king to be the lawful sovereign. This officer is a member of the Lord Chamberlain's department, and the office is hereditary.

CHAMPION HILLS, Hinds County, central western Mississippi, 20 miles W. of Jackson, was the scene of a severe conflict between General Grant's army and the Confederates under General Pemberton. General Grant was advancing upon Vicksburg, when he was met at this point by the Confederate force. The battle which ensued lasted five hours, and resulted in the retreat of the Confederates to the Big Black River, with heavy losses of men and artillery. It was fought May 16, 1863, and is sometimes called the battle of Baker's Creek.

CHAMPLAIN, a town of Clinton County, northwestern New York, on the Chazy River and on the Central Vermont railroad, 19 miles N. of Plattsburg. The river is navigable, and is used for exporting lumber. The town is the seat of the Champlain Academy. Population in 1890, 1,275.

CHAMPLAIN, a town in a county of the same name, Quebec, Canada, about 58 miles S. of Quebec City, on the Canadian Pacific railroad. The county contains about 30,000 inhabitants; area, 9,150 square miles; chief product, lumber. The town has about 2,000 inhabitants.

CHAMPLAIN FORMATION. See GEOLOGY, Vol. X, pp. 369, 370.

CHAMPLIN, JAMES TIFT, educator; born in Colchester, Connecticut, June 9, 1811; died in Portland, Maine, March 15, 1882. He graduated with the first honors in the class of 1834 at Brown University, taught there for three years, was pastor of a Baptist church in Portland, Maine, from 1838 to 1841; was called to a professorship of Waterville (now Colby) University, and became president there in 1857, serving till 1873. He edited Demosthenes on the Crown; Demosthenes' Select Orations; Eschines on the Crown; and published educational works, such as the Text-book of Intellectual Philosophy; First Principles of Ethics; and Constitution of the United States, with Brief Comments.

CHAMPLIN, JOHN DENISON, author; born in Stonington, Connecticut, Jan. 29, 1834; was graduated at Yale in 1856; studied law, and went into practice in New York City. He was connected with the Bridgeport Standard and The Sentinel until 1869. He edited Fox's Mission to Russia, and aided in compiling the American Cyclopædia. He contributed the article on HAYTI to this ENCYCLOPÆDIA. Among his best-known published writings are Child's Catechism of Common Things; Young Folks' History of the War for the Union; The Chronicle of the Coach, a description of a coaching trip in England with Andrew Carnegie; and, with C. C. Perkins, Cyclopædia of Painters and Paintings.

CHAMPLIN, STEPHEN, naval officer; born in South Kingston, Rhode Island, Nov. 17, 1789; died in Buffalo, New York, Feb. 20, 1870. When 16 years of age he went to sea, and at 23 years of age engaged in the naval operations of the

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War of 1812. He commanded successively the ship Scorpion, the prize-ships Queen Charlotte and Detroit, the Tigress, the schooner Porcupine, the receiving-ship Fulton, and the Michigan. In 1855 he was placed on the retired list, and in 1862 promoted to the rank of commodore. He was the last survivor of the battle of Lake Erie. CHAMPNEY, JAMES WELLS, artist; born in Boston, Massachusetts, July 16, 1843; served for a short time as volunteer in the Forty-fifth Massachusetts regiment. He taught drawing, and spent several seasons in Europe studying art, his first teacher being Édouard Frère of Paris. He is a member

of the American Water-Color Society, and an associate member of the National Academy. His paintings include Which is Umpire? Indian Summer; Boarding School Green-Room; He Loves Me; Griselda; and Song Without Words.-His wife, LIZZIE WILLIAMS (born in Ohio in 1850), is a clever writer, and the author of charming books. Beside the "Vassar Girl" series, she has written In the Sky-Garden; All Around a Palette; and Sebia's Tangled Web. Her husband has illustrated many of her books.

