COQUELIN

916

COQUILLA-NUTS-CORDER

in Tabarin, Isidor in Le Testament de César Girodot,
Frederick in Erckmann-Chatrian's L'Ami Fritz,
and Basil in Le Barbier de Séville. Like his elder
brother, he has made several valuable contribu-
tions to the literature of the French stage.-The
son of Coquelin Aîné, JEAN COQUELIN, has also
distinguished himself as an actor. Born Dec. 1,
1865, he was destined for the stage from his ear-
liest years.
Attached to the Comédie Française,
he has frequently, and with much success, filled
the rôles so famous by his father's creation of
them.

COQUILLA-NUTS. See NUT, Vol. XVII, p. 665; and ATTALEA, in these Supplements. COQUIMBO, a province and city of central Chile. The province is bounded by Aconcagua on the south and Atacama on the north, with the Andes and the sea on the east and west. Its area is 12,905 square miles; population 1888, 176,344; capital, Lerena. The city is on the coast, about the middle of the province, seven miles S. W. of Lerena, and separated from it by a bay. It has smelting-works, a large trade in copper and ores. Its industries are principally hay-raising, coppersmelting and cattle-raising. The country is of little use for agriculture, except where irrigated. Population, 8,440.

COQUIMBO OWL. See BURROWING OWL, in these Supplements.

port, Iowa, where he lived for 14 years. He entered the banking business, with considerable success; returned to New York a rich man in 1865 and started the banking business of Austin Corbin and Company. A trip to Long Island with a sick child showed him the natural advantages of its shores as an outing-place for millons. Obtaining control of the principal one of its then isolated and badly managed roads, he planned a system of future purchases to bring all its railroads under one management. The consummation of his plans occurred only in the year of his death. He built the first railroad from Brooklyn to Coney Island, and was instrumental in erecting the first of the large hotels there. His New Hampshire estate of twelve thousand acres was his favorite hobby, and its forests and lakes became in his hands a hunter's paradise. He was killed in a carriage accident, June 4, 1896.

CORCORAN, WILLIAM WILSON, an American banker; born in Georgetown, District of Columbia, Dec. 27, 1798. His father was an Irishman who settled in Georgetown, where he occupied several minor local offices. For a time the son attended Georgetown College, but at the age of seventeen became a clerk

COQUINA. See ST. AUGUSTINE, Vol. XXI, in the dry-goods and auc

p. 158.

tion store of his two older

CORAL ISLAND AND REEFS. See POLY- brothers. In 1828 Mr. NESIA, Vol. XIX, pp. 418-421.

CORALLIGENA OR SEA-ANEMONE. ACTINOZOA, Vol. I, pp. 129-131.

CORALLINES, a name given to a highly organized group of Red Alge with branching bodies, and so incrusted with carbonate of lime that the plant becomes very hard and of a coral-like appearance. As a consequence of this structure, they occur in a fossilized condition. Common genera are Corrallina, Lithothamnion and Lithophyllum.

Corcoran had charge of

See the real estate held by the WILLIAM W. CORCORAN. United States Bank and the Bank of Columbia in the District of Columbia, and continued their agent until 1836. In 1835 he was married to Miss Louise A. Morris. It was in 1837 that Mr. Corcoran began his career as banker and broker in Washington, and in 1840 formed a co-partnership with the late George W. Riggs. The firm reached a high reputation and attained to great wealth after many risks and a perilous escape from disaster. In 1854 Mr. Corcoran retired from the banking business, and began to give much of his time and attention to objects of benevolence. Oak Hill, the Louise Home and the Corcoran Gallery of Art are among his creations, together with many gifts to colleges, seminaries and charities to the extent of several millions. He died in Washington, District of Columbia, Feb. 24, 1888. CORCYRA, the ancient name of CORFU; q. V1, Vol. VI, p. 396.

CORBET, RICHARD, an English poet and bishop; born at Ewell, Surrey, 1582. He was educated at Westminster School, Broadgates Hall (now Pembroke College), and Christ Church, Oxford. He took orders, and already had enjoyed preferments at Cassington and Stewkeley, as well as a prebend in Salisbury, when, in 1620, he was made dean of Christ Church. In 1624 he was appointed to the see of Oxford, and translated to that of Norwich in 1632. Corbet's poetry reflects the genial temper and wit for which he was famous. His longest work is Iter Boreale, an account of the holiday tour of four students, written in a light, easy strain of descriptive humor; the best, as well as the best known, is the Fairies' Farewell. He died in Norwich, July 28, 1635.

