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teers.

He was mortally wounded at Buena Vista, dying Feb. 23, 1847.

CLAY, JAMES BROWN, an American statesman, and a son of Henry Clay; born at Washington, District of Columbia, Nov. 9, 1817; educated at Transylvania University, and after a residence in Missouri, studied law, and practiced with his father until 1849, when he was appointed chargé d'affaires at Lisbon. He became proprietor of Ashland upon the death of his father, and was elected to represent his native district in Congress in 1857. He supported the Confederate cause, and died in Montreal, Jan. 26, 1864.

CLAY CENTER, a town and the capital of Clay County, northeastern Kansas, situated on the Republican River, about 125 miles W. of Leavenworth, also on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific and the Union Pacific railroads. It contains a variety of manufactories, and is an important center of trade. Population 1895, 2,723.

CLAY CROSS, a town in Derbyshire, northern central England, 41⁄2 miles S. of Chesterfield, on the Midland railroad, the center of a coal and iron district. Population, 6,879.

CLAYDEN, ARTHUR WILLIAM, an English scientist; born at Boston, Lincolnshire, Dec. 12, 1855; educated at Christ's College, Cambridge, obtaining a foundation scholarship in 1875, and graduating with distinction in natural sciences in 1876. In 1887 he became lecturer in London on the University Extension Schemes of Cambridge and London. He is a fellow of most of the scientific societies, and has contributed important papers to the society journals, including On the Thickness of Shower Clouds (1886); On a Working Model of the Gulf Stream, in which is described an invention demonstrating the wind theory of ocean currents (1889); Note on Some Photographs of Lightning and of "Black" Electric Sparks (1889); On "Dark" Flashes of Lightning (1889). The two latter papers showed that a phenomenon that had long been a scientific puzzle was nothing more than a form of photographic reversal.

CLAY-EATERS. See AMERICA, Vol. I, p. 703; and GEOPHAGISM, in these Supplements.

CLAYMORE. See SWORD, Vol. XXII, p. 801. CLAYS, PAUL JEAN, a Belgian painter; born at Bruges in 1819; studied in Paris under Gudin, and developed a preference for marine subjects. He settled in Brussels, and there received a gold medal in 1851. He has exhibited at the Salon

The Zuyder Zee, near Texel (1877); The North Sea (1876); The Thames, near London (1875); Entrance to Southampton Water (1868); etc. At the Johnston sale in New York City, 1876, A Marine, Dutch Shipping, sold for $3,550. He received secondclass medals at the Paris expositions of 1867 and 1878, was appointed an officer of the Legion of Honor and decorated with the Order of Leopold. CLAYTON, a village and the capital of Bar

gomery. The neighborhood is a fruit and grain growing district. Population 1890, 997.

CLAYTON, a village of Jefferson County, northwestern New York, on the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg railroad, 19 miles N. N. W. of Watertown, and on the St. Lawrence River, at the western end of the region of the Thousand Islands. It is a summer resort, and a place where some boat-building is carried on. Population 1890, 1,748.

CLAYTON, JOHN, an American botanist; born at Fulham, Middlesex, England; emigrated to the United States in 1705, settling in Virginia, where he was clerk for Gloucester County for fifty years, and made a study of the natural history of the colony and a collection of its botany. His articles on the former were published by the Royal Society of London. Linnæus and Gronovius published a Flora of Virginia Exhibiting the Plants which J. Clayton has Collected (1739). Gronovius named a genus of herbaceous plants Claytonia in his honor. He died Dec. 15, 1773.

CLAYTON, JOHN MIDDLETON, an American jurist; born in Dagsboro, Sussex County, Delaware, July 24, 1796; died in Dover, Delaware, Nov. 9, 1856. He graduated at Yale in 1815; became a lawyer; was elected to the legislature in 1824; elected to the United States Senate in 1829° and 1835; was Secretary of State under President Taylor, and served in the United States Senate from 1845 to 1849, and from 1851 to 1856. He acquired a reputation for oratory while in the Senate, his best efforts being the speeches on the Foote resolution, in which he discussed nullification, the argument favoring the paying of French spoliation claims, and his defense of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty (q. v., in these Supplements), and of President Taylor's administration.

