growing, and vineyards give generous yields of unsurpassed quality. Among the leading fruits are peaches, apples, pears, plums, cherries, nectarines and apricots, while among the small fruits are the blackberry, gooseberry, currant, raspberry and strawberry. The average orchard in full bearing gives profits as high as $500 per acre, and strawberries return a revenue of from $200 to $300 per acre. Large vineyards have given an average of $400 per acre for several seasons in succession. The value of the agricultural products of the state for 1894 was estimated at $75,000,000, and the fruit output for the same year amounted to $3,000,000; the woolclip reached 12,000,000 pounds, valued at $3,000,ooo; and the potato crop was 150,000 tons, valued at $3,000,000. Cattle, horses, sheep and hogs are widely raised throughout the state. The total value of all kinds of live-stock in 1892 was given as $11,418,000. A profitable industry as yet in its infancy is that of dairy-farming. Bee-culture has also received much attention, the conditions for success being so advantageous as to invite the agriculturist to engage in it. The annual production of honey is now in excess of 500,000 pounds.

In 1891 the state had 640 manufacturing establishments, employing 19,621 hands, turning out products of the value of $70,027,854, and paying in wages $12,951,763. The city of Denver alone had 315 of these manufactories. A great part of the manufacturing is in connection with the mineral products of the state, the leading industries being brass-works, lead-works; foundries and machineshops, making engines, boilers and mining machinery; iron-works, building materials, tin, sheet-iron and copper works, flouring-mills, furniture, etc.

Building-stone of the very best quality is found in abundance in many parts of the state, and, in addition to its use in Colorado structures, has been used in the construction of some of the principal buildings of Chicago, St. Louis, Omaha, Kansas City, Salt Lake City and various other places. Marble of the best quality and of all colors, in great quantities, has been found, and is extensively quarried. Petroleum has been discovered in several localities. In and near the town of Florence there are 27 producing wells, aggregating about 1,100 barrels per day, the entire product being refined at Florence.

The numerous railway systems in Colorado form a network of lines throughout the state, the total trackage in 1894 being 4,355 miles, assessed for taxation at $30,428,444. All of the different lines center in the city of Denver, making that place the greatest railway point west of Kansas City. The telegraph and telephone mileage in 1894 was 5,751, with an assessed valuation of $455,306.

In 1893 the school population of Colorado was 116,119, and the total value of school property, $5,790,770. From the general government the state received 3.500,000 acres of valuable land for school purposes, and from the sale of less than one third of this a permanent fund has arisen, now amounting to over $1,000,000. Since the admission of the state into the Union in 1876 there has been expended on the common schools alone an amount approximating $16,000,000. This does not include the State Uni

versity, Agricultural College, School of Mines and the State Normal School, all of which are state institutions, and well sustained by legislative appropriation. The first-named of these is located at Boulder, the second at Fort Collins, the School of Mines at Golden and the State Normal School at Greeley. Other institutions of learning are the University of Denver, the Colorado College, at Colorado Springs; the Westminster University of Colorado, at Denver; the Presbyterian College of the Southwest, at Del Norte; the Longmont College, at Longmont; the Tillitson Academy, at Denver; St. John's College and Wolfe Hall, at Denver; and the Jesuit College of the Sacred Heart, at Highlands. There are numerous other institutions of learning and private schools of varied character, and in great numbers. The educational exhibits at the World's Fair received 29 prizes from the bureau of awards. There are 30 public libraries in the state, with about 64,000 volumes. The state institutions include the Industrial School for Boys, the Industrial School for Girls, the Insane Asylum, the Mute and Blind Institute, the Penitentiary, the Reformatory and the Soldiers and Sailors'

Home. The new capitol building, which was completed and occupied in 1894, cost more than $2,250,ooo, and is one of the finest structures of its kind in the West.

Woman suffrage prevails in Colorado, having been adopted in the election of 1893 by a majority of about 5,000 votes.

In 1894 the total assessed value of all property was $208,905,279.

The state stands thirty-first in population, the census of 1890 showing 404,468 whites, 7,730 colored, 1,083 Indians and 612 Chinese, a total of 412,198. The census of 1880 gave the population as 194,327; that of 1870, only 39,864.

The principal cities of the state are Denver, the capital; Pueblo, Colorado Springs, Leadville, Highlands, Aspen, Boulder, Cañon City, Durango, Cripple Creek, Salida, Ouray, Central City, Grand Junction, Fort Collins, Georgetown, Colorado City, Longmont.

