740

CHADWICK-CHALAZO GAMY

States Senate. He was an Independent Republican, and chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1884.

ment, appointed an assistant commissioner to in- | it attained statehood, he sat for it in the United quire into the operation of the poor-laws. His report, published in 1833, commanded great attention and laid the foundation of the later systems of government inspection. He became secretary of the Poor Law Board in 1834. His report on interments in towns (1843) laid the foundation of later legislation on the subject. He brought about the sanitary commission and the creation of the office of registrar-general. took great interest in promoting competitive examinations for government offices and in almost all questions of social economy, and was an active member of the Social Science Association.

He

CHADWICK, GEORGE W., musician; born in Lowell, Massachusetts, Nov. 13, 1854; studied in Germany under Reinecke and Judassohn; while there composed an overture, Rip Van Winkle, which attracted considerable notice. Since his return to the United States in 1880, he has conducted in several cities and composed a number of symphonies and overtures. He composed the music for the Columbian Ode of 1893. CHADWICK, JOHN WHITE, clergyman; born in Marblehead, Massachusetts, Oct. 19, 1840. He graduated in 1864 from the Harvard Divinity School, was chosen to the pastorate of the Second Unitarian Church of Brooklyn, New York, and has become widely known for the radical doctrines preached by him and his articles contributed to Unitarian periodicals. In the list of his published works are Life of N. A. Staples; A Book of Poems; The Bible of To-day; The Man Jesus; and A Daring Faith.

CHÆREMON, a Greek dramatist who lived at Athens about 380 B. C. He was a tragic poet, but has been referred to as a comic poet, a confusion. His plays, it was complained, were written for the reading only. The fragments of his writings were collected and published by Bartsh in 1843.

CHÆTODON, a genus of brilliantly colored fishes, with bristle-like teeth, living among the coral reefs of the Atlantic and Pacific. They are good food-fishes.

CHAGOS ARCHIPELAGO, a group of islands in the Indian Ocean, south of the Indian peninsula, between lat. 6° 40′ and 9° 40′ S., and long. 72° 22' and 74° 48' E. They are a continuation of the Maldive groups, and a dependency of the British colony of Mauritius. They are scantily populated; chief product, cocoanut-oil. The largest is Diego Garcia, with an area of about 78 square miles, and 700 inhabitants. It is a coaling-station for Australian and Red Sea steamers. CHAGRES RIVER. See PANAMA, Vol. XVIII, p. 209.

CHAGRIN FALLS, a village of Cuyahoga County, northeastern Ohio, on the Chagrin River, 18 miles E. S. E. of Cleveland. It has iron foundries and various mills, where water-power is applied. It has good flagstone-quarries. Population 1890, 1,243.

CHAILLU. See DU CHAILLU, PAUL BELLONI, in these Supplements.

CHAIN, in surveying, a measure 22 yards long, composed of 100 iron links; called also Gunter's chain. See SURVEYING, Vol. XXII, p. 708.

an

CHAIN-MAIL OR CHAIN-ARMOR, armor much used in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It consisted of hammered iron links connected into the form of a garment. Such armor was much more flexible and convenient to the wearer than one formed of steel or brass plates, but was less fitted to bear the thrust of the lance. See ARMS AND ARMOR, Vol. II, p. 556.

CHAINS. See CABLE, Vol. IV, pp. 621, 622. For statics and kinetics of a chain or catenary, see MECHANICS, Vol. XV, pp. 738-743.

CHAIN-SHOT, destructive missiles formerly used in naval warfare. They consisted of two balls connected by a piece of chain eight or ten inches inches in length, and were fired collectively from the gun. The chain enabled the balls to catch and destroy objects which otherwise might

CHÆTOYNATHA, a marine worm. See have escaped. SAGITTA, Vol. XXI, p. 148.

CHAIRS. See FURNITURE, Vol. IX, pp. 849,

CHÆTOPODA. See ANNELIDA, Vol. II, pp. 850. 65-68; WORM, Vol. XXIV, pp. 677–684.

