COLLINSIA-COLOBUS 865 earliest production. He now entered upon an active | Haven and Hartford railroad, 13 miles W. of Hart. career, devoting himself principally to works of fic- ford. Paper, plows, axes and cutlery are here manufactured. Population, 2,500. WILKIE COLLINS. tion, several of them being first published as serial stories, in Household Words; All the Year Round; the Cornhill; and other periodicals to which he contributed. He formed the acquaintance of Charles Dickens in 1850, and owed much to the help and encouragement of that writer. His bestknown works are Antonina; or, The Fall of Rome (1850); Basil (1852); Hide and Seek (1854); The Dead Secret (1857); The Woman in White (1860); No Name (1862); Armadale (1866); The Moonstone (1868); The New Magdalen (1873); The Law and the Lady (1875); Alice Warlock (1875); The Evil Genius; and The Guilty River (1886). Doubtless the best of these productions was The Woman in White, and the reputation this masterpiece of fiction made for him in England spread rapidly to America and the Continent, until his readers could be found in every civilized country on the globe. The powerful interest of his novels always lay in the mystery that was continued to the end of them, and in the art by which the reader's attention was held fixed and curious through the succeeding chapters. He visited the United States in 1873-74, and the distinguished consideration with which he was received everywhere afforded him great pleasure. COLLINSIA, a genus of handsome plants found chiefly on the Pacific Coast of the United States. They belong to the family Scrophulariacea. Several species are cultivated for the beauty of their flowers. C. verna, of the eastern United States, is a handsome little vernal plant with its upper petals white and the lower blue. It was named in honor of Zaccheus Collins of Philadelphia. COLLINSON, PETER, British manufacturer and botanist; born at Hugal Hall, near Windermere, Jan. 14, 1694; died Aug. 11, 1768. Although he became an extensive manufacturer of hosiery, in connection with which he did a large business with the American colonies, he was distinguished chiefly as a botanist. To him Benjamin Franklin first wrote regarding his theories on electricity, and by him they were read to the British Society, the members of which scoffed at Franklin's, to them, absurd conclusions. He introduced numerous European plants into the United States and many American trees into England. A genus of labiate plants is named Collinsonia, after him. COLLINSONIA, a North American genus of Labiata, of few species, the most common being C. Canadensis, a tall, large-leaved, strong-scented plant, of rich, moist woods, with panicled racemes of pale yellow flowers. Some common names are horsebalm, rich-weed and stone-root. COLLINSVILLE, a manufacturing town of Hartford County, central northern Connecticut, on the Farmington River, and on the New York, New COLLINSVILLE, a city of Madison County, southwestern Illinois, on the Terre Haute and Indianapolis railroad, pleasantly situated in the midst of a fertile agricultural district, 12 miles E. of St. Louis. Louis. Population, 3,498. COLLISION, the act of striking or dashing together. In maritime law, although the term collision is applied to all cases of vessels running foul, technically it only applies to the act of two vessels striking together; when one vessel strikes against another, it is called "allision." In either case, the injured parties have, under the general maritime laws of all civilized nations, a claim against the offending vessel for any damage resulting. See NAVIGATION, Vol. XVII, p. 277; SEAMANSHIP, Vol. XXI, p. 601; and RULE OF THE ROAD AT SEA, in these Supplements. COLLITZ, HERMANN, German philologist; born Feb. 4, 1855, in Bleckede, Germany; studied at Berlin and Göttingen; in 1883 became assistant librarian at Halle, and in that year moved to the United States to take the position of professor of comparative philology at Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania. He has been a prolific writer, both in German and English. Among such of his writings as have attracted the most attention are The Relationships of the Greek Dialects; and Modern Philology and the Explanation of the Changes of the Indo-Germanic Vowel. COLLOID, a name applied by Graham to any soluble substance which, when exposed to dialysis, does not pass through the porous membrane. Starch, gum, albumen and gelatine are examples of colloids. The name is used in contradistinction to "crystalloid." See also DIFFUSION, Vol. VII, p. 217. COLLUSION, a deceitful agreement between two or more persons to defraud or prejudice a third person, or for some improper purpose. The most common cases of collusion occur in arrangements between bankrupts and their creditors, such as payment, by anticipation, to a favored creditor on the approach of bankruptcy, arrangements for granting preferences by circuitous transactions or otherwise. judicial proceedings, collusion is