CHUTNEY-CINCINNATI captured 3,000 prisoners and 37 field-pieces. The Mexican loss in killed and wounded was 4,000; the total American loss, 1,053. CHUTNEY, a highly seasoned compound of fruits spices (chiefly mangoes, red pepper and lime-juice) and sugar, made in India, and used in Great Britain and America as a condiment. CHYLE. See ANATOMY, Vol. I, p. 846. CHYME. See DIGESTIVE ORGANS, Vol. VII, p. 225. 'CIALDINI, ENRICO, DUKE OF GAETA, an Italian statesman and soldier who followed the career of a soldier of fortune through the earlier portion of his eventful life. He was born at Castelvetro di Modena, Aug. 8, 1811, and became a pupil of the Jesuits and a student of philosophy and medicine at the University of Parma; a participant in the Romagnian insurrection of 1831; and after its failure, a refugee in Paris, supporting himself by translating Voltaire and Rousseau into Italian; a soldier in Portugal in 1832-34, serving in the famous Oporto Legion, by means of which Dom Pedro, after a two-years' struggle, succeeded in wresting the crown from his brother Miguel; a soldier in Spain against the Carlists in 1835; a defender of the provisional government of Milan when the revolution of 1848 broke out in Lombardy; a campaigner against Radetzky in 1849; and in 1855 colonel in command of a brigade in the Piedmontese army. At the outbreak of the Crimean War he was commissioned general by the Sardinian government and sent to the field of action, where he played a distinguished part at the battle of Tchernaya. In 1859 he commanded a division of the allied forces of France and Italy against Austria with such success that he was made lieutenant-general. In 1860 he defeated the Papal army at the battle of Castelfidardo, and in 1861 he took Gaeta after a bombardment of 17 days, for which he was created Duke of Gaeta. In the same year he was made field-marshal and appointed viceroy of Naples. In 1864 he became a senator of Italy, and in 1866 and 1868 distinguished himself in the campaigns against Austria and the States of the Church, respectively. The remainder of his life was devoted to affairs of state and diplomacy. He was Italian ambassador at Paris from 1876 to 1881, and was afterward made a general in the Italian army. He died in Leghorn, Sept. 8, 1892. CIBOL OR SHALLOT. Vol. XII, p. 288. See HORTICULture, See HORTICULTURE, CIBORIUM. See ARCHITECTURE, Vol. II, p. 462. CIBRARIO, LUIGI, Italian historian (1802-70). See POLITICAL ECONOMY, Vol. XIX, p. 387. CICADA, a large genus of hemipterous insects, famous for their peculiar song, common in many regions of the world. Several species occur in the United States. The adult insects deposit| their eggs in the twigs of trees. The larva fall to the ground and burrow. During the larval stages they feed on the juices of the roots of The North American "seventeen-year locust" (C. septendecim) lives beneath the ground trees. 805 17 years, and then emerges to become the perfect insect. Other cicadas spend much less time in the pupa stage. In different areas they appear in different years, so that almost every year is a "cicada year somewhere. About 16 broods have been traced in the United States, which appear at definite times and places. CICELY, a name given to several sweet aromatic species of Umbellifera, notably the Myrrhis odorata of Europe, with sweet fruits. In the United States the name is given to the species of the genus Osmorrhiza, in which the root is aromatic. CICUTA OR CONIUM. See HEMLOCK, Vol. XI, p. 646. CIENFUEGOS, a town of the province of Santa Clara, central Cuba, on the Bahia de Jagua; has railroad facilities and a good port; is the capital of the province. Sugar, molasses, rum and wax are exported in large quantities. Population 1892, 27,430. CILIATA. See PROTOZOA, Vol. XIX, p. 861. CIMA, GIOVANNI BATTISTA DA CONEGLIANO, a Venetian painter; born at Conegliano, 1460; died about 1520. He was fond of depicting the saints and the blessed Virgin, and his work is greatly praised by Ruskin for serenity of expression and careful attention to details. Most of his work is found in Venetian churches, but specimens may be seen in the National Gallery, London, and in the gallery of the Louvre. Among his most famous paintings are St. John the Baptist, in the Church of the Madonna del Orto, Venice; Baptism of Christ, and St. Helena with the Cross, both in the Church of St. John, Venice; and Virgin and Child. CIMOLIAN EARTH, a fine