CHAFER, a common name for scarabæid beetles, which, either in the perfect or larval state, are destructive to plants, particularly those which devour the wood, bark or roots of trees. The word chafer is seldom used alone, but generally with some prefix; as, rose-chafer, bark-chafer, etc. CHAFFEE, JEROME BUNTY, Senator; born in Niagara County, New York, April 17, 1825; died in Salem Center, Westchester County, New York, March 9, 1886. He lived in New York state for about twenty years; removed to Michigan; then to St. Joseph, Missouri; and in 1859 became one of the first settlers in Denver, Colorado. Mining ventures brought him wealth, and he was prominent in organizing the territory. He represented it in Congress in 1876, and when

CHALATENANGO, a city of Salvador, capital of the province of Chalatenango, on the rivers Tamuiasca and Colco, 45 miles N. N. E. of San Salvador. Salvador. The principal industry is agriculture and cattle-dealing. Population, about 6,000.

CHALAZA, in botany, that region of the ovule in which the integuments and nucellus are not differentiated, being the structural base of the ovule. It gradually merges into the stalk (funicu lus) of the ovule, and is traversed by the fibrovascular strands coming from the axis.

CHALAZOGAMY, a term in botany applied to those cases in which the pollen-tube does not enter the ovule through the micropyle (the usual entrance), but penetrates the ovule at the chalaza (q.v.). This was first discovered in Casuarina, an Australian genus, but has since been found to

CHALCEDONY-CHAMBERLAIN

occur in species of Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Cory- | amnesty of 1859 and established the Revue Polilus and Juglans, all of which are amentaceous plants. Treub, the original discoverer, considered chalazogamy so important as to form the basis of classification, dividing Angiosperms into two groups: (1) Chalazogams (including Casuarina), and (2) Porogams (including all other Angiosperms). The discovery of chalazogamy, however, in many other species, has thrown discredit upon it as a basis of classification.

CHALEUR BAY, an inlet of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, having the bold shore of Que-colored regiment, he entered the army, serving in bec on the north and New Brunswick on the south. It measures 90 miles from east to west and is from 20 to 25 miles wide; is everywhere deep and well sheltered, and is much frequented for its mackerel-fisheries.

742

JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN.

CHAMBERLAIN-CHAMBERS

CHAMBERLAIN, THOMAS CHROWDER, geologist; born at Mattoon, Illinois, Sept. 25, 1843; was graduated at Beloit College in 1866; from 1869 to 1873, professor of natural science at the Wisconsin State Normal School; from 1873 to 1884, professor of geology at Beloit; in 1887, president of the University of Wisconsin, which position he held until 1892, when he became head of the geological department at the University of Chicago.

CHAMBERS, private rooms attached to most of the courts, in which the judges and chief clerks transact a large amount of judicial business. Counsel attend in chambers only in matters which are not required to be done in open court.

devoted himself almost entirely to business. | dia; in 1856, adjutant-general of the Bengal Elected mayor of Birmingham in 1873, re-elect- division; lieutenant-general in 1872; commandered in 1874 and again in in-chief of the Madras army in 1875; general in 1875, his term of office was 1877. He retired in 1886. remarkable for the expeditious dispatch of corporate business. About this period his his name was brought prominently before the public by several articles written by him for the Fortnightly Review, in which he expressed very advanced political and educational views. In 1876 Mr. Chamberlain was elected member of Parliament for Birmingham without opposition, and from that date his career is to be traced in Parliament and on the public platform. On the return of the Liberals to power in 1880, he was appointed president of the Board of Trade, with a seat in the Cabinet. His influence as a political leader increased rapidly outside of the House, and on his exit from office in 1885 he was elected for the western division of Birmingham, and held the office of president of the Local Government Board until his divergence of views on the Irish policy of Mr. Gladstone caused his resignation (March, 1886). He was subsequently appointed British commissioner to the conference at Washington for the settlement of the fishery disputes between Canada and the United States. He revisited the United States on the occasion of his marriage with Miss Endicott (Nov. 15, 1888). In 1892 he was chosen leader of the Liberal-Unionists. He took office under Lord Salisbury, in a Tory Cabinet, as Colonial Secretary. His policy has been characterized by a constant desire to improve the condition of the working classes and by his advocacy of imperial federation of the home government and all the colonies. His masterful conduct (1895-96) of the intricate and awkward position of the government, owing to the Jameson raid into the South African Republic, made him one of the most prominent men of the time in the British Empire.