an agreement between two persons that one should institute a suit against the other in order to obtain a judicial decision for some improper purpose. Judgments so obtained are void. In COLLYER, ROBERT, an Anglo-American clergyman; born in Keighly, Yorkshire, England, Dec. 8, 1823. In 1843 he became a local Methodist preacher, and the following year moved to the United States. In 1859 he united with the Unitarian Church and became a missionary in Chicago, Illinois. In 1860 he organized the Unity Church in that city, and in 1861 was a camp-inspector for the Sanitary Commission. After the war he returned to his charge in Chicago. In 1879 he became pastor of the Church of the Messiah, in New York City. In addition to several volumes of sermons, he has published The Life That Now Is; A Man in Earnest; The Simple Truth; Talks to Young Men; etc. COLOBUS. See APE, Vol. II, p. 151. 866 COLOCZA-COLOMBIA COLOCZA OR KALOCSA, a town of southwestern Hungary, situated on the Danube, 68 miles S. of Budapest. It has a cathedral, a college and a gymnasium. Population, 16,302. COLOGNE WATER. See EAU DE COLOGNE, Vol. VII, p. 616. COLOGNE YELLOW, a pigment composed of two parts of yellow chromate of lead, one of sulphate of lead and seven of sulphate of lime or gypsum. COLOMBIA, REPUBLIC OF, known from 1863 to 1886 as the "United States of Colombia," and since 1886 as the Republic of Colombia, the union of nine Central American states-Panama, Cauca, Tolima, Cundinamarca, Boyacá, Santander, Antioquia, the Magdalena and Bolivar. For their geographical position, early history etc., see COLOMBIA, Vol. VI, pp. 152 et seq. The area of the republic to-day is 513,938 square miles, of which 330,756 square miles are north of the equator and the remainder south. The total population is about 4,500,000. A revolution took place in 1885, which changed the system of government, doing away with the sovereignty of the individual states and reducing them to simple departments, their presidents, elected by ballot, being reduced to governors under the direct control of the President of the republic and appointed by him. A new constitution was adopted, Aug. 4, 1886. Under it the legislative power rests with a Congress of two houses, the Senate and House of Representatives. The Senate consists of 27 members, three from each department, elected by the departmental legislatures. The House of Representatives is composed of 66 members, elected by vote of the people, on the basis of one representative for every 50,000 inhabitants. The President is elected by electoral colleges for a term of six years. He has a Cabinet of eight ministers, who are responsible to Congress, but chosen by the President. These ministers are in charge of the departments of the Treasury, Interior, Finance, War, Foreign Affairs and Public Instruction. The judicial authority is vested in a supreme court, composed of seven judges, appointed by the President, and holding office during good behavior, removable only by impeachment by the Senate; the district courts and circuit courts, appointed by the President upon the nomination of the supreme court. In each municipality there are as many judges as the municipal council may determine. The Congress assembles every two years; its members are elected for four years. Suffrage is limited to those male citizens who are able to read and write or who have an income of five hundred dollars a year or real estate worth fifteen hundred dollars. In each department there is a legislative body, known as the departmental assembly, composed of one deputy for each twelve thousand inhabitants, elected by direct vote of the citizens. This assembly convenes every two years in the capital of its department. Each department is divided into municipal districts, in charge of a municipal council, at whose head is the alcalde, the official representative of the governor. The only department whose government is in any way different from the system explained is Panama, which is ruled directly by the national gov ernment. The republic maintains a standing army of 5,500, with a reserve force of 120,000. Numerous schools have been established, which have an attendance of about 300,000. A national university has been established, which includes four colleges, with 1,083 students in attendance. In all of the cities, libraries have been founded, and some valuable collections are the result. At Bogotá, the capital, a city of 120,000 inhabitants, is the seat of an astronomical observatory at an elevation of 8,600 feet above sea-level. The Roman Catholic is the state religion, but freedom in religious belief is constitutional. Almost all Colombians embrace the state religion. The uncivilized Indians are idolaters. The greatest industry of the republic is mining. The production of gold amounts to about $3,000,000 annually; that of silver, $1,250,000 annually. The unhealthy climate of the interior, where the mines are located principally, prevents active operations that would probably result in