Rhyme and Reason of Country Life (1854); and Mt. Vernon to the Children of America (1858). Her works, though little read at the present day, had merits of their own, and showed considerable power of observation and a pleasing, cultivated style. She died in Cooperstown, New York, Dec. 31, 1894.

COOPER, THOMAS, an Anglo-American scientist; born in England in 1759. He studied law in England, and then went to France, where he took a course in chemistry. In 1795 he moved to the United States and practiced law in Northumberland, Pennsylvania. In 1811-14 he was professor of chemistry in Dickinson College, and in 1816-21 held a similar position in the University of Pennsylvania. From 1820 to 1834 he was president of the College of South Carolina. Mr. Cooper published many works on political and scientific subjects, and died in America in 1840. COOPER, THOMAS, an English political agitator; born in Leicester in March, 1805, the son of a poor widow. He was bred a shoemaker, opened a school in Lincoln, joined the Wesleyan Methodists and became a local preacher. In 1839 he went to London to enter upon journalism, but found little success. Returning to Leicester, he joined the standards of CHARTISM (q. v., Vol V, p. 433), and was as fiery in utterance as Feargus O'Connor. Indicted and acquitted for arson following a riot at Hanley, in Staffordshire, in 1842, he was subsequently convicted of seditious conspiracy and imprisoned for two years in Stafford jail. Here he composed an epic in Spenserian stanza, The Purgatory of Suicides, full of force, and not without merit. On his release he still meddled in politics, but the firebrand utterances were gone. He lectured on political and social subjects; was an atheist for ten years, but returned to belief and the Baptists. W. E. Forster, Samuel Morley and a few friends saved his last years from want by an annuity of $500. In 1882 he published his autobiography, of personal interest, rather than literary merit. He died in Lincoln, July 15, 1892.

CO-OPERATIVE BANKS. See BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS, in these Supplements. COOPERSTOWN, a pleasant village and the capital of Otsego County, southeastern central New York, on the Cooperstown and Charlotte Valley railroad, named for the novelist James Fenimore Cooper, who once resided here. It lies at the south end of Otsego Lake. An academy, a hospital and an orphan asylum are located here. Population 1890, 2,657.

COOSA, a river of the southern United States, formed at Rome, Georgia, by the junction of the Etowah and Oostanaula rivers; thence it flows westward into Alabama, then southward, and with many windings reaches the Tallapoosa River, with which it unites to form the Alabama, in the eastern central part of the state. Length, about 350 miles. COOS BAY, a large inlet in the coast of southern Oregon, in Coos County. Its entrance is just northeast of Cape Arago, lat. 43° 20' 38" N., long. 124° 22' 11" W. The bay receives the waters of

911 | the Coos, Milticoma, and several smaller rivers. The surrounding country is elevated and densely timbered, and on its south side are large beds of Tertiary lignite coal.

COPAIBA, BALSAM OF. See BALSAM, Vol. III, p. 293.

COPAIS, the ancient name of Lake Topolias, a body of water in Boeotia, eastern central Greece. Its size varies with the seasons; in summer it almost entirely disappears. It receives the waters of Mavro Potamos (Cephissus), and discharges its waters through natural and artificial subterranean channels. The lake owes its existence to the fact that these channels cannot always carry away the waters which the Mavro brings down. It was anciently famous for its eels.

COPE, CHARLES WEST, an English painter; born in Leeds, Yorkshire, in 1811. His paintings are chiefly of a historical nature, but he also executed some valuable domestic pieces. He frescoed the peers' corridor in the Houses of Parliament. He became a Royal Academician in 1848, and professor of painting to the Academy in 1867. Among his notable paintings are Hagar and Ishmael (1836); The Cotter's Saturday Night; Edward the Black Prince Receiving the Order of the Garter (1845); and The Last Days of Wolsey, painted for Prince Albert. His plate of The Life Class is considered one of the finest English etchings. He died at Bournemouth, Hampshire, Aug. 21, 1890.

COPE, EDWARD DRINKER, an American naturalist; born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, July 28, 1840. His great-grandfather, Caleb Cope, protected Major André from a mob in 1775; his grandfather, Thomas PymCope, established a line of ships across the Atlantic, and founded a great linenhouse in Philadelphia. On his retirement the business passed into the hands of his sons, Henry and Alfred, under the firm name of Cope Brothers, and Edward Cope was the son of the latter. His early education. was acquired at Westtown Academy and the University of Pennsylvania. He studied comparative anatomy in the Academy of Sciences. in Philadelphia, and then spent the years 1863-64 in study in the universities of Europe, returning in 1864 to accept the chair of natural science in Haverford College, which he resigned in 1867. Meanwhile he became palæontologist to the United States government surveys under Hayden and Wheeler, discovering more than one thousand new species of extinct and recent vertebrates. 1869 he was called to the chair of geology in the University of Pennsylvania. He became a member of the National Academy of Science, was vice-president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1884 and its president