CORBIN, AUSTIN, an American capitalist and financier, was born in Newport, New Hampshire, July 11, 1827, graduating from the Harvard Law School in 1849. After practicing law in his native town for a while, in 1851 he removed to Daven

CORDER, FREDERICK, a British musical composer; born in London, England, Jan. 26, 1852. He showed a strong inclination for music from his earliest years, and, released from business by the failure of a firm, he entered the Royal Academy of Music at the age of eighteen. Here, in eighteen months, he won the Mendelssohn scholarship, and was sent to Cologne to pursue his studies. In four years' time he returned to England as conductor at the Brighton Aquarium. In the judgment of Sir George Grove, he is one of

CORDILLERAS-COREA

His

the foremost of rising young composers. romantic opera, Nordisa, is the most popular of some twenty published works.

917

As above stated, there are two distinct shells upon each butt, separated, except in case of asses and mules, by a strip four to six inches in width, lengthwise of the backbone. In area each shell contains from three to five square feet, according to the size of the animal. The remainder of the butt, in its nature and in its products, is identical with that of the so-called fronts.

CORDILLERAS (Sp., "chain of mountains "), a term occasionally used of the mountains in the region west of the great plains of North America, and frequently of the Andean chain of South America. See AMERICA, Vol. I, p. 678; Andes, Vol. II, p. 15; ECUADOR, Vol. VII, p. 644; PERU, Vol. XVIII, p. 672; HONDURAS, Vol. XII, p. 131; MEXICo, Vol. XVI, p. 215; PARAGUAY, Vol. XVIII, p. 243; and UNITED STATES, Vol. XXIII, p. 793. CORDITE. See GUNPOWDERS, in these Sup- the Yellow War. In 1894 China and Japan beplements.

CORDOVAN LEATHER is largely manufactured in Germany, Scotland, and in more recent years in America. It is produced from the skins or hides from horses, asses, mules and colts.

COREA (CH'AO-HSIEN Or KAOLE). In addition to the description given under COREA, Vol. VI, pp. 390-394, a more extended knowledge has been gained of the statistics, people and topography of the " Hermit Kingdom" by the events of

came involved in hostilities from their conflicting
claims to regulate the affairs of Corea. In 1876
Corea had concluded a treaty with Japan, in 1882
with China (Trade and Frontier Regulations) and
the United States, in 1883 with Germany and
Great Britain, in 1884 with Italy and Russia, in
1886 with France, and in 1892 with Austria. An
overland trade convention has also been con-
Icluded with Russia. In these treaties Corea was
treated with as an independent state, and by virtue
of them, Seoul and the three ports of Jenchuan,
Fusan, and Yuensan were opened to foreign
commerce. In 1894 violent internal disturb-
ances occurred. The Coreans, split into Chinese
and Japanese factions, and appealed to each power
for aid. When China sent troops to quell the
riots, Japan protested against a violation of the
treaty of 1876. Then Japan landed five thousand
men on the west coast, June 3, 1894, under the
pretext of escorting the Japanese minister in
safety from the country. The army having seized
strategical positions, the Mikado's ambassador,
Mr. Otori, made a demand for five immediate
reforms in Corean affairs. China demanded the
withdrawal of the Japanese troops, invoked in
vain the aid of Russia, but secured an appeal by
the European representatives for mutual conces-
sions. Then the Japanese seized the Corean
king, July 23d, and compelled him to appoint
Tai Wen Kun as regent. Hostilities began with
a naval engagement in Prince Gerome Gulf, July
25th, and a sea battle between cruisers, on the same
date, off Fontao Island. In each case the Japanese
were victorious. The formal declaration of war
was made August 1st, and by the 26th of the
same month Mr. Otori had concluded a treaty
of alliance between Japan and the Corean govern-
ment. Then the "Yellow War," as it has been well
termed, began in good earnest on land.
whole burden fell on Li Hung Chang, the Viceroy
of China. His army was not one quarter the
strength of the Japanese. Deficient and anti-
quated in equipment, with poltroons for com-
manders, the land forces were on a par with a
navy crippled by the resignation of all the Eng-