CHAMPNEYS, BASIL, an English architect; born in 1842 at Lichfield; was graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1864; studied architecture under Prichard. He designed many of the buildings at Cambridge, Oxford and other schools. He was architect of St. Luke's Church, Kentish Town, and other churches, aided in the restoration of St. Bride's, in Fleet Street, St. Dunstan's in Stepney, and was the author of A Quiet Corner of England (1875).

CHANAK-KALESSI, a town of Anatolia, southwestern Asia Minor, situated on the Dardanelles, about 28 miles S. W. of Gallipoli. It derives its name from its manufactures of crockery. Population, 6,000.

CHANCEL, the space in the Roman Catholic and Anglican Episcopal churches that is inclosed and railed off from the choir, reserved for the clergy; includes the altar, and is often called the sanctuary. The chancel was, and still is in some churches, separated from the nave by a screen of lattice-work, so as to prevent general access thereto. Frequently this screen bore a carved representation of the crucifixion, and was then termed the rood-screen. It is generally elevated from the body of the church by a few steps.

CHANCELLOR, CHARLES WILLIAMS, physician; born in Spottsylvania County, Virginia, Feb. 19, 1833; was graduated at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1853. In 1861 he joined the Confederate army and became medical director for the division under General Pickett. After the war he settled in Memphis, Tennessee, and remained there until 1868, when he went to Balti more, Maryland, to act as professor of anatomy in Washington University. He was transferred to the chair of surgery in 1870, but resigned in 1873. He was secretary of the state board of health in 1876, and in 1877 was president of the state insane asylum. His writings on medical topics are of much value. topics are of much value. Among them are Con

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CHANCELLORSVILLE, a plantation Spottsylvania County, northeast Virginia, 65 miles N. W. of Richmond. Here was fought a battle between the Federal forces under General Hooker and the Confederates under General | Lee, May 2-4, 1865. The Union army was defeated, sustaining a terrible loss. The fighting of this battle, and the evident mistakes in generalship.displayed by Hooker, brought out the condemnation of the majority of the people of the North, and did much toward causing him to resign his command. Hooker succeeded Burnside in the command of the army of the Potomac after the defeat at Fredericksburg in December, 1862. The army at that time was completely demoralized by the many desertions and the great amount of sickness. He spent the winter in reorganizing and recruiting. When spring came he had 132,000 men in excellent condition, including 12,000 cavalry. Lee, on the other hand, although his men were enthusiastic from the victories of the previous campaign, had but 60,000 men, and was in possession of about the same position occupied by him at the battle of Fredericksburg. Hooker decided upon a flank movement, rather than a direct assault. He began the work of attack April 13th, but heavy rains and consequent swollen streams prevented progress before the 29th. Then Stoneman, in command of the cavalry, was sent across the Rappahannock to gain the rear of the Confederates. At the same time, the First Corps under Reynolds, the Third under Sickles, and the Sixth under Sedgwick, were moved against Lee's right wing, near Fredericksburg. At that time another division, under Slocum, was to turn the other flank, while Hooker was between the two with a strong force. Lee up to this time had not been able to discern the purpose of the Federals, but he soon realized that the main attack was to be directed against his left, so he concentrated his forces in that direction. Had Hooker continued in his flank movement, it is possible that the outcome of the battle would have been different, but just at the time for the attack as had been agreed upon, he sent peremptory orders for all to retire toward Chancellorsville. This was a fatal mistake, owing to the disadvantageous position in which the troops were placed and the effect the retreat had upon the minds of the men. He massed his forces about the Chancellor House in the form of a letter J, with Meade in command