In

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in 1896, and of many other scientific societies in America and Europe. The Bigsby gold medal was conferred on him in 1879 by the Geological Society of Great Britain. A graceful writer, he contributed some four hundred papers to the literature of science, for the most part in favor of the doctrine of evolution, being a strong advocate of the Neo-Lamarckian school. (See HEREDITY, in these Supplements.) He is the senior editor of the American Naturalist. Among his published works on paleontology are History of the Cetacea of the Eastern North American Coast (1866); Systematic Arrangement of the Extinct Batrachia, Reptilia and Aves of North America (186970); Extinct Vertebrata of the Eocene Formations of Wyoming (1873); Tertiary Vertebrata (1885); The Batrachia of North America (1889); The Snakes and Lizards of North America (1896); and of evolution: On the Origin of Genera (1868); Hypothesis of Evolution, Physical and Metaphysical (1870); Evolution and Its Consequences (1872); The Origin of Will (1877); Origin of Man and Other Vertebrates (1885); The Energy of Life Evolution, and how it has Acted (1885); The Origin of the Fittest (1886); and The Primary Factors of Organic Evolution (1896).

COPEHAN INDIANS. See California Indians, under INDIANS, Vol. XII, p. 826.

COPELAND, RALPH, astronomer royal for Scotland and professor of practical astronomy in the University of Edinburgh. He was born at Woodplumpton, Lancashire, in 1837. He determined early to devote his life to astronomy, and studied at the University of Göttingen, becoming assistant to the late Professor Klinkerfuss at the observatory there. He assisted Earl Rosse in his astronomical observations. Since 1876 he Since 1876 he has been connected with Lord Crawford's observatory at Dun Echt. In order to observe properly the transit of Venus, he visited Mauritius and Jamaica. He also traveled extensively in Peru and Bolivia, in which countries he pursued his observations and scientific studies, frequently at heights exceeding fourteen thousand feet.

COPEPODA. See CRUSTACEA, Vol. VI, p. 664. COPPÉE, FRANCIS EDOUARD JOACHIM, sometimes known as François Coppée, a French author; born in Paris, Jan. 12, 1842; educated at the St. Louis Lyceum, and employed in his early years. on the clerical staff of the French war department. His first laurels were won as a poet, and while young. Romantic verse for recitation soon made him famous. Then he turned to the theater as affording a wider scope for his talents, writing several popular dramas. Napoleon III took an interest in him, and appointed him one of the librarians in the Luxembourg Palace. In 1878 he was chosen archivist of the Comédie Française, was elected to the French Academy, Feb. 24, 1884, and in 1888 was made an officer of the Legion of Honor. Coppée has published several volumes of poems, prose sketches and romances. Among his most successful plays may be mentioned Le Passant (1869); Fais ce que Dois (1871); Le Luthier de Crémone (1877); La Guerre de Cent

Ans (1878); Madame de Maintenon (1881); Les Jacobites (1885). His collected plays were published in four volumes in 1886.

COPPÉE, HENRY, an American educator; born in 1821. He was educated at Yale and West Point, graduating in 1839 and 1845, respectively. He served as an officer of artillery through the Mexican War, and received the brevet of captain for gallantry. From 1850 to 1855 he was assistant professor of geography, history and ethics at West Point, and from 1855 to 1866 was professor of English literature in the University of Pennsylvania. From 1866 to 1875 he was president of Lehigh University, and than exchanged the presidency for the professorship of history. From 1874 till his death he was regent of the Smithsonian Institution. He published many works on scientific and other subjects. His last literary work was Life of General George H. Thomas. He died March 21, 1895.

COPPERHEAD (Ancistrodon contortrix), a venomous serpent of the rattlesnake family, found in eastern North America. It possesses no rattles. The name refers to the bronze-colored head. The body is reddish brown above, with dark-brown transverse stripes and scattered spots; below, it is flesh-colored and spotted. Like its allies, it is viviparous. The term copperhead had a political significance during the stormy period of the Civil War. From the stealthy advance of the copperhead-snake, which, unlike the rattlesnake, gives no notice of its approach, the word was applied to the Northern sympathizers with slavery, secession and the South, who by secret organizations endeavored to impede the due prosecution of the war. It had an earlier use in the same sense, having first been applied to the Indians, and later to the Dutch colonists.

COPPERMINE RIVER, a stream in Canada, which enters a bay of the Arctic Ocean, northeast of the Great Bear Lake, after a course of about 300 miles. See also HEARNE, SAMUEL, Vol. XI,

P. 551.

COPPER-MINING IN THE UNITED STATES. The copper-production in the United States in 1895 amounted to 386,453,850 pounds, and was chiefly confined to five or six states and territories.