white earth found in the island of Cimoli, one of the Cyclades in the Grecian Archipelago, and used by fullers for whitening cloth. CINCINNATI, one of the great cities of the United States, the capital of Hamilton County, southwestern Ohio, and the chief city of the Ohio valley, had a population of 296,908 by the census of 1890, being an increase of 41,769 inhabitants, or 16.37 per cent over its population in 1880. Its manufactures in 1890 employed a capital of $105,000,000, against $50,000,000 in 1880; and paid $48,000,000 in wages to 97,000 employees during 1890, against $20,000,000 paid to 55,000 employees in 1880. Its manufactories converted $93,000,000 of material into $196,000,000 of product in 1890, against $62,000,000 of material converted into $105,000,000 of product in 1880. The Paris of America" and "Queen City of the West," as Cincinnati is popularly called, has become a delightful center of art and music, and a city of rural homes and elegant suburbs. (For its general history and description, see Vol. V, p. 782-784.) Fountain Square, an expansion of Fifth Street, containing the esplanade on which is erected the magnificent fountain designed by Dr. August von Kreling, the son-in-law of Kaulbach, and cast in the Royal Bronze Foundry at Munich, may be called the business center of the 806 city. CINCINNATI CINQUE CENTO The Rookwood Pottery, established in 1880 by Mrs. Storer, a daughter of Joseph Longworth, who founded the Art School, and incorporated in 1890, is one of the notable enterprises of the city, and produces the finest of modern artistic work, true faience ware, made from Ohio valley clays with underglaze ornamentation. Its exhibit at Paris in 1889 received a gold medal above all competitors, and the beauty of its designs is world famous. ODD FELLOWS' BUILDING, CINCINNATI. ings, etchings, metal-work, textile fabrics, pottery, American ethnology and archæology of great value. Among the paintings are examples of Calame, Haydon, Lessing, Maratti, Rubens (No. 93), Tiepolo (No. 105), Tintoretto (No. 106), and modern French, German and American masters. Haydon's heroic painting of The Public Entry of Christ into Jerusalem, finished in 1820, is in the loan collection, and shows the face of William Hazlitt as St. Peter, that of John Keats as the youthful St. John, and those of Wordsworth, Sir Isaac Newton and the cynical Voltaire among the specta Cincinnati in its early days was fortunate in receiving a literary, social and educational impetus from a distinguished band of bright and vigorous thinkers, who were among its early settlers. Even Charles Dickens, on the occasion of his first visit to our land, who then found so little to commend in America, was captivated by the air of social refinement which he found here; and the city now has the advantage of numerous institutions for the cultivation of liberal arts and studies which have grown out of the taste and scholarship of its founders. The Literary Club, the University Club, the Historical and Philosophical Society, the Society of Natural History and the Cuvier Club deserve mention. The immense soap manufactory at Ivorydale, the largest in the world, by its system of profit-sharing among its employees gives an object-lesson in the practical application of progressive ideas. Cincinnati has taken the lead in the popular movement for the development of musical culture. Its College of Music was opened in 1878 and had Theodore Thomas for its president. Its large body of German-born or German-descended citizens gave force and volume to its grand musical festivals, and its fame as a musical center has stimulated its sister cities to similar efforts. The value of the principal commodities manufactured in Cincinnati during the year 1890 is as follows, expressed in millions of dollars: Boots and shoes, 6; clothing, 17; carriages, 8; furni ture, 4; leather, 4; liquors, distilled, 11; liquors, malt, 7; lumber, 3; machinery, 10; packing-house products, 7; saddlery and harness, 4; safes and vaults, 4; soap, 4; tobacco, 3. The free Public Library contained in 1895 over 200,000 books and pamphlets; the Young Men's Mercantile Library, some 50,000 volumes; and the Law Library, over 8,000 volumes. The Zoological Garden, well supplied with animals and birds, situated near the northern limits of the city, covers some 60 acres, its hills and ravines forming a most attractive and picturesque retreat. CINCINNATI, ORDER OF THE. See