greater outputs. Saltmining and the refining of the salt-waters of a number of springs is one of the greatest sources of revenue to the government. Agriculture engages the greater part of the population. The articles exported include coffee, cotton, tobacco, cacao and hides. Very little manufacturing is done. In some departments cattle-raising is engaged in to a great extent. In 1893 the exports amounted to $10,124,189, and the imports, $9,375,080. The national debt of the republic is about $35,000,000, made up as follows: Foreign debt, $12,000,000; domestic, $23,000,ooo, including the paper money in circulation. The estimated revenues for 1895-96 were $18,148,600, while the expenditures, it was estimated, would be $18,163,368. The principal sources of revenue, in addition to the customs duties, are from the salt-works, Panama railroad, stamp tax and slaughter-house tax. All deposits of rock-salt are the property of the nation. Legal-tender bills have been issued by the government through the National Bank of Colombia. The peso is the legal tender. In commerce with foreign nations the peso varies in value as does the 10-real peso; the 8-real peso is used in the republic. According to the ruling of 1892 of the United States Treasury, the peso is valued at $0.692. Other coins are the silver real, 2-real and 1⁄2-real; the nickel 14 cents, 21⁄2 cents and 5 cents; gold condor and double condor. The value of the condor is $9.647 in United States money. The metric system of measurement is in use. The kilogram is the standard weight, equal to 2.2 pounds avoirdupois. In 1892 there were 218 miles of railroads in the republic, and in 1894, 6,835 miles of telegraph. Diplomatic relations are maintained with the principal nations of the world. Since 1887 an extradition treaty, with all the usual provisions of such treaties, has been in force with the United States. It is required by law that all foreign companies shall register their charters with the notary of the district in which the business is to be conducted. All firms must have a representative living in the republic, and a fixed office. The great Panama canal is within the jurisdiction of Colombia, and, when finished, will be of the greatest commercial importance to the republic. COLOMBO-ROOT-COLONIAL SOCIETIES COLOMBO-ROOT, the root of Jateorhiza columba of East Africa, a twining plant of the family Menispermacea. From the root is obtained a mild tonic. It is also written "calumba" and "columbo." COLON, a department in the northeastern part of Honduras, extending from the Cuero River (long. 87° 10') to the Rio Segovia, from the Caribbean Sea to the departments of Yoro and Olancho. Its surface in the western part is very broken, and is traversed by many lofty ranges of mountains. In its eastern part are large fertile plains, well adapted for agriculture and the raising of fruit and cattle. On the coast are several lagoons of considerable extent. Area, 7,000 square miles; population, 15,000; capital, Truxillo, with 2,500 inhabitants. COLONEL, the chief officer of a regiment in the United States army, ranking next below brigadiergeneral and first above lieutenant-colonel. In Great Britain regimental colonels are general officers who have had a regimental command given to them as a reward for long service, and virtually as an honorary retirement. Under this system, except in the artillery and engineers, the position is a sinecure, the real commander being the lieutenant-colonel. In 1888 it was decided to discontinue these appointments as soon as those who have a vested right to succeed to them have been satisfied, and it has been decided that no officer shall obtain the rank of colonel except by brevet, or on being selected for certain appointments carrying with them that rank. In the German, Austrian and Russian armies, where the regiments are very large, the colonelcies are mostly honorary posts, held by members of royalty and other distinguished personages. In the United States the pay of a colonel varies, according to length of service, from $3,500 to $4,500. The pay of the British colonel is equivalent to $5,000. COLONIA DO SANTISSIMO SACRAMENTO, a port of Uruguay, or Banda Oriental, capital of the department of Colonia. It is situated on the left bank of the Plata, about one hundred miles above Montevideo, the capital of the state. It is one of the oldest towns on the Plata, and has one of the best harbors on that estuary. It has considerable trade with Argentine, and with points in Uruguay. Population 1892, about 3,000. COLONIAL ANIMALS OR COMPOUND ANIMALS. These terms are applied to groups or colonies of animals which have originated from a single ovum. The individual which develops directly from the ovum produces the others by processes of incomplete budding or fission, so that the individual animals remain more or less intimately united. Examples of colonial animals are found among the protozoa, sponges, corals, hydroids, worms, bryozoa and ascidians. Many colonial forms exhibit polymorphism or physiological division of labor to a greater or less degree. COLONIAL COLLEGE, a British industrial school for training young men, preparatory to sending them to some of the British colonies. The institution is located at Hollesley Bay, Suffolk, England. Instruction is given in all branches of manual training, agriculture, surveying and veterinary science. 