Montana came first, with a production of 194,768,925 pounds; Michigan second, with 129,740,765 pounds; Arizona third, with 48,399,403 pounds,-a production for the two states and territory of 372,909,093 pounds, which is over 96 per cent of the entire output.

The United States is by far the largest producer of copper in the world, and possesses at least two of the greatest copper-mines in the world, the Anaconda of Montana being the first in size and the Calumet and Hecla of Lake Superior the third in size and importance in the world. The second place is held by the Rio Tinto mines of southern Spain, which produced about 50,000,000 pounds in 1895.

Of the United States ores, the richest in quality are those of Arizona, being oxides yielding about

ten per cent of metallic copper, and are easily reduced. The Montana ores yield about seven per cent of copper and a large amount of both silver and gold.

The Lake Superior ores are chiefly of native copper, and nearly pure, but the cost of production is not materially less than the Arizona or Montana ores.

Notwithstanding the general depression throughout the commercial world, the copper output in the United States in 1895 exceeded that in 1894 by about 30,000,000 pounds, and the market price of copper remained firm, even showing some advance. These facts are owing to the large extension of the uses into which the metal is coming. The chief demand is for electrical uses and appliances; but, besides this, there has been an increased demand for the brass and yellow-metal trade, as well as for the manufacture of weapons and cartridges, and in ship-building.

COPPER OR CUIVRE RIVER, a stream of eastern Missouri, which rises in Audrain County, flows southeast and empties into the Mississippi, 50 miles above St. Louis. It flows through a fertile, undulating, agricultural and forest district. It is 130 miles long, and affords considerable motive power.

COPPER OXIDE CELL. See ELECTRICITY, 105, in these Supplements.

COPTIC CHURCH. See EGYPT, Vol. VII, pp. 728, 748, 749; see also ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, Vol. XX, p. 631.

COPTIC LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. See EGYPT, Vol. VIII, p. 721.

*COPYRIGHT. The article on COPYRIGHT, Vol. VI, pp. 356-367, brought the subject of protection to the reproduction of literary and art work down to 1877, and since that time the subject of international copyright has entered upon new phases, as well in Europe as in the United States. This is the only important part of the legislative system that needed much modification, and it was the one through which the greatest injustices were wrought. While most European states were well disposed to accord protection to pure mental productions, without regard to boundary lines, differences of speech lowered the value of such protection, except as to translations and dramatic, musical and art works, without the author's consent. Between the United Kingdom and the United States the condition of affairs was quite different, for together they comprised the largest reading constituency using one

* Copyright, 1897, by The Werner Company.

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speech in the world. It has generally been represented that the United States most obstructed provisions for fair adjustments, owing to an enthusiasm there for cheap books, obtained in whatever way, a respect for protective principles of trade and the peculiar greed of American publishers. There is no real ground for this invidious distinction between the two countries. If piracy was not equally common, it was because literary fecundity was greater in Great Britain than in America, and her authors enjoyed the wider celebrity. That insular realm thought no good could come out of the Transatlantic Nazareth, and when it did come, publishers were more careful to suppress the knowledge of its origin than to forego the profits of its reproduction. American books were garbled, their scenes and names changed until they had the appearance of British authorship, and American authors were compelled to witness the filching, not only of their property, but of their renown.

For years there were prolonged discussions on this subject in literary and secular papers on both sides of the sea, and repeated essays were made by both nations to come to some agreement on a reciprocal basis by treaty, but if the American publisher wished to get his literary wares for nothing, England, too, was reluctant to be just without compensation. So long as the publishers could influence their governments, all treaty negotiations were doomed to failure. The British publisher wished the American market opened to his expensive three-volumed editions without competition, and would approve of no copyright which would not secure him that boon. On the other hand, the American publisher was perhaps no less reluctant to be obliged to pay royalties on books that he heretofore had obtained freely by piracy. It is true that Parliamentary statutes made provision for copyright reciprocity, and the legislation of the United. States did not. But it gradually became manifest that nothing would be accomplished by negotiation, and that the solution of the problem must be sought in Congressional legislation alone.

A movement began in 1878, in Paris, to promote greater security for authors and artists, and its promoters took the name of the Literary and Artistic International Association, and after seven years succeeded in organizing, at Berne, Switzerland, the International Copyright Union. The Berne conference of 1885 comprised representatives from Britain, Germany, France, Spain, Switzerland and Sweden and Norway, and it drafted a convention which gradually extended to Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Denmark and Mexico, and it now regulates the copyright reciprocity of those nations.

An act of Congress approved on the 3d of March, 1891, committed the United States to reciprocal international copyright, and went into operation on the following July 1st. Among the causes contributing to the revolution in a policy that had lasted for a century, the most potent