CLAIRVAUX-CLARENDON claims, which, it may be stated, is a court of law, devoid of equitable jurisdiction. 815 directed by a leader, who arranges the points at which applause, laughter or tears are to be forthCLAIRVAUX, a village in the department of coming, and each claqueur has a special rôle allotted Aube, northeastern France, 10 miles above Bar-sur- to him. Thus in various parts of the theater are Aube, on the left bank of the Aube River. Its placed rieurs, those who laugh at the comic sallies; celebrated abbey was founded in 1115 by St. Ber- pleureurs, those who weep at pathetic passages; nard. It is now transformed into a great prison, bisseurs, who call bis or encore, and so on; while all or house of detention. Population, 1,950. occasionally join in hand-clapping and applause. CLAIRVOYANCE. See SPIRITUALISM, Vol. XXII, pp. 404-407; MAGIC, Vol. XV, p. 205. CLAM, the popular name of various genera of bivalve mollusks, of which the principal are the common hard-shell or little-neck clam (Venus mercenaria)—the Indian quahaug-of, the Atlantic coast of the United States; the long, soft-shelled clam, or megio, known in England as the cob; the fresh-water clam, which properly belongs to the mussels (unios); and the edible giant clam of the South Sea (Tridacna gigas) and the Pacific (Glycimeris generosa), which bears the largest and most beautiful of bivalve shells. CLAMATORES, a group of birds now restricted to the Gallina. The name refers to their crowing or clamoring, which is well illustrated by domestic fowls. The simple singing apparatus, or syrinx, is the chief distinguishing anatomical feature. CLAN-NA-GAEL, THE. See HOME RULE, in these Supplements. CLANWILLIAM, a division of the western provinces, north of Cape Town, South Africa, embracing within its area the rich valley of Olifant River West, with a large stretch of mountain and "karroo on each side. Chief village, Clanwilliam, on Jan Dissels River. CLAP, THOMAS, an American Congregational minister; born in Scituate, Massachusetts, June 26, 1703, graduated at Harvard in 1722, and preached at Windham, Massachusetts, from 1726 to 1739. In the latter year he was appointed president of Yale College. His learning and other qualities eminently fitted him for the position. He made important improvements in its various departments; he drew up a new code of laws, which were adopted by the trustees, and a new charter, which was granted by the legislature; but his religious views led to his resignation in 1765, and he died in New Haven, Connecticut, Jan. 7, 1767. He was the author of The Nature and Foundation of Moral Virtue and Obligation (1765); History of Yale College (1766); etc.—THOMAS CLAP, his great-grandfather, came to New England in 1630, and settled in Scituate, Massachusetts, in 1640. CLAQUE (Fr. claquer, "to clap the hands," or "applaud"), the name given, in France, to an institution designed to secure the success of a public performance or production, by bestowing upon it preconcerted applause, thus giving the impression that it is favorably received. The claque is of great antiquity, but first became a regularly organized and paid body during the time of Napoleon III, in the famous struggle between Mdlle. Georges and Mdlle. Duchesnois at the Théâtre Français. The performances of the claqueurs are CLARE, SAINT, an Italian maiden, born in 1193, of a noble family of Assisi; retired in 1212 to the Portiuncula of St. Francis, and in the same year founded the order of Franciscan nuns that bears her name, and which spread rapidly through Europe. She died Aug. 11, 1253. Two years afterward she was canonized by Alexander IV. Her festival falls on August 12th. CLARE ISLAND. See MAYO, Vol. XV, p. 650. CLAREMONT, a mansion at Esher, Surrey, England, 14 miles S. W. of London; built in 1768, by Lord Clive, at an expense of £100,000, and now the private property of Queen Victoria. It was the residence of the Duke of Albany after his marriage and until his death. CLAREMONT, a manufacturing town of Sullivan County, southwestern New Hampshire, 48 miles N. W. of Concord. There are cotton, woolen and paper mills; also a water-wheel manufactory The town has a large library and a high school. Population 1890, 5,565. CLARENCE, an English ducal title, first conferred, in 1362, on Lionel, second son of Edward III and Phillippa. (See YORK, Vol. XXIV, p. 752; EDWARD IV, Vol. VII, p. 685.) This was also the title of Albert Victor, the eldest son of the Prince of Wales, and therefore heir presumptive to the British throne, who was born Jan. 8, 1864, and died Jan. 14, 1892, upon the eve of his contemplated