COLONIAL SOCIETIES, in these Supplements. CINCINNATI GROUP OR AXIS. See OHIO, Vol. XVII, p. 734. CINERARY URNS, urns in which the ashes of the dead were deposited, after the body was burned. Those used by the Greeks and Romans were often of great artistic beauty and were made of marble, glass or pottery-ware. See POTTERY AND PORCELAIN, Vol. XIX, pp. 602, 623. CINNAMON BEAR, a variety of the common American black bear (Ursus Americanus), common in the western United States. It is of a light reddish-brown color. CINQUEFOIL-CISSAMPELOS 807 a contraction for fifteen hundred, and have refer- | of works surrounding an army engaged in besiegence to the numbers of the years, counting from ing a fortress, facing outward toward the country the Christian era. See ARCHITECTURE, Vol. II, so as to guard against all attempts at relief by a field army. Redoubts, either isolated or con P. 437. INQUEFOIL, the common name of the large nected by a line of parapet, were much used for this purpose in the sieges of the ancient and middle ages. rosaceous genus Potentilla, containing both herbs and shrubs, characterized by the palmately compound leaves, often of five leaflets. The flowers are mostly yellow or purple, and some of them are conspicuous enough to be prized in cultivation. Known also as "five-finger." CINURA OR THYSANURA. See INSECTS, Vol. XIII, p. 153. CIPHER. See CRYPTOGRAPHY, Vol. VI, p. 669. CIRCEA, a small genus of inconspicuous herbs growing in damp woods, of the family Onagracea, and commonly known as "enchanter's nightshade." They are delicate, low plants, with opposite thin leaves, very small whitish flowers in racemes, and a small bur-like fruit. CIRCLE OF PERPETUAL APPARITION, any circle in the heavens which is parallel to the celestial equator, has the pole-star for its center, and a radius long enough to include in its sweep all the stars which do not pass below the observer's horizon. CIRCLEVILLE, a flourishing railroad city and the capital of Pickaway County, southern central Ohio. It is on the Scioto River and Ohio canal; and on the Cincinnati and Muskegon Valley and the Norfolk and Western railroads. The city is built on ancient earthworks, which are in the form of a circle and a square. Pork-packing and broommaking are two leading industries. Population 1890, 6,556. CIRCUIT. See TELEGRAPH, Vol. XXIII, p. 122. CIRCUIT COURT. See UNITED STATES, Vol. XXIII, p. 749. CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS, an intermediate Federal court of appeals created by statute approved March 3, 1891, for the purpose of relieving the pressure on the supreme court. A circuit court of appeals, consisting of one justice of the supreme court and two circuit judges, was created in each circuit. One term each year is held, and by the provisions of the statute the decision of the court of appeals is rendered final, except in certain cases, where serious questions of constitutional law, life and death, or other grave cause, are involved. The object of the statute was also to save expense to litigants and expedite a final judgment. CIRCULAR POINTS AT INFINITY, two imaginary points at which a right line in the plane of a circle, and infinitely distant therefrom, will be intersected by the circle. See CURVE, Vol. VI, p. 725. CIRCULATION ANATOMY, Vol. I, p. 899. CIRCULATION OF SAP. See PHYSIOLOGY, Vol. XIX, p. 46. OF THE BLOOD. See See Evi CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE. DENCE, Vol. VIII, p. 739. CIRCUMVALLATION, LINES OF, the chain CIRCUS. The modern circus is chiefly an exhibition of feats of horsemanship and acrobatic displays, often combined with a menagerie, or collection of wild beasts. Exhibitions of magic, legerdemain and gymnastics are also usually associated with the circus, while probably its most pleasing exhibition is when some bold feats of equestrianism are shown in dramatic setting, such as "Mazeppa's Flight on the Ukraine," or "Dick Turpin's Ride to York." See Vol. V, p. 791; Vol. X, p. 65; Vol. XX, p. 829. CIRRIPEDIA OR CIRRHIPEDIA, a subclass of degenerated crustacea, including the numerous forms of barnacles and acorn-shells. See CRUSTACEA, Vol. VI, p. 665. CIRRUS. See METEROLOGY, Vol. XVI, p. 127. CIRRUS, in botany, signifies a tendril. It is a modified leaf or branch, and is characterized by being filiform and capable of twisting into a spiral about a support. Often spelled "cirrhus," and not in common use. CIRTA, an ancient city, the