The following is a list of the governors, with their respective terms of office:

Territorial. William Gilpin, 1861-62; John Evans, 1862-65; Alexander Cummings, 1865-67; A. Cameron Hunt, 1867-69; Edward M. McCook,

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State. John L. Routt, 1876-79; Frederick W. Pitkin, 1879-83; James B. Grant, 1883-85; Benjamin H. Eaton, 1885-87; Alva Adams, 1887-89; Job A. Cooper, 1889-91; John L. Routt, 1891-93; Davis H. Waite, 1893-95; Albert W. McIntire, 1895-97; A. Adams, 1897. See COLORADO, Vol. VI, pp. 161-163. COLORADO, a city and the capital of Mitchell County, northwestern central Texas, on the Texas and Pacific railroad, on the Colorado River, 70 miles W. of Abilene. It contains very extensive manufactories of salt and soda. Population 1890, 1,582. COLORADO COLLEGE, situated at Colorado Springs, Colorado. It is a non-sectarian, co-educational institution, founded in 1874, and in 1896, under the presidency of W. F. Slocum, Jr., the principal educational institution of Colorado. Full collegiate courses are offered here, both in the classics and the sciences. The opportunity for scientific

COLORADO COLLEGE.

study is such, however, that it is expected that in time the school will be prominent in that direction. In 1895 there were 300 students of both sexes in attendance, with a faculty of 30 and a library of 20,000 volumes. The productive funds of the institution amounted to about $160,000 in 1895.

COLORADO DESERT, a very arid district in southern California, the whole length of which is traversed by the Southern Pacific railroad from San Bernardino on the north to Yuma on the south. The northern portion is known as Coahuila Valley and the southern as the Yuma Desert. The southern portion has the hottest climate of any point in the United States, the thermometer registering, during the summer months, as high as 134° F. The Coahuila Valley, it is thought, was formerly a part of the Gulf of California. A large portion of it lies below the level of the sea. The accepted theory is that the formation of the delta of the Colorado River cut off this valley from the Gulf of California, and the outlet of the river changing its position, the valley was left in its present unwatered condition.

COLORADO SPRINGS, capital of El Paso County, Colorado, a popular health-resort, 65 miles from Denver, and situated in the midst of the most beautiful scenery. It is only ten miles from Pike's Peak, whose commanding eminence towers above the landscape, and it is accessible by several lines of railroad. It is the seat of Colorado College.

tourists and invalids, lying at the very foot of Pike's Peak, and between the two towns lies the famous valley known as the "Garden of the Gods." In Manitou, mineral springs abound, the scenery is picturesque beyond description, the climate is clear, and, alike to the scientific observer and the sojourner in search of health, this district offers every element of attraction. Population of Colorado Springs 1890, II, 140. The estimate for 1896 is over 16,000.

COLORADO, UNIVERSITY OF, a co-educational institution, the State University, situated at Boulder, Colorado, 28 miles N. W. of Denver. It was organized in 1877, and is supported by state taxes. In addition to the regular collegiate courses, instruction in law and medicine is given. The medical department is known as the Denver Medical College. The president in 1896 was James H. Baker. There were, in 1895, 70 in the faculty, 475 students and a library of 12,000 volumes. Since its organization, 333 have been graduated.

COLOR-BLINDNESS, a peculiar defect of sight, in which those who are affected are incapable of distinguishing different colors. To some, objects. seem to be either light or dark, but gray is most usual. Others cannot distinguish either the primary colors from each other or from the secondary, confounding red with blue, blue with green, etc. The first class is rare, the second common. A distinguished chemist, Dalton (q.v., Vol. VI, p. 784), who himself suffered from color-blindness, was the first to draw attention to it, and hence the affection is frequently called Daltonism.

COLORED METHODIST CHURCHES. See METHODIST CHURCHES, in these Supplements.

COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY. See PHOTOGRAPHY, in these Supplements.

COLOR-PRINTING. Previous to May, 1895, printing in colors was a tedious and expensive process, involving an amount of patience and skill only appreciable by those familiar with the work. In that month there was marketed a commercially successful method of color-printing in three impressions, producing the effects previously obtainable only by a score or more of printings. The process can be used for all sorts of illustrations produced by photography and printing. The principle involved is, that if three photographs of a thing be taken respectively in red, blue and yellow light, and a plate be made from each photograph by some photomechanical process, the plates may then be printed in their appropriate color, one on top of the other, thus producing a print in the three primary colors of nature, and producing a combination involving all the colors of the original. The theory was understood as early as 1865, but the obstacles to successful execution were so numerous that many inventors gave up the problem after years of study. The results now obtained are not quite perfect, owing to the difficulty of securing exact shades of ink, and to the changes in color incident to printing one color on top of another, instead of blending them in, as nature does. Nevertheless the pictures made are vastly better than any previous three-color printings. The plates for the three negatives are color-sensitized by means of

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three different dyes, each of which absorbs one third of the spectrum and reflects the other two thirds. In photographing, color-screens are used to assist in absorbing those rays which are not wanted for a particular plate. From the three photographs three half-tone electrotypes are taken-one for printing in each color. The plate from which the red and blue light was excluded in photographing is printed in yellow, the plate from which the yellow and red light was excluded is printed in blue, and the plate from which the blue and yellow light was excluded is printed in red. The result is a theoretically accurate reproduction of the scene in its natural colors.

once.

