiped there.

CAULOPTERIS, a generic name for the stems of certain fossil tree-ferns, found in the Devonian

and Carboniferous measures.

They are hollow,

and covered with markings similar to the leafscars on recent tree-ferns.

CAURA, a considerable river of Venezuelan Guiana. It rises among the Sierras of the southern frontier, and flows northwest to the Orinoco. Length, about 150 miles.

CAUS, CAULX OR CAULS, SALOMON DE, French engineer; born at Dieppe in 1576; died in Paris, June 6, 1626. He spent the greater part of his life in England and Germany. He was in the service of the Prince of Wales in 1612, and of the elector palatine at Heidelberg from 1614 to 1620. Returning to France in 1623, he became engineer and architect to the king. His Raisons des Forces Mouvantes, etc., published at Frankfort in 1615, contained a description of an apparatus for forcing up water by a steam-fountain, differing only in one detail from that of Della Porta. That difference was, that he had one vessel serve both as boiler and as displacement chamber, instead of Della Porta's separate chambers. (See STEAMENGINE, Vol. XXII, p. 473.) There is no reason to suppose that the apparatus was ever constructed; but, on the strength of the description, Arago has claimed for De Caus the invention of the steam-engine.

CAUSE, in metaphysic, is generally understood to be that by which something known as the effect is produced, and without which it could not have existed. Causes are divided by Aristotle into four classes: the material, formal, efficient and final. To these is added the exemplary by Plato. The first is that of which anything is made; as, the brass or marble of a statue. The formal is the form, idea, pattern, of a thing; as, the artistic idea of the statue. The efficient is the power acting to produce the work; as, the mechanical labor employed in producing the statue. The final is that which led to the production, the end or motive in view in producing the statue. The cause does not precede the effect, but is in conjunction with it. There can be no cause without an effect, nor can there be an effect without a cause. See METAPHYSIC, Vol. XVI, pp. 79 et seq.

CAUSE CÉLÈBRE, a convenient French term for a specially interesting and important legal trial, criminal or civil, such as the Douglas cause (1769-71), the Dred Scott case in the United States (1856), the Tichborne case (1871-74), (q.v., in these Supplements). There is a great French collection of Causes Célèbres et Interessantes (22 vols., 1737-45), by Gayot de Pitaval, with modern continuations.

CAUSE OF ACTION is a matter for which a

suit or action in law or chancery may be maintained. If a suit is brought upon a claim, and the plaintiff cannot maintain it in that or any other form, he is said to have no cause of action. A cause of action accrues to any person when that person first has the right to bring and maintain a suit thereon.

CAUSERIE, a name applied to a somewhat short and informal essay on any subject in a newspaper or magazine. More familiar in manner and

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slighter in structure than the formal essay as usually understood, it is an excellent medium for a writer whose personality interests the reader as much as the value of his thoughts. The name owes its literary currency mainly to the famous Causeries du Lundi of Sainte-Beuve.

CAUSSIN DE PERCEVAL. See PERCEVAL, AMAND PIERRE CAUSSIN DE, Vol. XVIII, p. 521. CAUSTIC, in medicine and in chemistry, the term applied to such substances as exert a corroding or disintegrating action on the skin and flesh. Lunar caustic is nitrate of silver. The hydrates of potassium and sodium are known as caustic potash and caustic soda. Certain acids and haloids have the same effect, owing to their affinity for or decomposition of water in the tissues. In mathematics a caustic is a curve or envelope of rays produced by light reflected from or refracted by a curved surface. It is so called because here the heat-rays are most converged and strong. The curve formed by reflected rays is called catacaustic; that formed by refracted rays, diacaustic. The caustic of a parabolic mirror is formed by rays reflected parallel with the axis of the parabola. Hence this form of mirror gives light its greatest penetration, and is used for headlights and in lighthouses. See LIGHT, Vol. XIV, p. 589.

CAUTERETS, a fashionable French wateringplace, in the department of Hautes-Pyrénées, southern France, situated 3,250 feet above sealevel, in the valley of the Laverdan, 42 miles S. E. of Pau. The permanent population is less than 2,000, but it is annually swelled in summer by from 15,000 to 20,000 visitors, for whose accommodation numerous sumptuous hotels and bathing establishments have been built. It is a good center and guide-station for ascents among the Pyrenees. The sulphur springs, 25 in number, have been known from Roman times, though their modern reputation dates from the sixteenth century, when Margaret, sister of Francis I, held her literary court and wrote much of her Heptameron at Cauterets.

CAUTERY, in medicine, a term used of any substance which burns the tissues. It is used to prevent bleeding and to keep diseases from spreading. The actual cautery is an instrument with a head or blade of steel, iron or platinum, which is heated in a fire or spirit-lamp. In the thermo-cautery (or Paquelin's cautery, from its inventor), the head or blade is made of hollow platinum, so arranged that a flame of benzol can be kept burning in its interior. The galvano-cautery consists essentially of a platinum wire, which can be heated by passing a strong galvanic current through it. The electro-cautery consists of a loop of fine platinum wire mounted in a rubber handle, through which connecting wires pass. These wires are led to a battery, the current from which follows the wires, and keeps the platinum loop

white-hot.

CAUVERY OR CAVERY, a river of India. See KAVERI, Vol. XIV, p. 19.