The process is as follows: After removal of the hide from the animal it is customary to cut it into two parts, measuring from the root of the tail 18 inches forward on the backbone. The hide is cut, at right angles to the backbone, directly across; the part so cut off is termed a "butt,' and as such becomes a distinct article of commerce. The forward part of the hide is termed a "front," and is used, after being divided on the line of the backbone, for various purposes, principally, after being tanned, for use as gloveleather, or, blackened, to be used in the tops of shoes. These fronts are tanned so as to be finished on the grain side. The thinness of the shoulder and flanks renders this leather not altogether desirable for many purposes. The grain of the fronts, however, is particularly fine, and by careful manipulation can be made to closely represent that of genuine kangaroo. As a substitute for the latter it finds ready sale for shoe purposes. The butts, after undergoing a special tanning process, tending to produce a pliable and at the same time non-stretching leather, are passed through a splitting-machine which removes the grain, or hair side, revealing what is termed the "shell." This shell is found to lie on either side of the backbone, never, except in mule-hides, extending over the backbone. In appearance it is. almost black, the line of demarcation being distinct and vivid between it and the other portions of the butt. In nature, the shell is exceptionally close-fibered, and makes, when properly blackened and finished, a leather impervious to water, and so smooth and pliable that it is used only in the manufacture of fine shoes for both men and women. The term Cordovan leather, in trade circles, applies to the product both of the tanned fronts and tanned butts, but is especially used in connection with the term galoshes, meaning the vamps or boot-fronts cut from the shell of the butt. There are few, if any, other than the above-named ani-lish engineers (in accordance with neutrality procmals whose hides present this peculiar region or so-called shell. In form it is elliptical, and extends well back upon the hips of the animal, and forward, covering the region of the vital organs which are not protected by the ribs.

Its

lamations), and commanded by cowardly mandarins. Under Field-Marshal Count Yamagata the Japanese soon landed 10,000 troops at Fusan, 3,000 at Gensan, near Port Lazareff, and 30,000 at Chemulpo. To oppose these, some 30,000 Chinese

918

CORENTYN-COREOPSIS

The present ruler of Corea is Ni-Kung (Li-Hi in Chinese), born in 1852, succeeded to the throne in 1864, and is the twenty-ninth in succession since the founding of the present dynasty. The constitution may be briefly described as follows: The king is an independent sovereign, but his power is limited by the cabinet, which originates laws for the king's ratification. The central government consists of nine departments, each presided over by a minister of state. The eight old provinces have been abolished, 23 pu, or counties, subdivided into 336 kün, or districts, being substituted. Revenue is derived from the land tax, the maritime customs and the sale of ginseng.

An embryo army of 2,000 men is under Japanese instructors, a naval school has been formed, with English instructors, and a police force of 1,500 men organized under a special depart

troops were concentrated at Wiju, whence, with | Russia, and in consideration of an increased war some reinforcements, they were marched 100 indemnity, Port Arthur was evacuated by the vicmiles southward to confront the victorious tors. Japanese at Ping Yang. In this vicinity strategic movements and skirmishes occurred for some time, generally resulting in favor of the Japanese. The Japanese commanders were graduates of the first military schools of Germany, the soldiers armed with modern rifles, and the entire army drilled in European methods. To confront these were venal and ignorant mandarins, supported by a barbarian horde, more suited, as to arms and equipment, for an encounter with crusaders of a long past age. On September 16th, the Japanese, attacking the Chinese lines at Ping Yang in front, at the same moment that a second column came into action on the flanks and in rear, routed their opponents with terrific slaughter. The Chinese loss was over 16,000, as against a Japanese casualty list of 30 killed and 270 wounded. Four Chinese generals, many thousand rifles, immense military stores and three million dollars fell into the victors' hands. Disaster on sea followed the next day, and at the sea fight of the Yalu River the Chinese navy was almost entirely destroyed or captured. The only vessel which did fight in earnest for the honor of the Flowery Kingdom was, it may be said, commanded by an American graduate of Annapolis. After the capture of Ping Yang and the whole of the Chinese invading force, the Japanese marched to invade Manchuria. Victorious at Wiju, and carrying Hu-Shan by vigorous assault on October 25th, the Japanese columns marched through Manchuria and proceeded to invest Port Arthur. Here the demoralized remnants of the Chinese army made a desperate stand, until panic-stricken by repeated assaults, and, deserted by their commanders, they fled in disorder, and Port Arthur fell on November 22d into the hands of the Japanese, with 80 guns and immense stores.