marriage with Princess Victoria Mary of Teck, who was subsequently married to the Duke's younger brother, George Frederick, Duke of York, July 6, 1893. The CLARENCEUX OR CLARENCIEUX, the first of the two provincial kings-of-arms in England; formerly called Surrey or southern king, because his jurisdiction extended over all the country south of the Trent; Norroy being the name of the northern king, whose jurisdiction was over the country to the north of that river. name of Surrey was changed by Henry V to Clarencieux, in honor of the Duke of Clarence, third son of Edward III. Henry V also instituted a new king-at-arms called Garter, who was made principal king-of-arms, with the two former under him. The duties of Clarencieux are to survey the coats of arms within his province, to register descents and marriages, and to marshal funerals not under the direction of his superior. CLARENDON, a town and the capital of Monroe County, western central Arkansas, on the Cache River, two miles above its junction with the White, on the Arkansas Midland and the St. Louis, South-Western railroads, 55 miles E. of Little Rock. Its industries are the manufacture of lumber and cotton products. Population 1890, 1,030. 816 CLARENDON-CLARK CLARENDON, a small town of Rutland County, | fluid from a turpid condition. southwestern Vermont, on the Otter Creek, and on the Bennington and Rutland railroad, seven miles S. of Rutland; much visited by invalids, on account of its mineral springs, the waters of which are efficacious in skin diseases and kidney complaints. Permanent population, 100. CLARENDON, CONSTITUTIONS OF, a series of ordinances, sixteen in number, made by a council of the nobility and prelates held at the hunting lodge of Clarendon in 1164, whereby King Henry II checked the power of the church, and greatly narrowed the total exemption which the clergy had claimed from the jurisdiction of the secular courts. They defined the limit of the patronage as well as of the jurisdiction of the pope in England, and provided that the crown should be entitled to interfere in the election to all vacant offices and dignities in the church. See ENGLAND, Vol. VIII, p. 372; HENRY II, Vol. XI, p. 657. CLARENDON PRESS, publishing branch of the University Press, Oxford, England. In 1672, before the act of 15 George III, chap. 53, which gave universities a perpetual copyright of the works. published at their presses, Clarendon's History of the Rebellion was issued by the university, the copyright of the work being confirmed to the University by the act. From the proceeds of the first edition of this work the university erected the Clarendon Building, which is used by the Clarendon Press as a publishing department. The issue of Bibles is undertaken by the University Press. See also OXFORD, Vol. XVIII, p. 96. CLARETIE, JULES, whose real name was ARSÈNE ARNAUD, a French author, born at Limoges, Dec. 3, 1840; while a schoolboy in Paris, he published a novel and became a contributor to the journals. His short story, Pierrille (1863), was praised by George Sand, and the novels Mademoiselle Cachemire (1865) and Un Assassin, renamed later Robert Burat (1866), were at once popular. He became one of the most important art and dramatic critics and political writers on the Paris press. During the Franco-German war he acquired the materials for a series of bright and vigorous anti-German books of a historical character, comprising Histoire de la Révolution de 1870-71 (new ed., 5 vols. 1875-76); Les Prussiens chez eux (1872); and Cinq Ans Après: l'Alsace et la Lorraine Depuis l'Annexion (1876). He distinguished himself by his conduct during the siege of Paris. His more important later novels are Madeleine Bertin (1868); Le Train 17 (1877); Monsieur le Ministre (1881); and Le Prince Zilah (1884); Puyjoli (1890); La Cigarette (1890); etc. He gained a firm footing on the stage through his pictures of the Revolution: Les Muscadins (1874); Le Régiment de Champagne (1877); and Les Mirabeau (1878); and Petit Jacques (1885). In 1885 he succeeded M. Perin as director of the Théâtre Français. An English translation of his Life of Camille Desmoulins was published in 1876. He is a member of the French Academy (1888), and was promoted to officer of the Legion of Honor (1886). CLARIFICATION, the process of clearing a Natural waters containing much organic matter are clarified by the addition of a little alum, which is precipitated. with the organic matter, and the water then becomes healthful and refreshing. An addition of cold water to hot coffee, etc., causes a deposit to be thrown down, which