CAVAIGNAC, JACQUES MARIE EUGÈNE GODE

born at Richmond, Surrey, Aug. 16, 1821; died Jan. 26, 1895. He was educated at King's College, London, and Trinity College, Cambridge, and was graduated as senior wrangler, and first Smith's prizeman in 1842. Called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1849, he was for a time established in business as a conveyancer. In 1863 he was elected first Sadlerian professor of pure mathematics at Cambridge, and in 1875 was elected to a fellowship of Trinity College; was president of the Royal Astronomical Society (1872-73), and of the British Association at its Southport meeting | in 1883, where his address on the ultimate possibilities of mathematics attracted much attention. In 1882 he gave a course of mathematical lectures at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and in the same year received the Copley medal of the Royal Society. He received honorary degrees from Oxford, Dublin and Leyden. His chief book is an Elementary Treatise on Elliptic Functions (1876); but his papers were numerous, and are collected into 10 volumes in process of publication by the Pitt Press. He contributed mathematical articles to this ENCYCLOPÆDIA, among the most important of which are FUNCTIONS; GEOMETRY, ANALYTICAL; NUMBERS; and SERIES. He was a founder of the Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, propounded a "theory of invariants," and was distinguished not only for general scientific information, but for his originality and scope of mathematical analysis, that opened new fields of thought. In 1890 he was made an officer of the French Legion of Honor.

CAYMAN. See CROCODILE, Vol. VI, p. 594. CAYMAN ISLANDS, three islands in the Caribbean Sea, off the south coast of Cuba, nearly in lat. 19° N. They are British possessions, attached to Jamaica, and are governed by a body called "Justices and Vestry." Grand Cayman, on the west, is the largest, and is 17 miles long by 4 to 7 broad, and has a population of about 4,500. Little Cayman is in the center, and Cayman Bræ on the east. Exports are cocoanuts and turtles.

CAYUGA, a village of Cayuga County, central New York, situated on the eastern shore of Cayuga Lake, two miles from its outlet, which is here crossed by a railroad bridge of the New York Central and Hudson River railroad, about a mile long. Population 1890, 511.

CAYUGA, capital of Haldimand County, southern Ontario, on the Grand River, 20 miles above where it flows into Lake Erie, and on the Grand Trunk railroad. It has a large trade in grain and plaster. The river is navigable. Population, 822. CAYUGA INDIANS, a tribe of North American Indians who originally lived at the foot of Cayuga Lake, New York, and from which they take their name. In the sixteenth century they became a member of the Iroquois, or Five Nations, which afterward, in 1712, became the Six Nations. The stronghold of the powerful Iroquois was in the basin of lakes Erie, Ontario and Champlain. The Cayugas, like the other members of the confederation, preserved their tribal distinc

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tions. They suffered the same decline with the others at the close of the American Revolution. At present the tribe numbers 1,300, and is located, for the most part, near the Grand River, in Ontario, Canada. A few of them are in the Indian Territory and Wisconsin. See Six Nations, under INDIANS, Vol. XII, p. 832.

CAYUGA LAKE, a beautiful small sheet of water which separates Cayuga and Seneca counties, central New York. It is 38 miles long, from 1 to 3 miles wide, its greatest depth being 500 feet. Its surface is 387 feet above the sea. Its waters are discharged into Lake Ontario, through the Seneca River. It has a varied supply of fish; it is traversed by regular lines of steamboats, plying daily during the season between Ithaca and Cayuga Bridge.

CAZALÈS, EDMOND DE, a French ecclesiast and politician; born at Grenade-sur-Garonne, Aug. 31, 1804; died at Rennes, Jan. 28, 1876. He entered into the practice of law, but very soon abandoned it on account of his religious enthusiasm, which led him to take holy orders in the Roman Catholic Church in 1843. He was appointed director at the Montauban Ecclesiastical Seminary. He took a prominent part in political affairs and wrote several works on the evils of the time, his s Maux et Leurs Remèdes (1874) being notable for the discussion it awakened.

CAZENOVIA, an educational village of Madison County, central New York, situated on a small lake 18 miles S. W. of Syracuse. It has some manufactories, and is the seat of Central New York Conference Seminary. Population 1890, 1,987.

CAZIN, JEAN CHARLES, French artist, born at Samer, about 1840; studied under Lecocq de Boisbaudran; went to England, and while there executed his first Salon painting, Le Chantier. He is best known as a landscape-painter, but has equal art in the decorative. His Flight into Egypt; Ishmael; Judith; and The Travellers, are the best known of his works.

CEANOTHUS, a North American genus of shrubs of the family Rhamnacea, most largely displayed in California. A common eastern form is the C. Americanus, known as "New Jersey tea or "red-root." Some of the species of the Rocky Mountains and California are tall shrubs or low trees with a profuse display of showy flowers.

CEBALLOS, JOSÉ, Mexican soldier; born in the city of Durango, March 15, 1830. He commanded a regiment in the national army of Mexico during the administration of President Juarez, and was appointed brigadier-general; waged war on the bandit Losada; deposed, according to military orders, Camarena, governor of Jalisco, and then ruled over that state. When General Diaz became Mexican President, Ceballos plotted against him, but afterward became one of his strong adherents, and returned to Mexico, where he was restored to rank, given the highest office after that of President-the governorship of the federal district-and chosen as Senator. He manifested great enmity toward the newspapers, and