C. H. COCHRANE.

COLOR-WHEEL. The Maxwell color-wheel is a device designed to aid in the exact definition and determination of colors. It consists of a set of colored cardboard disks, mounted so that they may be rotated rapidly. The disks are colored in vermilion, mineral-orange, light chrome-yellow, emerald-green, ultramarine-blue, black and white, and being made circular, they are mounted centrally upon the same axis. A straight slit is cut in each disk from the outer edge to the center, so that any other disk in the set | can be pulled partially through the slit and made to overlap the top disk. In this way it is possible to exhibit a fraction of any or all of the color-disks at Then by rapidly rotating the disks by means of a belt-mechanism, the colors shown are blended into one. In use, if it is desired to determine the exact constituents of a shade of purple, the operator will overlap his red and blue and whirl the disks. If there is too much red, he will alter the disks and try again, and so on until he hits the same shade. He then stops the wheel and looks at a chart placed circumferentially in the rear of the disks, and is able to read off the percentages of his standard colors that go to make up the shade of purple he desires to match. He may telegraph this information to some distant place, with the certainty that the recipient, who understands the system, will be able to duplicate the color for him as accurately as he himself reproduced it on the color-wheel.

In connection with this color-wheel there has been prepared a table of typical colors, which are reproduced readily. For instance, cyan-blue is shown in the table to be composed of 21 parts white, 46 parts green and 33 parts blue; and mauve is produced with 47 parts white, 6 parts yellow, 9 parts green and 38 parts blue. These typical colors can all be reproduced exactly by any one having the table and the color-wheel, and thus it is now possible, in many kinds of business, to order special colors without sample, with a certainty of accuracy never before obtainable.

service as a civil engineer in the Public Works Department. While in India from 1871 to 1883, he was much interested in the connecting of British India with Siam and China. He made several exploring expeditions in the interest of that project. In 1883 he went to China as special correspondent of the London Times, and attracted attention by his letters and commercial suggestions. He again entered the India service in 1885, and until 1889 acted as deputy commissioner in Upper Burma. He was transferred to South Africa in 1889 and until 1891 took an active part in the colonization of Mashonaland, during his last year of residence there acting as chief magistrate of the colony. He was pensioned in 1893. Mr. Colquhoun has published valuable accounts of his travels in India, China and Africa. These descriptions are included in his books: Across Chrysee (1882); Among the Shans (1883); and Matabeleland, and Our Position in South Africa (1893).

COLQUHOUN, PATRICK, a British writer on political economy, and a practical reformer; born at Dumbarton, Scotland, March 14, 1745; died in London, April 25, 1820. He became provost of

Glasgow in 1782, and a police magistrate in London in 1792. He was a merchant and manufacturer of muslin.. He was the author of Police of the Metropolis (1795); Population, Wealth, Power and Resources of the British Empire (1814); Commerce and Police of the River Thames (1800); and System of Educa tion for the Laboring People (1806).

COLQUHOUN, SIR PATRICK (MACCHOMBAICH DE), British diplomat and jurist; born April 13, 1815; died May 18, 1891. He was graduated at St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1837, and was called to the bar in 1838. From 1838 until 1864 he was engaged as follows: For the Hanseatic republics, as commercial representative to Greece, Turkey and Persia, from 1838 to 1844; councilor to the King of Saxony in 1857; councilor of the Duke of Oldenburg; in 1858 a member of the supreme judicial council of the Ionian islands, and in 1861 chief justice of that court, holding office until 1864. He was knighted in 1861, and upon his return to England was appointed a member of the Inner Court Temple and one of her Majesty's counsel. He published a number of treatises on various subjects; among them, The Supreme Court of Judicature Acts of 1873-75 (1875); Russian Despotism and Ruthlessness (1877); A Concise History of the Order of the Temple (1878); and a Summary of Roman Civil Law (1860).

C. H. COCHRANE.

COLQUHOUN, ARCHIBALD Ross, a British civil engineer and colonial commissioner; born at sea, off the Cape of Good Hope, in March, 1848. He is a son of Dr. Archibald Colquhoun of the East India Company. He received his education both in Scotland and on the Continent. He entered the India

a major; was elected to Congress as a Democrat in 1852, serving one term; a member of the state legislature in 1859; Presidential elector in 1860 on the Breckenridge ticket. He was a member of the Georgia secession convention, and served on the Confederate side throughout the Civil War, entering as chaplain, but at its close holding the rank of