of the left, Howard the right, Slocum and Sickles between, and Hancock toward the east. Lee first attacked Hancock, but soon changed to Howard, and with the troops under "Stonewall Jackson drove Howard back upon Hooker in the center. Lee himself kept Meade from going to Howard's relief. Howard's relief. Again Hooker concentrated his forces. In the next day's battle Lee united all his forces and drove Hooker from his position, leaving Sedgwick in a perilous situation. Lee attacked Sedgwick, who had defeated Early, and forced the Federals back across the Rappahannock. Defeated on every side, Hooker called a council of his officers, and, contrary to their almost unanimous advice, decided to continue the retreat, and thus gave Lee and his troops an opening and confidence for the Gettysburg campaign. Hooker lost, during the three days' fighting, over sixteen thousand men, and the Confederates twelve thousand. During the battle. "Stonewall" Jackson, thought by some the greatest of the Confederate generals, was killed. His loss was irreparable. loss was irreparable. In the eyes of most military critics, the entire campaign was an uninterrupted series of blunders on the part of Hooker, who was wounded during the fight, and his strange conduct of the battle and the ordering of the retreat are excused by some on that account.

CHANDAUSI, a town of the northwest provinces of India, 27 miles S. of Muradabad, on the Burjeb and Delhi railroad. Population, 27,521. CHANCROID, a disease. See SURGERY, Vol. XXII, p. 686.

CHANDELEUR ISLANDS, a semicircular chain off St. Bernard County, southeastern Louisiana, about 20 miles from shore. They separate Chandeleur Sound from the Gulf of Mexico. The northernmost has at its northern extremity a lighthouse 56 feet high; lat. 30° 3' 8" N., long. 88° 51′ 38′′ W.

CHANDERI OR CHANDHAIREE, a town of Gwalior, central India, 105 miles S. of the city of Gwalior, once a flourishing manufacturing center and an almost impregnable fort. It is now much decayed, on account of oppression and wars, but the beauty and extent of its ruins show its former importance and splendor. It is said to have contained at one time 14,000 stone houses, 384 · markets, 360 caravansaries and 12,000 mosques. It is under British rule. Population 1891, 5,100. CHANDERNAGAR, a French settlement in Bengal. See CHANDARNAGAR, Vol. V, p. 391.

CHANDLER, CHARLES FREDERICK, an American chemist; born in Lancaster, Massachusetts, Dec. 6, 1836. He pursued scientific studies at Harvard and at foreign universities, and on his return to America was for seven years professor of chemistry in Union College. He was then employed in the organization of the Columbia School of Mines in New York City. Since that time he was connected with the college, holding the chair of chemistry in that institution and in the New York College of Pharmacy. He has also been chemist to the Metropolitan Board of Health, and in 1873 was appointed president. In the College of Phy

sicians and Surgeons he was, in 1876, appointed professor of chemistry and medical jurisprudence. As officer of the board of health, Mr. Chandler has given attention to the subject of food-adulteration, has compelled the location of slaughterhouses to be along a narrow area on the river side, and has obtained the passage of the tenement house act, which provides that the plans for such buildings be submitted to the health board. Aside from the reformatory work which he has accomplished for New York City, he has analyzed the waters of several springs, has lectured frequently, and has investigated the water-supply of Albany, New York, and other cities. He was a member of several scientific societies, both at home and in Europe. Reports of his investigations have been published, many of them appearing in the American Chemist, a periodical established in 1870 by himself and his brother, William Henry Chandler. The latter was a well-known chemist, and has been professor of this science at Columbia School of Mines (1868-71) and at Lehigh University. He was a juror at the United States Centennial Exhibition of 1876, and at the Paris exhibition two years later.

CHANDLER, JOHN, a United States Senator from Maine; born in Epping, New Hampshire, in 1760; died in Augusta, Maine, Sept. 25, 1841. He learned the blacksmith's trade, became a member of Congress from 1805 till 1808, took part in the War of 1812 as brigadier-general, was United States Senator from Maine from 1820 to 1829, and from 1829 till 1837 collector for the United States for the Portland district.

CHANDLER, JOSEPH RIPLEY, an American philanthropist and diplomat; born in Kingston, Massachusetts, Aug. 25, 1792; died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, July 10, 1880. For several years he taught a successful school in Philadelphia; in 1822 became interested in the United States Gazette, which afterward, in 1847, became the North American. From 1849 to 1851 he was a member of Congress, representing the Whig party. In 1858 he was sent by President Buchanan as minister to the Two Sicilies. He published an English grammar and many addresses, and was interested in the subject of prison reform.