867 COLONIAL OFFICE, that department of the executive branch of the government of Great Britain which has to do with the relations of the crown government with colonial dependencies. The chief officer is the Colonial Secretary, who is ex officio a member of the Cabinet, and whose appointment is political, the holder of the office changing with the changes in the government. The Colonial Secretary nominates the governors of colonies, subject to the ratification of the crown. All enactments of colonial legislatures are brought before him for approval or disapproval. All diplomatic relations of the colonies is governed by him. See MINISTRY, Vol. XVI, p. 473. COLONIAL SOCIETIES. Under this head are included those organizations of descendants of men who took some part in the American Revolution, or who were of active service in the founding of the colonies. The general intent common to all these societies is the perpetuation of the memory of colonial history and the memory of the men who helped make that history. The first of the colonial societies was the Society of the Cincinnati, organized in May, 1783, by the officers of the Continental army, then encamped on the Hudson. There were a number of French officers in the army at the time, and the society was organized in part, as stated in the constitution of the society, "to perpetuate. . . the mutual friendships which have been formed." Thirteen states formed societies, and one was organized in France. At the time, the privilege of membership was confined to all Continental officers in good standing and all officers of the French auxiliaries. Honorary membership was granted all signers of the Declaration of Independence. Membership to-day descends to the eldest son, with the same conditions of inheritance as restricts the heirs to the English crown. There were, in 1895, eight state societies, and in 1893 the roll showed a membership of 499. Similar were the purposes of the founding of the Society of Tammany, or Columbian Order; but the organizers, to some extent, were moved by a spirit of jealousy of what they termed the "aristocratic tendencies" of the Society of the Cincinnati, and also were inspired by political designs. The political phase soon was in the ascendency, and the organization of to-day is purely a political one. It was founded in 1789, in New York City. It never spread beyond the city. The Sons of the Revolution, organized in 1876, in New York City, was the first of the dozen or more general colonial societies. Membership is confined to male descendants of any military or naval soldier and civil official of the thirteen original states who took some part in the Revolutionary struggle from 1775 to 1783. In 1895 there were 27 state societies, with a membership of 5,151. The Sons of the American Revolution was founded in New York in 1889. Its purposes and rules are 868 COLONIAL SYSTEM-COLORADO the same as those of the Sons of the Revolution. In 1895 there were 30 societies, in as many states, with a membership of 5,492. The Naval Order of the United States was instituted at Boston in 1890. The rules limit mem bership to officers of the United States navy who have taken part in some of the wars of the United States. Lineal descendants of the Mayflower Pilgrims organized, in 1894, the Society of Mayflower Descendants, at New York. The purpose of the society is to preserve the records of those who came to America in the Mayflower on its first voyage in 1620. The descendants, over 18 years of age, of any of those passengers, and of all who signed the famous compact, are eligible to membership. The Society of Colonial Wars was organized in 1892, and includes in its membership the male descendants of all who took any part, civil or military, in the founding and subsequent growth of the colonies from 1607 to 1775 The Military Order of Foreign Wars was founded in 1895. It includes the descendants of all soldiers of the Revolutionary War, the war of 1812, the Mexican War and the war with Tripoli. The Colonial Dames of America, Daughters of the Revolution, Daughters of the American Revolution and United States Daughters are organizations of women, and include the female descendants of all those Colonial and Revolutionary soldiers and men. of civil prominence that are remembered in the constitutions of the male societies. These societies have all been organized since 1890. The Daughters of the Revolution, founded in 1891, had, in 1895, societies in 32 states. The Daughters of the Ameri- | can Revolution, founded in Washington, District of Columbia, in 1890, had 42 societies and a membership of over ten thousand in 1895. The United States Daughters was instituted in 1892. Its membership includes descendants of veterans of the War of 1812. The Colonial Dames of America was founded in 1893. It has 13 societies. COLONIAL SYSTEM, a term applied to the regulations of the commercial maritime relations between a home government and its colonies. The phrase was used almost exclusively with respect to Great Britain. The establishment of free trade between the colonies and all countries has ended all such legislation. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries these laws and regulations, known in Great Britain as Navigation Acts, played an important part in bringing about some of the wars of those periods. The American Revolution was in part brought about by the enforcement of those regulations. At that time the struggle for commercial supremacy was at its height. Deeming the colonies to be solely for the benefit of the mother-countries, it was enacted by the European maritime nations that all exports and imports of the colonies should be carried in vessels belonging to the parent-country, and all trade must be carried on with that parentcountry exclusively. These rules, while intended to encourage trade, prevented it. Until the middle of the eighteenth century it had been the custom of a nation at war to throw open the ports of its colonies to the vessels of neutral nations. But in 1756 England took the stand that such neutral vessels as engaged in trade with the colonies of an enemy were no longer neutral, and were to be considered a part of the shipping of the enemy, and therefore lawful prey. Shortly afterward, in order to avoid complications that constantly were arising, England took the still bolder stand that a neutral vessel that had taken a cargo at the port of an enemy, although it afterward touched at a neutral port and reshipped its cargo, was under the rule, and liable to seizure; in other words, that the voyage from the colonial port homeward was to be considered continuous. It was not until 1849 that the navigation acts were repealed; but before that time their provisions were no longer put into effect. While to England is given the credit for many of the maritime laws in relation to the system, Spain carried to the farthest extent the restricting of colonial trade. See also SHIPPING, Vol. XXI, pp. 827, 828. COLONIAL WARS, SOCIETY OF. See COLONIAL SOCIETIES, in these Supplements. COLONIZATION SOCIETY, THE AMERICAN, a society organized in 1816 by Bishop Meade of Virginia, Rev. Dr. Finley of New Jersey, Charles F. Mercer of Virginia, and others, for the purpose of transferring negroes from the United States and colonizing them in Africa. It was intended not only for the good of the negro, but also to relieve the South of the burden of the free negro population. The first president of the society was Bushrod Washington. Henry Clay was for many years president of the society. The first colonists, consisting of 86 persons, were sent in 1820 to the west coast of Africa, where they founded what in 1847 became the Republic of Liberia. The society merged into the abolition party in 1831, and its practical work terminated soon after the emancipation of the colored people of the United States. COLONNA, CAPE (ancient Sunium Promontorium), a headland of Greece, forming the southmost point of Attica. Its summit, crowned by the ruins of the temple of Minerva, rises 270 feet above the water. Sixteen white marble columns, from which the cape derives its name, are still standing. See FALCONER, WILLIAM, Vol. IX, p. 4. COLONSAY AND ORONSAY, two islands of the Argyllshire Hebrides, 16 miles N.N.W. of Port Askaig, in Islay, separated from each other by a sound 100 yards wide, and dry at low-water. Colonsay, which rises to a height of 493 feet, is 16 square miles in area; Oronsay, only 3. On the latter are a sculptured cross and a fourteenth-century Augustinian priory, with some curious effigies; whilst in the former are standing stones, a bone cave, Colonsay House (1722), and an obelisk to the memory of the lawyer, Duncan McNeill, Lord Colonsay (1794-1874). Near the center of the island of Colonsay is the beautiful Loch Fad. See also HEBRIDES, Vol. XI, p. 607. COLOPHONY, a gum. See Rosin, Vol. XX, p. 852. COLORADO, the thirty-eighth state admitted to the Union, lies nearly midway between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Slope, and at nearly an Supplements.) Iron exists in great masses in many parts of the state, and is of the best quality. Bessemer steel has been produced at Pueblo for the past ten years; and the mills of that city, which is termed the Pittsburg of the West, turn out large quantities of the best quality of all kinds of iron made. The supply of copper, zinc, silica, cement, gypsum, onyx, kaolin and all kinds of valuable clays is beyond computation, as is that of an innumerable variety of commercial and manufactural minerals. The coal-fields of the state cover an area of almost forty thousand square