CLAYTON, POWELL, an American statesman; born at Bethel, Pennsylvania, Aug. 4, 1833; studied civil-engineering, and was chosen engineer and surveyor of Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1859. On the outbreak of the Civil War, he became lieutenant-colonel of the Fifth Kansas Cavalry, and in 1864 was commissioned a brigadier-general, and honorably mustered out in 1865. After the war he settled in Arkansas and was elected governor in 1866. He was elected to the United States Senate, and sat from 1871 until 1877.

CLAYTON-BULWER TREATY, the name of a treaty entered into between the United States and Great Britain, relating to the establishment of communication by means of a ship-canal between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It received its name from the contracting parties, Sir Henry Bulwer Lytton (afterward Lord Dalling), on the part of Great Britain, and John Middleton Clayton (Secretary of State under Taylor), on behalf of the United States. It was signed at Washington on April 19th, and ratifications exchanged there, July 4, 1860. By it the contracting parties agreed not to erect fortifications on the banks or in the vicinity of the proposed canal, and that they

of which stock exchange business is settled by a combination of stock and cash balances; both remarkably small in proportion to the enormous aggregate of business transacted. See BANKING, Vol. III, pp. 328, 329.

CLEARING-HOUSE CERTIFICATES, certain evidences of value, or of credit, taking the place of money for the time being, and especially used by the Clearing-House Association of Banks. It is one of the developments in banking procedure, whereby the clearing-house combination, or association of banks constituting the clearinghouse, is pledged to maintain the credit of every member of the association. Its beneficial effects will be readily comprehended by stating that if a bank is threatened with a run on its funds, and cannot convert its securities into ready cash to meet the contingency without heavy loss, owing either to the temporary or other depreciation in the value of the securities, or the inability at the moment to convert them into cash because of a possible stringency of the money market, the other banks in or of the association come to the rescue, by the issuance of certificates from the clearing-house, which certificates are good at any bank in the association for their face value, and have the immediate effect of restoring confidence in the minds of depositors. For example, suppose, in the event of a "run" on a given bank, the demand for a million and a half of dollars is made; it would require three tons of gold coin to meet it, involving an immense expense as well as risk; whereas under the system of clearing-house certificates there is a guaranty given that a sum sufficient to satisfy all demands has been deposited, subject to the return on demand, and the entire body composing the Clearing-House Association is pledged to maintain the integrity of the certificate.

The totals of the general proof being daily transferred to the ledger, reference to this is alone necessary to ascertain the dealings of each individual bank, day by day, month by month, and year by year, since it became a member of the association. There is a constant check upon irregularities, as all the banks are under the scrutinizing eye of the clearing-house. Each one of the body fully realizes how greatly expulsion would jeopardize its credit. This latter feature has done much to prevent the undue extension of loans which would inevitably produce weakness and possible disaster. The system originated with F. W. Edmonds, formerly cashier of the Mechanics' Bank, New York City. He planned the issue of clearing-house certificates in 1852, and paved the way for the smooth and successful business management subsequently developed in the banking world.

CLEARING-NUT (Strychnos potatorum), a small tree, a native of India, whose seeds are much used for clearing water. A seed rubbed around the inside of a vessel of muddy water causes the impurities to settle rapidly.

CLEAR LAKE, a sheet of water in Lake County, northern California. It is 24 miles long

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and from 2 to 6 miles broad, and is much frequented by hunters and tourists on account of the various kinds of game which frequent its shores and the fish in its waters. Deer, bears, panthers, and foxes abound. Another lake of the same name is found in Modoc County, in the northeastern part of the same state. It is small and saline, and has no outlet.

CLEAVAGE. See CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, Vol. VI, p. 672.