CHANDLER, RALPH, an American naval officer; born in New York, Aug. 23, 1829; died Feb. 11, 1889, in Hongkong, China. He began his naval career as a midshipman, attaining to the rank of rear-admiral. He took part in the Mexican and Civil wars, conducted several coast surveys, was in charge of the Brooklyn navy-yard, took part in scientific expeditions to Tasmania and elsewhere, and was in command of the Asiatic squadron at the time of his death.

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clusion that Brook's comet was identical with the Lexell comet of 1770. In his investigations of

variable stars he discovered a relation between the depth of color and the length of period of

the star.

CHANDLER, WILLIAM EATON, a United States Senator from New Hampshire; born in Concord, New Hampshire, Dec. 28, 1835; was graduated at Harvard Law School in 1855, and in 1862 was elected to the New Hampshire house of representatives, of which he was speaker in 186364. 64. He held various positions under the United States, including that of first assistant secretary of the Treasury, and was active in politics, attending all important conventions. From 1868 to 1876 he served as secretary of the Republican National Committee. On March 23, 1885, he was nominated for Solicitor-General of the United States, but the Senate refused to confirm him.

WILLIAM E. CHANDLER.

In April, 1882, he became Secretary of the Navy, and held that office until March, 1885. In June, 1887, he was elected to fill a vacancy in the United States Senate, and was re-elected in 1889 and 1895.

CHANDLER, ZACHARIAH, a United States Senator from Michigan; born in Bedford, New Hampshire, Dec. 10, 1813; died in Chicago, Illinois, Nov. 1, 1879. He received a common school education, and went to Detroit in 1833, where he established himself in the dry-goods business. His energy brought success, while the same spirit in political matters soon made him prominent as a Whig and an active supporter of the "underground railroad," of which Detroit was a terminus. In 1851 he was elected mayor of the city, and the following year was an unsuccessful candidate for the office of governor. In 1857 he succeeded General Lewis Cass in the United States Senate, and remained in this official body till his death, with the intermission of the years between 1875 and 1879. Senator Chandler took an active part in debates of Congress, opposing the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton constitution, advocating the war in defense of the Union, and insisting that the short term of enlistment for the volunteers first called for was a mistake; he also favored a sweeping confiscation bill the stern measures of which would deter wavering persons from taking arms against the government. In 1874 President Grant offered him the position of Secretary of the Interior, which office he held till Mr. Hayes was inaugurated. He was chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1868 and in 1876.

He is a

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line being Sir John Chandos (died 1428), whose sister married Giles Brydges. Their descendant, Sir John Brydges, was lieutenant of the Tower under Queen Mary, and was created Baron Chandos in 1554. James Brydges (1673-1744), eighth Lord Chandos, sat in Parliament for Hereford from 1698 to 1714, and was created Duke of Chandos in 1719. In 1796 the title passed by marriage to the family of Grenville, the present dukes of Buckingham and Chandos.

CHANEY, HENRY JAMES, British physicist; born in Windsor, England, in 1842; superintendent of standards for the Board of Trade. He was active in bringing about the adoption of international standards of weights and measures, and in the enactment of the British laws regulating such standards. He published Verification of Parliamentary Standards of Length and Weight; Mode of Testing Weighing Machines; Redetermination of the Scientific Unit of Volume; and many other papers on kindred topics.

CHANG AND ENG. See SIAMESE TWINS, in these Supplements.

CHANGARNIER, NICOLAS AMIE THÉODULE, a French general; born at Autun, France, April 26, 1793; died at Versailles, Feb. 14, 1877. He distinguished himself in the Algerian campaigns from 1830 to 1847, and became general of division and maréchal-de-camp. In May, 1848, he succeeded Cavaignac as governor-general of Algeria. In the same year he was recalled and became commander-in-chief of the national guard of Paris. Louis Napoleon, then prince-president, deprived him of his command in January, 1851, and at the coup d'état of December 2d of that year he was arrested and exiled. During the Franco-Prussian war he offered his sword to France, was made a general, and sent to Metz. He strenuously opposed the surrender of that fortress and of Bazaine's army, but was overruled.