1828.

CHAMBERS, CHARLES JULIUS, an American journalist; born at Bellefontaine, Ohio, Nov. 21, 1850, graduated at Cornell in 1870; became special correspondent in the West Indies, Europe, Canada and the United States for the New York Herald; equipped a canoe expedition to Lake Itasca in 1872; and in 1875 simulated insanity, and was incarcerated for several weeks in an insane asylum, for the purpose of ascertaining how such people are treated. He is a contributor to current literature, and has published A Mad World; On a Margin; and Lovers Four and Maidens Five.

In

CHAMBERS, ROBERT WILLIAM, an American author; born in New York in 1865, the son of a prominent member of the New York bar. 1885 he went to Paris to study art, exhibiting in the Salon of 1889, and in eight years spent in Europe gathering the material for his future works. His Red Republic, a vivid, realistic, and in some ways the most valuable, account of the Commune that has been written, was one of the results of his visit to Europe. His first story, In the Quarter, was published in 1894, followed by The King in Yellow, a collection of remarkable short stories issued in the same year. Their power and originality was unmistakable. A vein of weirdness running through them all challenged attention and caused some of the critics to call him a decadent. Then came A King and a Few Dukes and The Maker of Moons, the latter a collection of eight remarkable short stories. The Red Republic, coming after these, established Mr. Chambers's position as a writer of fiction of merit and considerable worth.

CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE, soldier and educator; born in Brewer, Maine, Sept. 8, He graduated at Bowdoin in 1852, and at Bangor Theological Seminary three years later. From 1856 to 1865 he held professorships in Bowdoin College, with the exception of the time of the Civil War, during which he served gallantly, being several times wounded; was promoted, on the field, brigadier-general by General Grant, and was brevetted major-general. He was elected governor of Maine in 1866 and served till 1871, being then chosen president of Bowdoin College, holding this office till 1883. In 1876 he was elected major-general of the state militia. CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES, Brit-ican committee which revised the Old Testament. ish general; born at Rio, Brazil, Jan. 18, 1820; entered the Indian army in 1836; in 1843 became deputy quartermaster-general to the army in In

CHAMBERS, TALBOT WILSON, an American divine; born in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, Feb. 25, 1819, graduated at Rutgers in 1834, and studied theology, being licensed to preach in 1838, and ordained to the pastorate of the Second Reformed Dutch Church, in Somerville, New Jersey. In 1850 he became pastor of the Collegiate Dutch Church of New York City. He was on the Amer

His works include The Noon Prayer-Meeting in Fulton Street (1857); Memoir of Theodore Frelinghuysen; The Psalter a Witness for the Divine Origin

CHAMBERS-CHAMBESI

of the Bible (1876); and A Companion to the Revised | times suppressed, and not till 1650 did its powers Version of the Old Testament (1885).

744

CHAMBLY-CHAMPION

CHAMBLY, a small county in the southern | grant, and the bark and root are employed in napart of the province of Quebec, opposite Mon- tive medicine. treal, on the St. Lawrence. Capital, Longueuil. Chief products, oats, hay, wool, flax and tobacco. Area, 157 square miles. Population, 10,958.

CHAMBLY, FORT, was situated on the Richelieu River, at the rapids, 12 miles below St. John. In 1775 this was a British post, and General Carleton, thinking it sufficiently safe, left only a small garrison there. General Montgomery, who was at the time besieging St. John, aided by some Canadian scouts, surprised and captured the town after a short fight. A large amount of ammunition was captured; the surrender of St. John was hastened by the capture of this fort.