capital of the Massylii, in Numidia. After the defeat of Jugurtha it passed into the hands of the Romans, and was restored by Constantine, who named it after himself. CISALPINE REPUBLIC. After the battle of Lodi in 1796, Bonaparte organized two states, one on the south of the Po, the Cispadane Republic, and one on the north, the Transpadane. In 1797 these two were united into one, under the title of the Cisalpine Republic, which embraced Lombardy, Mantua, Bergamo, Brescia, Cremona, Verona and Rovigo, the duchy of Modena, the principalities of Massa and Carrara, and the three. legations of Bologna, Ferrara and the Romagna. The republic was dissolved for a time in 1799 by the victories of the Russians and Austrians, but was restored by Bonaparte after the victory of Marengo, with some modifications of constitution and increase of territory. In 1802 it took the name of the Italian Republic, and chose Bonaparte for its president. In 1805 a deputation from the republic conferred on the Emperor Napoleon the title of King of Italy, after which it formed the kingdom of Italy till 1814. CISCAUCASIA, that part of the lieutenancy of the Caucasus which lies north of the Caucasus Mountains. Mountains. It includes the districts of Kuban, Terek, Daghestan and Stavropol. Its area is 83,030 square miles; population, 2,673,601. CISCO, a town and railroad junction of Eastland County, central Texas, on the Texas Central and the Texas and Pacific railroads, about 135 miles S.W. from Dallas, in the center of a fine agricultural region, rich in coal and iron. Population 1890, 1,068. CISSAMPELOS, a genus of tropical vines of 808 CISSEY-CITIZENSHIP IN THE UNITED STATES the family Menispermacea, of which the most inter- | appropriate term to express the principle of liberté, esting species is C. pareira of tropical America, whose root yields the "pareira brava. CISSEY, ERNEST LOUIS OCTAVE COURTOT De, a French general; born in Paris, Dec. 23, 1810; died there, Jan. 15, 1882; graduated from St. Cyr in 1832, became lieutenant-colonel in 1854, and gained his promotion as brigadier-general at the battle of Inkermann; general of division in 1863; had a command in the garrison of Metz, and fought brilliantly in the battles around that stronghold, and afterward led an army corps against the Commune, entering Paris, May 22, 1871; became minister of war, June 5, 1871; resigned Aug. 15, 1876. CISSOID OF DIOCLES, a curve of the third degree, shaped like an ivy leaf, invented by the Greek geometer Diocles to solve the problem of constructing two mean proportionals between two given lines. CISTERN. See BUILDING, Vol. IV, p. 503; SEWERAGE, Vol. XXI, pp. 714 et seq. CISTUS OR ROCK-ROSE, a genus of dicotyledonous plants giving its name to the family Cistacea, which contains about two hundred known species, chiefly natives of the south of Europe and the north of Africa. Some of them are beautiful evergreen shrubs. From Cistus Creticus, Cistus ladaniferus and other species, gum ladanum is obtained. The genus Helianthemum is the "rockrose" of the United States, and the "cistus" of England. CITATION, the act of calling a party into court to answer to an action, to give evidence, or to perform some other judicial act. See SUMMONS, Vol. XXII, p. 642. CITHARA, an ancient instrument closely resembling the guitar. See LYRE, Vol. XV, p. 114. CITIZEN, a term applied either specifically to a dweller in a town, or to any one who is either born in the country or has become legally naturalized in it. From the point of view of American constitutional law, a citizen being a member of the political community to which he belongs, every person born in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction (except untaxed Indians) falls within the definition. An alien may become a citizen by being naturalized under the acts of Congress. A citizen of the United States residing in any state of the Union is a citizen of that state. There being a government in each of the several states, as well as a government of the United States, a person may be, and usually is, at the same time a citizen of both, but his rights as a citizen under one of these governments differ legally from those under the other. On the other hand, a person may be a citizen of the United States and not be a citizen of any particular state, having his residence in one of the territories, or not having a fixed residence in any state. Citizenship is not confined to those who have a right to vote, as minors and women are usually citizens without those rights. In France, during the Revolution, the word citizen was adopted by the republicans as the most égalité et fraternité. It took the place of monsieur. Every Frenchman became citoyen in relation to other Frenchmen, the highest in official station being so addressed by the lowest. The usage gradually died out after the assumption of imperial power by Napoleon. 