After the war he became a senator. CHANG-CHAU, a town of the province of Fuh-Reen, southeastern China, on a branch of the Kiulung-Kiang, 35 miles W. of Amoy. The city is well built, but dirty; it is surrounded by a wall 41⁄2 miles in circumference. The river is crossed by a bridge 780 feet long, which is supported on 25 stone piles about 31 feet apart. the city is a magnificent Buddhist temple, built in the eighth century. There is a large silk trade in the city, and it has manufactories of sugar, paper and porcelain. These articles and tea are its principal exports. Population, about 900,000.

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CHANGE OF VENUE is the change of the place of trial of a suit to another county or to another court of like jurisdiction in the same county. The rule is, that if the venue is changed the case must go to the nearest county, or if to another court in the same county, then to the nearest of such courts to that in which the suit is brought. The usual grounds for changing the venue are, that the judge of the court wherein the suit was brought is disqualified to try the case, through interest in the result or prejudice against the defendant, or that on account of the prejudice of

the citizens of that county a jury cannot be procured who will give a fair and impartial verdict. The right to a change of venue is governed by statute in the various states.

CHANG SHA FOO, a city of southern China; capital of the province of Hunan, on the Siang Kiang, about 360 miles N. of Canton. Its chief industry is silk manufacture and trade. Population, 300,000.

CHANK-SHELL, a gasteropod mollusk of the genus Turbinella, occurring in Indo-Pacific waters. It is the sacred shell of the Hindus. Many are brought to America and Europe for ornamental purposes.

CHANLER, MRS. AMÉLIE. See RIVES, in these Supplements.

CHANNING, EDWARD TYRREL, an American educator and scholar, brother of Rev. William Ellery Channing; born Dec. 12, 1790, in Newport, Rhode Island; died Feb. 8, 1856, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was a graduate of Harvard College and one of the promoters in the organization of the North American Review. In 1819 he became professor of rhetoric at Harvard College, a position he retained until 1851.

CHANNING, WALTER, physician, brother of the Rev. William Ellery Channing (q.v., Vol. V, PP. 393-395); born in Newport, Rhode Island, April 15, 1786; died in Boston, Massachusetts, July 27, 1876. He studied at Harvard, but on account of a "rebellion" in 1807 did not graduate. He pursued the study of medicine in Boston, Philadelphia, Edinburgh and London. In 1812 he began to practice in Boston, and from 1815 to 1854 occupied the chair of obstetrics and medical jurisprudence at Harvard. For nearly 20 years he was physician in the Massachusetts General Hospital. He published poems, books of travel and medical works, among them Reformation of Medical Science; Professional Reminiscences of Foreign Travel; and Miscellaneous Poems.

CHANNING, WILLIAM ELLERY, JR., author; a son of Dr. Walter Channing, and nephew of the Rev. William Ellery Channing; born in Boston, Massachusetts, June 10, 1818, and studied at Harvard, but did not graduate; lived in a log hut in Illinois, removed to Cincinnati, where he was connected with the Gazette, then came to Massachusetts, married Margaret Fuller's sister, and settled in Concord. He was on the staff of the New York Tribune and the New Bedford Mercury; and has published Near Home; Eliot; A Poem; The Wanderer-all in verse; and in prose, Thoreau, the Poet-Naturalist.

CHANNING, WILLIAM HENRY, Unitarian clergyman and orator, son of Francis Dana Channing, and nephew of the Rev. William Ellery Channing; born in Boston, May 25, 1810; died in London, Dec. 23, 1884. London, Dec. 23, 1884. He was graduated at Harvard in 1829, and at the Divinity School four years later. He held pastorates in Cincinnati, Boston, Rochester and New York. As a platform speaker it is said he has never been surpassed. He was interested in Fourierism and other schemes for social reorganization. He wrote a