With the fall of Port Arthur the reserves of Japan were called to the colors, and a second army mobilized and landed on the Chinese coast, near Kinchow, in the Gulf of Liao. Marching through Manchuria, in the direction of Ninchang, though retarded by the severe cold, the Japanese fought at Kungwasai, on December 19th, the most stubbornly contested battle of the war. Four charges were necessary to carry the Chinese works, and these cost the Japanese 450 men. The victors advanced to To Chung Su and occupied a position of great strategic value, preparatory to a march on Pekin in the spring. On February 16th the naval station of Wei-Hai-Wei fell into the invaders' hands, and China hurried a peace embassy to Tokyo to beg for terms. By the treaty of Shimonoseki, signed April 17, 1895, and ratified at Chefoo, May 8th, the independence of Corea was proclaimed and declared, and the southern part of the Chinese province of Feng Tien, being the part of Manchuria occupied in the war, was ceded to Japan, with a war indemnity of 200,000,000 kuping taels (i.e., $150,000,000). Formosa was also ceded to Japan. At the request of

ment.

The total value of the trade at the three ports was, in 1894: Imports, $5,843, 189; exports, $3,456, 140; the imports, consisting of cotton goods, chiefly shirtings and muslins, $2,379,980; woolen goods, $45,009; metals, $164,060; sundries, $3,253,340; the exports, beans, $515,310; cowhides, $329,440; rice, $1,210, 150. The export of gold, which is found in considerable quantities in the country, but is not well worked, was $749,699 for 1890. The number of vessels entering from foreign countries in 1894 was 1,313 (mostly junks), of 365,301 tons.

Transportation in the interior is by horses and oxen. A telegraph line runs from Seoul north to the Chinese frontier, connecting with the line to Tientsin, and another line runs south from Fusan, connecting with the cable to Japan. The legal currency is the copper cash, together with the newly minted silver dollar, silver 20-cent piece, nickel 5-cent, copper 5-cash and brass 1-cash. The new coinage in circulation is totally inadequate, and is supplemented by the Mexican dollar and Japanese yen, both of which are legal tender.

CORENTYN, a river of Guiana, South America, separating the British and Dutch possessions. It rises in the Acara Mountains and flows generally northward, emptying into the Atlantic at long. 57 W.

It has four large cataracts, the lower two being of great beauty. It is about 500 miles long, and is navigable for vessels of light draft for 150 miles.

COREOPSIS, a large genus of the family Compositæ, abundant in North and South America and in South Africa. The involucre is double, the rays are mostly yellow and the flat akenes (fruits) have generally two or three teeth or awns, but not barbed, as in the closely related Bidens. The species are generally known as "tickseeds," and several of them are cultivated on account of their showy flowers. The most common cultivated form is C. tinctoria, the common Coreopsis or Calliopsis of the gardens, with the large yellow rays brownish purple at base,

251.

CORFIELD-CORNELL

also prevented waste of steam, so that many of the
earlier Corliss engines were sold for the price of the
fuel they would save in a given time, which amounted
to as high as $4,000 for one engine in one year. In
1844 he founded the Corliss Steam Engine Com-
pany, which grew to be, long before his death, the
most extensive steam-engine manufactory in the
world. Mr. Corliss was a member of the Rhode
Island legislature from 1868 to 1870, Centennial
Commissioner in 1872, and was a Republican Presi-
dential elector in 1876. He received numerous
high honors for mechanical achievements. He died
at Providence, Rhode Island, Feb. 21, 1888.
also STEAM-ENGINE, Vol. XXII, pp. 507, 512.
CORNACEÆ, a small family of dicotyledonous
plants, chiefly trees and shrubs, of the northern tem-
perate regions. The most common genera of the
United States are Cornus, whose numerous species
are called "cornals" or "dogwoods"; and Nyssa, the
"tupelo," "pepperidge," or "sour gum tree."
fruit is a drupe or berry, and in some cases edible.
CORN-APHIS (Aphis granaria), a plant-louse
which is often injurious to corn and wheat crops.
See WHEAT, Vol. XXIV, p. 535.