CLEAVELAND, MOSES, an American general and pioneer; born at Canterbury, Connecticut, Jan. 26, 1754; was graduated at Yale in 1777; practiced law, and was commissioned captain of a company of sappers and miners serving during the close of the Revolutionary War. He was several times elected to the legislature and was commissioned briadier-general of militia in 1796. He was a shareholder in the Connecticut land company which had purchased from the state, for $1,200,000, the land north of the Ohio, reserved to the state by Congress, and afterward known as the Western Reserve. Cleaveland was appointed to survey the land, and selected the site of what became the city of Cleveland; the present spelling of the city named in his honor arising from the fact that in 1830, when the first newspaper was being issued at the place it was discovered that the title chosen, "Cleaveland Advertiser," was too long for the form, to overcome which the editor shortened the first word by one letter, which spelling was adopted by the citizens. Cleaveland died in his native town, Nov. 16, 1806.

CLEAVELAND, PARKER, an American mineralogist; born at Rowley, Massachusetts, Jan. 15, 1780; was graduated at Harvard in 1799, and was appointed, in 1805, professor of mineralogy, chemistry, etc., in Bowdoin College, Maine, which position he held until his death. He was the author of a work, Mineralogy and Geology (1816), which brought him into prominent notice in Europe. He died in Brunswick, Maine, Oct. 15, 1858.

CLEBURNE, a town of Johnson County, northeastern Texas, on the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fé railroad; about 50 miles S. W. of Dallas and 155 miles N. of Austin. The town has a college for young women, handsome public buildings, an ice factory and mills. It had a population of 1,855 in 1880 and of 3,278 in 1890. The growth is due chiefly to agricultural activity.

CLEBURNE, PATRICK RONAYNE, an American soldier; born in Cork County, Ireland, March 17, 1828;killed in the battle of Franklin, Tennessee, Nov. 30, 1864. He early showed a predilection for the army, and enlisted in the Forty-first Regiment of infantry in the English service. After several years in the military service, he came to the United States and located at Helena, Arkansas, where he adopted the profession of law, in which he was succeeding at the commencement of the Civil War in 1861. He enlisted in the Confederate army as a private; contrived the capture of the United States arsenal in Arkansas in March, 1861; was soon afterward promoted from the rank of captain to that of colonel;

town until he reached New York.

Afterward he went to New Orleans and became a pilot on the Mississippi River steamboats. In 1861 he went to Nevada as private secretary to his brother, who had been made secretary of the territory. He engaged in mining in Nevada, and in 1862 became city editor of the Virginia City Enterprise. In 1865 he went to San Francisco, where he was engaged as a reporter on the Morning Call. After experimenting in gold-mining, he resumed his work for the California press, and visited the Hawaiian Islands as newspaper correspondent in 1866. After his return he delivered humorous lectures in California and Nevada, and went to the East, where he published the Jumping Frog, and Other Sketches (New York, 1867). In 1867 he went with a party of tourists to the Mediterranean, Egypt and Palestine, publishing on his return The Innocents Abroad (Hartford, 1869), of which 125,000 copies were sold in three years. For a time he edited the Buffalo (New York) Express, and after his marriage settled in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1870.