2. All CITIZENSHIP IN THE UNITED STATES embraces the following persons: 1. All individuals born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power (except untaxed Indians). This includes all children of alien parents, other than those of foreign official representatives. children born elsewhere to fathers who were at the time of their birth citizens resident at some time in the United States. 3. All naturalized persons. 4. Women, though not born in the United States, nor naturalized (if not incapable of naturalization), who are married to citizens. 5. All Indians born within the United States, who have withdrawn from tribal relations, and who are enrolled as taxpayers, or who have accepted lands in severalty under the Congressional act of 1870. A naturalized citizen is one of foreign birth who has become a citizen by adoption or naturalization. The conditions under and the manner in which an alien may be admitted to citizenship in the United States are described by sections 21652174 of the Revised Statutes of the United States. They substantially include the following: The alien must declare, upon oath, before a circuit or district court of the United States, or a district or supreme court of the territories, or a court of record of any of the states having common-law jurisdiction and a seal and clerk, two years, at least, prior to his admission, that it is his intention, bona fide, to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince or state, and particularly to the one of which he may at the time be subject. He must also declare, on oath, before one of the courts named, "that he will support the constitution of the United States, and that he absolutely and entirely renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to every foreign prince, potentate, state or sovereignty, and particularly, by name, to the prince, potentate, state or sovereignty, of which he was before a citizen or subject," which proceedings must be recorded by the clerk of the court. If it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court to which the alien has applied that the applicant has resided within the United States continuously for five years, and that during that time "he has behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same," he will be admitted to citizenship. If the applicant has borne any hereditary title or order of nobility, he must make an express renunciation of it at the time of his application. Any alien 21 years old and upward who has been in the armies of the United States, and has been honorably discharged CITRONELLA-CIVICS 809 are incorporated, and which either are or have been sees of bishops. In the case of towns which have grown greatly beyond their original dimensions it is not unusual to give the name of city to the space which they originally occupied; thus we speak of the city of London, in contradistinction to the metropolis, la cité of Paris, and similarly of other places. therefrom, may become a citizen, on his petition, | Britain, is generally applied to all towns which without any previous declaration of his intention, provided that he shall have resided in the United States at least one year previous to his application, and is of good moral character. Any alien under the age of 21 years, who has resided in the United States three years next preceding his arriving at that age, and who has continued to reside therein to the time he may make application to be admitted a citizen thereof, may, after he arrives at the age of 21 years, and after he has resided five years within the United States, including the three years of his minority, be admitted a citizen; but he must make a declaration on oath, and prove to the satisfaction of the court, that for two years next preceding it has been his bona fide intention to become a citizen. The children of persons who now are or have been citizens of the United States are, though born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, considered as citizens thereof. The naturalization of Chinese is expressly prohibited by section 14, chapter 126, Laws of 1882. CITRONELLA, a name given to the following products. 