See

The

919 or even brownish throughout. See Vol. XII, p. | improvements in steam-engines, by which uniformity of motion was secured by the method of connectCORFIELD, WILLIAM HENRY, an English phy-ing the governor with the cut-off. This arrangement sician and sanitary expert; born at Shrewsbury in December, 1843. Studying medicine, hygiene and natural science, he took many honors and degrees, was appointed professor of hygiene and public health at University College, London (1869), and has written Dwelling Houses: Their Sanitary Construction and Arrangement (1879); The Treatment and Utilization of Sewerage; and The Water Supply of Ancient Roman Cities. He is chairman of the Council of the Sanitary Institute of Great Britain. CORINTH, the capital of Alcorn County, northeastern Mississippi, and the most prominent city of the northern part of the state, is situated on the Memphis and Charleston and the Mobile and Ohio railroads, about 93 miles from Memphis, Tennessee. During the Civil War it was occupied successively by the Union and Confederate armies, being regarded by the commanders of the contesting forces as a point of the greatest strategical importance. After the battle of Pittsburg Landing, the Confederate army fell back upon Corinth. On May 30th following, General Beauregard evacuated the place, and it was taken possession of by the Union army under General Halleck. The command of the district was intrusted to Gen. W. S. Rosecrans, who made his headquarters at Corinth. On the night of October 3d of the same year, the place was attacked by the Confederate army under General Earl Van Dorn, consisting of the forces commanded by Generals Lovell, Price, Villepigue, Rust and others, and numbering, in the aggregate, about thirty thousand men. The attack was repulsed, but on the succeeding morning Van Dorn renewed hostilities, directing the movements of his army in person. For a brief period success crowned the efforts of the Confederates, but finally they were hurled back, and before noon were in full retreat. They were pursued by the commands of Generals Hurlbut and Ord, but ultimately escaped beyond the Hatchie River. Their losses amounted to 1,423 killed, and 2,225 wounded and prisoners. The Union army sustained a loss of 315 killed, 1,812 wounded and 232 missing. Since the close of the war, Corinth has experienced a substantial and permanent growth. It now contains ten churches, schools and other institutions of learning, several weekly papers, many stores, and manufactures of lumber, woodenware, brooms, etc. Population 1890, 3,000.

CORINTH SHIP CANAL. See CANAL, in these Supplements.

CORINTO, a port of the department of Chinandega, western Nicaragua, 12 miles by rail S. of Chinandega City. It is on a fine harbor, and consequently has an important trade. In the year 1893-94, its exports amounted to 3,642,997 pesos, over two thirds of which was coffee. Pacific Mail steamers touch here. Population, about 2,000.

CORLISS, GEORGE HENRY, the inventor of the Corliss engine. He was born at Easton, New York, July 2, 1817. At an early age, while conducting a general store, he invented a machine for stitching leather. His most important inventions were the

|

CORN-BEETLE (Cucujus testaceus), a minute beetle, whose yellow-colored larva is very destructive to wheat in granaries.

CORNBRASH, a coarse, shelly limestone of the Lower Oölite group in geology. See GEOLOGY, Vol. X, p. 355.

CORN-COCKKLE OR CORN-ROSE (Lychnis Githago), a tall weed of the family Caryophyllaceae ("pink family"), a native of Europe or the west of Asia, but now found in many countries. It is a frequent weed among crops of grain, and is well known on account of its large purple flowers, long linear leaves and black seeds.

CORNCRAKE OR LANDRAIL, a bird. See CRAKE, Vol. VI, p. 542; and RAIL, Vol. XX, p. 222. CORNELL, ALONZO B., son of Ezra Cornell, an American politician; born in Ithaca, New York, Jan. 22, 1832. He became a telegraph operator and manager, and in 1868 a director of the Western Union Telegraph Company. In 1868 he was the Republican candidate for lieutenant-governor of New York, but was defeated. The next year President Grant made him surveyor of customs at New York, and in 1873 he resigned to enter the state assembly, of which he was made speaker. From 1870 to 1878 he was chairman of the state central committee, and in this capacity influenced the New York delegation at Cincinnati in 1876 to vote for Rutherford B. Hayes. In January, 1877, Mr. Cornell was appointed naval officer of the port of New York by General Grant. President Hayes, soon after taking office, demanded that Mr. Cornell should resign from the state and national committees, and as he refused, he was suspended in July, 1878. The collector of the port, Chester A. Arthur, shared the same fate. In 1879 Mr. Cornell was elected governor of New York and served till Dec. 31, 1882. He failed to obtain a renomination.