clears the solution. CLARINDA, a city and the capital of Page County, southwestern Iowa, on the Nodaway River, on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy and the Humiston and Shenandoah railroads, 62 miles S. E. of Council Bluffs; has a woolen factory and a flour-mill. Population 1890, 3,262. CLARINET OR CLARIONET. See OBOE, Vol. XVII, p. 708. CLARION, a city and the capital of Wright County, northern central Iowa, on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern and the Mason City and Fort Dodge railroads. Wheat, corn, oats and hay are raised in the vicinity. Population, 1, 360. CLARION, capital of Clarion County, central western Pennsylvania, on the Clarion River, and on a branch of the Pittsburg and Western railroad. The village is in the oil region, and the prosperity of the place is much increased thereby. Clarion Seminary is here. Population 1890, 2,164. 66 CLARK, ABRAHAM, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence; born in Elizabethtown, New Jersey, Feb. 15, 1726; died in Rahway, Sept. 15, 1794. By profession he was a surveyor and conveyancer and earned the title of poor man's counselor." He was elected to the Continental Congress, serving from 1776 to 1783, with the exception of 1779, and he had a place in the New Jersey legislature from 1782 to 1787, and from 1787 to 1788 was again in the Continental Congress. Mr. Clark had been called the "Father of the Paper Currency." From 1791 till his death he held a seat in the United States Congress. CLARK, ALONZO, an American physician; born at Chester, Massachusetts, March 1, 1807; was graduated at Williams College in arts (1823), and took his medical degree at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York (1835), where he became professor of physiology and pathology (1848), which he held until 1855, in which year the chair was reconstituted to embrace pathology and practical medicine, Clark holding this chair until 1885. He was dean of the faculty of the college from 1875 to 1885, and was president of the New York State Medical Society. Died in New York City, Sept. 13, 1887. CLARK, ALVAN, an American optician; born in Ashfield, Massachusetts, March 8, 1804; he was a farmer's son, and became an engraver for calico printworks (1827-36), then a portraitpainter, and from 1845 a manufacturer of telescopes. He was the first in America to make large achromatic lenses. He and his sons associated themselves in this particular business, their first great order being received from the University of Mississippi for an 18-inch object-glass, which, however, went to Chicago. The next glass, 26 inches, CLARK 817 assembly five years, served in the United States was made for the Naval Observatory at Wash- ALVAN CLARK. 91), at the age of 17 became interested in reflecting-telescopes. He attempted to make a speculum five inches in diameter, making his own. casting, doing his own grinding, etc., until he so interested his father that the two worked together and succeeded in eliminating the chromatic and spherical aberrations and perfecting a working reflecting-telescope. It was to the aptitude of young George that the house of Alvan Clark and Sons owes its origin and much of its success. He became the mechanician of the firm, and to him fell the task of contriving and experimenting, of designing the models and of bringing to exactitude the essential optical parts of the great instruments produced by the house.-A second son, ALVAN GRAHAM, astronomer; born at Fall River, Massachusetts, July 10, 1832; discovered double stars, was a member of the expeditions which went to Spain to observe the total eclipse of 1870, and to Wyoming eight years later. He received, in 1862, the gold medal from the Academy of Sciences of France for his discovery of the companion star of Sirius. Mr. Clark has invented several improvements in telescopes. In 1894 he completed the 40-inch glass for the University of Chicago, the telescope which cost $500,000, being located at the Yerkes Observatory, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS, an American general; born in Albemarle County, Virginia, Nov. 19, 1752; died in Locust Grove, near Louisville, Kentucky, Feb. 13, 1818. He began life as a landsurveyor and commanded a company of militia in Lord Dunmore's war with the Indians. In 1772 he visited Kentucky and commanded a force of armed settlers there. In 1776 he returned to Kentucky and called an assembly of people at Harrodsburg, June 6, 1776, when Clark and Gabriel Jones were elected to the Virginia assembly. Although not admitted to the legislature, these delegates were