CHAMBORD, HENRI CHARLES DIEUDONNÉ, COMTE DE, and DUC DE BORDEAUX, claimant to the French throne; born in Paris, Sept. 29, 1820, seven months after the assassination of his father, the Duke de Berri. His original title, Duc de Bordeaux, was dropped by him in 1844 and that of Chambord taken, in honor of the chateau of Chambord, presented to him by the Legitimists. Charles X, his grandfather, abdicated in his favor in 1830. The elder Bourbons were at that time driven into exile. He assumed the title "Henry V," and at various times made futile attempts to regain the throne. He lived in exile all his life. He was a man of considerable ability, but lacked decision. He married the Princess of Modena in 1836, but had no children. He died at Frohsdorf Castle, Lower Austria, Aug. 24, 1883.

COMTE DE CHAMBORD.

CHAMBRE ARDENTE (fiery chamber), a name given at different times, in France, to an extraordinary court of justice, probably on account of the severity of the punishments which it awarded, the most common being that of death by fire. In 1535 Francis I established an inquisitorial tribunal and a chambre ardente. Both were intended for the extirpation of heresy. The former searched out cases of heresy and instructed the processes, while the latter both pronounced and executed the final judgment. The chambre ardente was made use of until 1682. Its last victim was Voisin, charged with sorcery in 1680.

CHAMFER OR CHAMPFER. See ARCHITECTURE, Vol. II, p. 462.

CHAMPAC OR CHAMPAK, an Indian tree (Michelia champaca), family Magnoliacea, possessing great beauty both of foliage and flowers, and held in high esteem by Brahmins and Buddhists. It is planted about their temples, and images of Buddha are made of its wood. Its beautiful yellow flowers and their sweet perfume are much celebrated in the poetry of the Hindus. The timber of this and other species is useful and fra

CHAMPAGNE WINES. See WINES, Vol. XXIV, pp. 605, 606.

CHAMPAIGN, a city of Champaign County, central eastern Illinois, 128 miles S.S. W. of Chicago, in the midst of a rich agricultural region, on the Illinois Central, the Wabash, and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis railroads. It is beautifully laid out, with broad, shaded streets and numerous parks; it has electric and gas lights, water-works, and electric-car lines, and a large number of factories, chiefly of ropes and twines. The University of Illinois is located here. Population 1890, city, 5,839; township, 6,619.

CHAMPERTY is a bargain with a party to a suit, or having a right of action, for part of the property or other matter sued for in case the suit is successful, whereupon the champertor is to maintain the suit at his own expense. A contract between an attorney and his client, that the attor ney will maintain a suit at his own expense for a share of the amount recovered, in some states is held champertous, and cannot be enforced. Champerty is an offense indictable at common law. The offense consists of the tendency of such contracts to stir up and encourage strifes and litigation. Any interest in the subject-matter by the party who undertakes to maintain the suit, however slight, will avoid champerty. See BAR. RATRY and MAINTENANCE, in these Supplements.

CHAMP DE MARS of to-day is one of the public parks of Paris, situated between the Military School and the Seine. It is about three quarters of a mile in length by a little over a quarter of a mile in width. Here are held all outdoor meetings, military reviews and public ceremonies. During the Revolution and the first empire many celebrations were held here. The Paris international exhibitions of 1867, 1878 and 1889 were held in this park. It derives its name both from the march-fields, or camps for the discussion of public affairs, of the Frankish rulers of the fifth and sixth centuries and from the Roman Campus Martius, which had a similar use.

CHAMFLEURY. See FLEURY, JULES F. F. H., in these Supplements.

CHAMPIGNY, a village on the Marne River, a short distance E. of Paris. Here, on the 30th of November and 2d of December, 1870, during the siege of Paris, occurred a desperate conflict between the French and Germans, in which the French were driven back across the Marne.

CHAMPION. In the judicial combats of the middle ages, women, children, priests and aged persons were allowed to appear in the lists by a representative, and such hired combatant was called a champion (see ORDEAL, Vol. XVII, p. 820). In the age of chivalry it signified a knight who entered the lists on behalf of any one incapable of self-defense. In England the crown has its champion, who, mounted on horseback, and armed to the teeth, challenges, at every coronation at Westminster, all who should deny the