1. From the rind of the citron (Citron medica, see Vol. V, p. 795) is prepared a liquid in Barbados, which is used in France to flavor brandy. 2. From a Ceylon grass (Andropogon schoenanthus) an oil used by perfumers is exported from the country named. 3. From the common balm (Melissa officinalis) a perfume is prepared. The fragrant southernwood (Artemisia abrotanum), which is used in France in making beer, is called in that country citronelle. CITRON-WOOD OR CITRUS-WOOD, the most highly prized wood of Roman antiquity, derived from Biota orientalis, or from Callitris quadrivalvis, allied coniferous trees, natives of Africa and the Orient. It is a very beautiful wood, believed by the Turks to be imperishable, and much used by them for floors and ceilings of mosques. CITRUS, a genus of the family Rutacea, trees and shrubs of tropical, subtropical and warm temperate Asia, but many of them now cultivated in all similar climates for their fruit. To it belong the orange, citron, lemon, lime, bergamot, shaddock, etc. CITTADELLA, a town of central Venetia, northern Italy, 14 miles N. E. of Vicenza, situated on the Brentella, and at the junction of two railroads. It has manufactories of paper and woolen. Population, 8,947. CITY, an important town. In the United States a city is an incorporated town, usually governed by a mayor, aldermen and common council. In some states ten thousand inhabitants are requisite to the formation of a city government, while in the new states a less number is required, some having incorporated cities of fewer than three thousand inhabitants. In several of the Western states cities are organized under a general law, by which they are designated according to the number of inhabitants, as cities of the first, second and third class. The term city, as used in Great CITY ISLAND, a city and island of Westchester County, southeastern New York, four miles S. of New Rochelle, in Long Island Sound. It has a number of the public institutions of New York City. Its principal industries are oystering and ship-building. Population 1890, 1,206. CITY OF REFUGE. The Jewish law set apart six cities, three on each side of the Jordan, as cities of refuge for the unintentional homicide, where he might flee for safety from the avenger of blood. These cities were Bezer, RamothGilead and Golan on the east, and Hebron, Shechem and Kadesh on the west. CITY POINT, a port of entry situated at the confluence of the James and Appomattox rivers, in Prince George County, southeastern Virginia. This place was made a supply depot by General Grant in his assaults on Petersburg and Richmond. CIUDAD REAL, a town of Spain, capital of the province of the same name, whose area is 7,840 square miles; population 1887, 292, 291. Situated on a plain between the rivers Guadiana and Jabalon, 105 miles S. of Madrid by rail. is a poor, dull place, but has a fine Gothic church and remains of the old town walls, with one handsome gateway. There are manufactures, to a small extent, of coarse woolens, linen and table cloths, and a trade in the agricultural produce of the district. Population, 14,702. CIUDAD RODRIGO, a fortified town of central western Spain, in the province of Salamanca, 17 miles from the Portuguese frontier, and 56 S. W. of Salamanca by rail, on a steep hill above the river Agueda, which is here crossed by a fine bridge. It is a poor, squalid town, chiefly of interest for its sieges during the Peninsular War. Population, 8,330. CIUDAD VICTORIA, a city and the capital of Tamaulipas, northwestern Mexico, on the Monterey and Mexican Gulf railroad, 295 miles directly N. of Mexico. It is beautifully located in a fertile valley in the Sierra Madre. Sugarcane is much grown in the neighborhood. Population, nearly 10,000. CIVIC FEDERATIONS. See LAW AND ORDER SOCIETIES, in these Supplements. CIVICS, a new word introduced by Dr. Henry Randall Waite, who defined it as follows: "The body of knowledge or science which devotes itself to the consideration of citizenship relations, including the reciprocal relations of government and citizenship." Civics seeks to properly co-ordinate, as parts of an integral science, the essential truths with which the citizen must be familiar. It includes,-1. Ethics, defined by Dr. E. Benjamin |