received by Patrick Henry and secured the formation of Kentucky. Military posts belonging to the British were frequently the source of Indian hostilities, and in December, 1777, Major Clark attacked the fort at Kaskaskia, which he captured on July 4, 1778; later he took that of Vincennes. He In December, 1780, he went to Richmond to obtain approval from the authorities for his plans for the capture of Detroit, and while there took a command under Baron Steuben to defend VirCLARK, SIR ANDREW, Scottish physician; ginia against an invasion by a British force under born at Aberdeen, Oct. 28, 1826, and educated at Benedict Arnold. In 1781 Clark became brigaAberdeen and Edinburgh. After an exception- dier-general. After an exception- dier-general. In 1782 he gathered a large force ally brilliant career as a student of medicine in and marched against Indian towns on the Miami the latter city, he became assistant to Dr. Hughes and Scioto, five of which were destroyed. Bennet and Dr. Robert Knox, the anatomist, and participated in an unsuccessful expedition against afterward had charge for four years of the patho- the Indians on the Wabash in 1786, and about logical department of the Haslar Naval Hospital. 1794 he accepted a commission as major-general He subsequently settled in London, where he in the French army to conduct an expedition soon acquired a high reputation. He was presi- against the Spanish possessions on the Mississippi, . dent of the Royal College of Physicians, and con- but when Genet, the French minister to the sulting physician to the London Hospital. Dr. United States, who gave him the commission, Clark was the author of numerous essays, lectures was recalled, this was annulled. All of the fertile and reviews, and was well known as Mr. Glad- region northwest of the Ohio River was wrested stone's medical attendant. He was created from the British by the valor of this soldier, yet baronet in 1883, and died Nov. 7, 1893. he died in poverty. The state of Virginia sent him a sword after he became old and poor, but he broke it in pieces, exclaiming, "When Virginia needed a sword I gave her one. She sends me now a toy. I want bread!" CLARK, DANIEL, an American Senator; born at Stratham, Rockingham County, New Hampshire, Oct. 24, 1809. He graduated at Dartmouth in 1834, studied law, was a member of the i ! 818 CLARK-CLARKE CLARK, HENRY JAMES, an American naturalist; born at Easton, Massachusetts, June 22, 1826; was graduated at the University of New York in 1848 and at the Lawrence Scientific School in 1854, where he was adjunct professor of zoology from 1860 to 1863, and afterward held professorships of zoology, natural science and veterinary science in different colleges. He contributed to the Smithsonian reports, to the journals of scientific societies, and published A Claim for Scientific Property (1863); Mind in Nature; or, The Origin of Life and the Mode of Development in Animals (1865); Lucernaria and Their Allies (1878). CLARK, HORACE FRANCIS, an American railroad magnate; born in Southbury, Connecticut, Nov. 29, 1815; died in New York City, June 19, 1873. After graduating at Williams in 1833, Mr. Clark became a lawyer, and won the reputation of being the hardest worker in the profession in New York City. He was twice elected to Congress (1856-61) on the Democratic ticket. In 1857 he became connected with the New York and Harlem railroad as director, and afterward was president or director of a number of important roads. He was a manager of the Western Union Telegraph Company; president of the New York Union Trust Company; a successful operator in Wall Street; and was, one of the citizens who, in 1871, broke the power of the Tweed ring. Commodore Vanderbilt was the fatherin-law of Mr. Clark. CLARK, JONAS, an American patriot clergyman; born in Newton, Massachusetts, Dec. 25, 1730; died in Lexington, Massachusetts, Nov. 15, 1805. After graduating at Harvard, in 1752, he became pastor of a church in Lexington, where he spent his life. Edward Everett said of Mr. Clark that he "rendered services second to no other in enlightening and animating the popular mind on the great question at issue in Revolutionary times." John Hancock and Samuel Adams were at the house of Mr. Clark on the night of April 18, 1775, when Paul Revere took his famous ride and warned them, among others, of the danger at hand. These two men asked Mr. Clark if his "I have trained them for people would fight. "I have trained them for this very hour; they would fight, and if need be die too, under the shadow of the house of God," he replied. The first blood of the