miles, and the best anthracite and bituminous coal has been found in veins of equal distance between British Columbia and Mex- | try in Colorado. (See CRIPPLE CREEK, in these ico. It is popularly called the "Centennial State," from the date of its admission, 1876. The area is 104,500 square miles, or 66,880,000 acres, of which about 26,000,000 acres are mountain lands, the remaining 40,880,000 acres mesa and valley lands. The climate is equable, and from the high altitude of the greater part of the state, dry and very agreeable, and beneficial to invalids, especially to those suffering with lung diseases. The average temperature, covering a period of five years, as recorded by the United States Signal Service, was as follows: January, 26.8°; February, 34.8°; March, 39.4°; April, 49°; May, 57.6°; June, 66.8°; July, 72.2° August, 69.2; September, 62.4°; October, 50°; November, 35.8°; December, 35.8°. The average number of cloudy days in a year is not more than forty. Health-resorts are numerous in the mountain regions, and mineral and thermal springs abound. For a number of years the state has led in the production of the precious metals; almost every OLORAD great thickness, easy of access. Every town and city of the state has coal within close reach, and the mining is attended with small expense. The first record of the amount of coal produced was in 1873, when 69,977 tons were mined. In 1891 this had increased to 3,358,496 tons. The parks of the state are great natural gardens, composed of broad, level valleys, once the beds of inland lakes or seas. The four largest of these, with their approximate area and elevations, are given as follows: STATE SEAL OF COLORADO. known mineral is found within its borders, and mining has always been the chief occupation of the people. There are thousands of producing mines scattered throughout the length and breadth of the state, lodes of silver and gold seaming almost every mountain. There are also immense deposits of argentiferous lead ores, and for more than a decade the state has produced from forty to fifty per cent of the entire lead output of the whole country. One mine located at Leadville has yielded over $158,000,000 since its discovery. Of gold and silver alone Colorado has produced since 1859, $407,588,028, the increase each year over the preceding one being very marked. In 1872 the amount taken from the mines was $3,740,000, which had increased in 1892 to $32,342,571. The output of some of the gold-mines of the state has been little short of marvelous, the Robert E. Lee producing $118,500 worth of ore in 17 hours. On the opening of the Minnie mine at Leadville it was estimated that there was in sight $10,000,000 gross. In the early days of gold-mining the main work was done in placers, the only equipments necessary being the shovel, gold-pan and sluice-box, and in this way over $10,000,000 were taken during the first ten years of work. Subsequently, mines were sunk in the ground to varying depths, some being worked with profit as deep as 1,900 feet. Notwithstanding the rapid advances being made in agriculture and manufacturing, mining bids fair to continue to be the chief source of wealth for many years. The discovery of gold in the Cripple Creek district opened up one of the richest gold-fields in the world, and gave a new impetus to the mining indus The soil of Colorado is so fertile that the possibilities of production are limited only by the watersupply. About 34,560,000 acres are arable and accessible to water. Early recognizing the importance of irrigation, efforts were put forth to inaugurate a system of canals so that the arable lands might have the advantages of the moisture denied by summer rains. Reports made in 1893 show that there were then in operation 12,400 miles of irrigatingcanals, reclaiming 4,800,000 acres of otherwise arid land, and of this amount one half was then under cultivation, the remainder awaiting settlement and tillage. The leading crops, in the order of their importance as cultivated, are wheat, oats, alfalfa and potatoes, while rye, barley, tobacco, corn, fruits and hay are produced in great quantities. Garden vegetables give an enormous yield, and the small fruits are prolific to a high degree. Sorghum, buckwheat, navy beans, broom-corn, hops, sugar-beets, hemp and flax are also grown. Maximum results attained at the State Agricultural College have been: Wheat, 91 bushels per acre; rye, 52 bushels; oats, 102 bushels; Irish potatoes, 400 bushels; barley, 72 bushels; and corn, 67 bushels, shelled. Alfalfa leads all of the agricultural products of the state in tonnage and value. It affords the best of forage for stock and can be cut during every month of summer. For hay it is unexcelled, and yields from four to six tons per acre. The great strides made in stock-raising and farming generally are in a great measure due to the advantages derived from this plant, which flourishes at all altitudes below seven thousand feet. The climate is well adapted to fruit |