In 1872 he lectured in England, and a London publisher issued an unauthorized collection of his writings, in which were published sketches which he did not write. Among his writings are Roughing It (1873); Sketches Old and New (1873); Adventures of Tom Sawyer, a story of boy-life in Missouri (1876); Punch, Brothers, Punch (1878); A Tramp Abroad (1880); The Stolen White Elephant (1882); The Prince and the Pauper (1882); Life on the Mississippi (1883); Huckleberry Finn, a sequel to Tom Sawyer (1885); A Yankee at King Arthur's Court (1889); and Pudd'nhead Wilson (1895). He also wrote, with Charles Dudley Warner, The Gilded Age, which was dramatized in 1879. He is a popular lecturer, and achieved the novel distinction, in 1895, of being challenged to a real duel by Max O'Rell, the French humorist. In 1884 he founded the publishing house of Charles L. Webster and Company, which firm brought out. General Grant's Memoirs. The firm failed in 1894, and to retrieve his fortunes Mr. Clemens started out on a lecturing tour around the world, He turned to the serious side of literature, and achieved as great a success as with his inimitable humor. In a series of articles in the North American Review he critically and trenchantly dissected the laurels of James Fenimore Cooper, showing his novels to be riddled with author's errors and abounding in improbabilities. Next he turned his batteries on Shelley's domestic affairs, and mercilessly flayed the poet's mawkish sentiments and peculiar ideas on morality. His Joan of Arc, which saw the light in the Century Magazine, anonymously, was, in the opinion of many critics, the most appreciative treatment ever accorded to the noble, historic figure of the Maid of Orleans.

Few humorists in the range of literature have drawn more closely to the popular heart, or played more subtly and powerfully upon the sense of the ludicrous inherent in human nature. Yet the finer emotions of pathos and sympathy are no less awakened by the magic influence at Mr. Clemens's

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command. There is, inwrought in his most convulsing extravaganzas, always a touch of intensely human experience, to which the most indifferent sensibilities are compelled to respond, and, while scorning to point a moral in the conventional manner, Mark Twain unconsciously reaches the depths of life and character in his philosophy of laughter and the evident feeling he betrays. CLEMENS ROMANUS. See APOSTOLIC FATHERS, Vol. II, p. 195. CLEMENTINES. See APOSTOLIC FATHERS, Vol. II, p. 196.

CLEMMER, MARY, the maiden name of MRS. MARY HUDSON; q.v., in these Supplements.

CLEOMBROTUS, a Spartan general, son of Anaxandrides, king of Sparta, by his first wife; and, some said, the twin brother of Leonidas. After the battle of Thermopylæ, 480 B. C., he was appointed regent for Plistarchus, the infant son of Leonidas. He died the same year, and was succeeded in the regency by his son, Pausanias, who defeated the Persians near Platæa, in Boeotia, 479, B. C.

CLEOMBROTUS I, king of Sparta, son of Pausanias, and grandson of the former; reigned from 380 to 371 B. C. He commanded the Spartan troops against the Thebans, but was defeated at the battle of Leuctra, where he was killed, after a heroic resistance.

CLEOMEDES, a Greek writer on astronomy. Nothing is known regarding his life or the period when he flourished. His treatise is entitled The Circular Theory of the Heavenly Bodies, and is remarkable as affirming several truths of modern science, such as the spherical shape of the earth, the moon's orbit, etc. Cleomedes's treatise was first printed in Latin in 1498, and the last edition in German in 1832. See LIGHT, Vol. XIV, p. 577

CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLES. See ALEXANDRIA, Vol. I, p. 495; ARCHITECTURE, Vol. II, P. 390; OBELISK, Vol. XVII, p. 703.

CLERC, LAURENT, a French educator; born in La Balme, near Lyons, France, Dec. 26, 1785; died in Hartford, Connecticut, July 18, 1869. When only a year old he fell into the fire, and was so injured that he lost the sense of smell and hearing. Several years later Abbé Sicard took the lad and gave him so good an education that he became a teacher. Rev. Dr. Gallaudet persuaded him to come to America and found an institution for the instruction of the deaf and dumb. This he did, and in 1817 such a school was opened at Hartford, and M. Clerc devoted the rest of his life to this work.

CLERK, JOHN, a Scottish naval tactician and writer on naval tactics; sixth son of Sir John Clerk of Penicuick; born at Eldin in 1728; died May 10, 1812. He prospered as an Edinburgh merchant, and by 1773 purchased the small estate of Eldin at Lasswade, where he devoted himself to etching, to geology, and to the study of the theory and practice of naval tactics. On April 12, 1782, the manœuver, claimed by him as of his invention, for breaking the enemy's line was tried by Lord Rodney upon the French com