Revolution was shed near his house, April 19, 1775, and when he saw the dead heroes he exclaimed, "From this day will be dated the liberty of the world!" CLARK, LATIMER, an English electrical engineer; born at Great Marlow, Buckinghamshire, March 10, 1822, and at the age of 25 commenced railway engineering with his brother Edwin, in connection with the construction of the Britannia tubular bridge over the Menai Strait, afterward publishing a work thereon, entitled A Description of the Britannia and Conway Tubular Bridges. He became engineer-in-chief and consulting-engineer to the Electric Telegraph Company, which position he held until 1870. In 1853 he made exhaustive researches on the subject of underground tele- | | graph wires, in which he was the first to discover the fact that currents of low tension travel as fast as high-tension currents. In 1859 he became engineer to the Atlantic Cable Company, and the following year was a member of the Royal Commission on Submarine Telegraph Cables. In 1861, in a paper read before the British Association, he suggested the now familiar names, ohm, farad and volt as electrical units. In 1875 he was elected the fourth president of the Society of Electrical Engineers, and in his address traced the development of the idea or germ that gave rise to the electric telegraph, and showed that in 1758 a Scotchman named Marshal, or Morrison, of Paisley, had published a clear description of a practicable electric telegraph. Clark originated what is known as "Clark's Standard Cell," and has superintended the submergence of over fifty thousand miles of cable in different parts of the world. Among his works are An Elementary Treatise on Electrical Measurement, for the Use of Telegraph Inspectors, a work that was translated into various languages (1868); Electrical Tables and Formula for Operators in Submarine Cables, in conjunction. with Robert Sabine (1871). His numerous papers, read before scientific societies, are valuable. He was made chevalier of the Legion of Honor. CLARK, THOMAS MARCH, Protestant Episcopal bishop; born at Newburyport, Massachusetts, July 4, 1812. He graduated at Yale in 1831, studied theology at Princeton, and became a Presbyterian pastor in his native town. Afterward he became an Episcopal clergyman, held rectorates in Philadelphia, Hartford, and twice in Boston. In 1854 he was consecrated second bishop of Rhode Island. He published sermons and addresses, and wrote Lectures to Young Men on the Formation of Character; The Efficient Sunday-School Teacher; and Primary Truths of Religion. BISHOP CLARK. CLARK, WILLIAM SMITH, educator;born in Ashfield, Massachusetts, July 31, 1826; died in Amherst, March 9, 1886. He graduated at Amherst, and afterward held professorships of chemistry and botany in that college. He served during the war of 1861-65, and two years after its close he became president of the Agricultural College of Massachusetts. In 1876 he went to Japan, pursuing botanical studies and introducing into the United States new shade-trees and seeds of foreign plants, which proved of value. He was twice elected to the state legislature. As an author Professor Clark contributed many papers on botany and chemistry. CLARKE, SIR ANDREW, an English military engineer; born at Southsea in 1824; educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; entered CLARKE the Royal Engineers in 1844, and became lieutenant-general in 1886. He was aide-de-camp and then private secretary to Sir W. Denison, the governor of Tasmania, and afterward served in both houses of the legislature of that colony. In 1853 he was appointed surveyor-general of Victoria, and, entering the assembly, became minister for public lands, but resigned in 1857 and returned to England. In 1863 he was on special service in the Ashantee difficulties, and in 1864 was appointed director of works of the navy, which office he held until 1873. From 1873 to 1875 he was governor of the Straits Settlements, and then minister of public works in India. After a year as commandant of the School of Military Engineering at Chatham he was appointed inspectorgeneral of fortifications (1882). CLARKE, CHARLES BARON, an English scientist; born at Andover, Hampshire, June 17, 1832; educated at Trinity and Queen's colleges, Cambridge where he was graduated B. A. in 1856. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1858; was elected fellow of Queen's College, Cambridge, in 1857, and was mathematical lecturer there from 1858 to 1865; entered the Bengal educational service in 1866, and became superannuated in 1887. His works include Speculations from Political Economy (1886) and Class-Book of Geography (1889). He is a fellow of the Royal and other societies, and gained repute for his studies in botany. CLARKE, CHARLES COWDEN, AND MARY VICTORIA COWDEN, English authors. Charles was born at Enfield, Middlesex, Dec. 15, 1787, and early imbibed a passion for the theater. After his father's death in 1820, he became a bookseller in London, and soon afterward partner as music publisher with Alfred Novello, whose sister (born 1809) he married in July, 1828. The next year Mrs. Cowden Clarke began her monumental task, the Concordance to Shakespeare's Plays, published, after sixteen years' toil, in 1845. In 1834 Clarke began a twenty years' course of public lectures on Shakespeare and other dramatists and poets, which brought him much celebrity and profit. In 1859 he published Carmina Minora, a volume of original verse, and in 1863 he edited the poems of George Herbert. The joint productions of the pair were an edition of Shakespeare's works, with annotations (1869), Recollections of Writers (1878), and the valuable Shakespeare Key (1879). In 1856 they went to live at Nice, but removed in 1861 to Genoa, where the husband died, March 13, 1877. Clarke alone wrote several novels, volumes of verse and other works. Of these the best known are the Girlhood of Shakespeare's Heroines (1850) and World-Noted Women (1857). Mrs. CLARKE, FRANK WIGGLESWORTH, an American chemist; born at Boston, Massachusetts, March 19, 1847; was graduated at the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard in 1867; was professor of chemistry and physics in Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia (1873-74), in the University of Cincinnati (1874-83), and then chemist to the United States Geological Survey. He has published Specific Gravity Tables (1873); 819 Weights, Measures and Money of all Nations (1875); Tables: Expansion by Heat (1876). He is an unremitting investigator. CLARKE, HUGH ARCHIBALD, an American musician and composer; born at Toronto, Canada, Aug. 15, 1839; studied under his father and at the Canada University, and took the degree of Mus. D. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1866, becoming professor of music therein in 1875. His works include an oratorio, Jerusalem, and a treatise on Harmony. CLARKE, HYDE, English financier and philologist; born in London in 1815; was employed in England as a civil engineer in the improvement of Morecambe Bay, and next in the promotion of telegraph and railway service in Upper India. In 1868 he founded the Council of Foreign Bondholders, whose affairs he administered for some years, and he did much to promote the Anthropological Institute and the Press Fund. His works treat of mythology and comparative philology, especially on the native American languages and their supposed connection with those of the Old World, among them being The Pre-Hellenic Inhabitants of Asia Minor (1864); The Mediterranean Populations from Autonomous Coins (1882). CLARKE, JAMES FREEMAN, an American clergyman; born at Hanover, New Hampshire, April 4, 1810. He was a grandson at of the Rev. James Freeman, pastor of King's Chapel, Boston, who introduced Unitarianism into his congregation. After graduation at Harvard in 1829, and the Cambridge Divinity School in 1833, he became pastor of the Unitarian Church in Louisville, JAMES FREEMAN CLARKE. Kentucky, serving from 1833 till 1840. From 1836 till 1839 he was also editor of the Western Messenger, published in Louisville. Returning to Boston he founded, in 1841, the Church of the Disciples, of which he was the pastor until 1886. This became one of the leading religious institutions of Boston, and its service-book includes responses from the congregation, as in the English service, and extemporaneous and silent prayer. From 1867 till 1871 he was professor of natural religion and Christian doctrine in Harvard, and in 1876-77, lecturer there on ethnic religions. He was an overseer of Harvard, a member of the state board of education, and a trustee of the Boston Public Library. With William H. Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson he prepared the Memoirs of Margaret Fuller d'Ossoli (1852). A large number of works were published by him, and include the following: The Doctrine of Christianity (1844), The Doctrine of Atonement (1845); Eleven Weeks in Europe (1852); Christian Doctrine of Forgiveness of Sin (1874); Orthodoxy: Its Truths and Errors (1866); Self-Culture (1872); Every-day Religion; and Vexed Questions (1886). He died at Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, June 8, 1888. |