920

CORNELL-CORNING

CORNELL, EZRA, an American philanthropist; ments of architecture, arts, philosophy, science and born at Westchester Landing, New York, Jan. 11, letters. Co-education has existed since 1872. Fifteen fellowships and thirteen scholarships are awarded annually.

1807 He settled in Ithaca in 1828, and conceived and developed the water-power tunnel at Fall Creek. He superintended the establishment of the first telegraph line in America, opened between Baltimore and Washington in 1844. Thereafter he devoted himself to the erection of telegraph lines through the United States, and was the founder of the Western Union Telegraph Company. In 1865 Mr. Cornell founded the University at Ithaca, New York, which bears his name. He died at Ithaca, New York, Dec. 9, 1874.

EZRA CORNELL.

CORNELL COLLEGE, an educational institution at Mount Vernon, Iowa, dating back as far as 1852 for its inception, and to the year 1857 for its collegiate organization. The institution is sectarian, being conducted under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The college buildings consist of an art hall, a science hall, Bowman Hall, and the main college building of brick and a Gothic chapel of stone construction. In addition to the four regular courses, namely, classical, philosophical, scientific and civil-engineering, there are preparatory, normal, art and musical departThe faculty consists of thirty professors and teachers, and the annual enrollment of students is over five hundred and seventy. An army officer is detailed for the purpose of military instruction. The institution possesses productive funds of $110,000, deriving an income therefrom, and from tuition fees, of $23,850. Co-education of the sexes exists, and the institution is under the presidency of the Rev. Dr. W. F. King. Its high intellectual and relig ious standards have been noticeable from its early days.

ments.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, a non-sectarian educational institution, picturesquely situated in its grounds of 270 acres, on the high banks of Cayuga Lake, Ithaca, New York. It ranks as one of the principal and abundantly endowed universities in the Union. Chartered in 1865 and 1867 by the legislature of the Empire State, Cornell received the income of an enormous land grant of nine hundred and ninety thousand acres, and the interest on half a million dollars given to the university by the Hon. Ezra Cornell, after whom it is named. To his financial management its present opulence is largely due. The university has received munificent donations, also, from John McGraw, Hiram Sibley, Henry W. Sage, A. S. Barnes and A. D. White. opened formally for students in 1888, and has 165 professors and teachers shaping the studies of 1,688 pupils, all under the presidency of Jacob G. Schurman, D.Sc., LL.D. It includes a college of agriculture, the Sibley College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, the School of Law, and has depart

It was

CORNELL UNIVERSITY.

CORNER. In the vernacular of the commercial world, a corner is an existing shortage in any particular stock or commodity, brought about by the preconcerted purchase, by one or more parties, of such stock or commodity in such quantities as prac tically to preclude others from buying on the open market. The result of this is to place all outsiders at the mercy of the cornerer, who thus is enabled to dictate his own terms of sale.

CORNET, a wind instrument. See ZINCKEN, Vol. XXIV, pp. 787, 788.

It is cot

CORN-FLOWER, a name given to Centaurea Cyanus, a star-thistle of the family Composite. It is a native of Europe, but is cultivated in gardens and runs wild in the United States. tony, with linear stem leaves, a solitary longstalked head of large blue flowers, varying to white and rose-color. It also is called "bluebottle."

CORN-HARVESTERS. See HARVESTING MACHINERY, in these Supplements.

CORNIFEROUS, a period in geology to which belongs the corniferous limestone. This latter extends from near the Hudson, in eastern New York, westward through the state, and at the Niagara River forins the rapids at Black Rock. It also occurs in Ohio, northern Michigan, Illinois, Kentucky, eastern Iowa and Missouri. The limestone is commonly light gray to bluish or buff; occasionally it is blackish and rough, from the abundance of hornstone masses which are left projecting by surface wear. See also GEOLOGY, Vol. X, p. 345.

CORNING, a town and the capital of Adams County, southwestern Iowa, 73 miles S.W. of Des Moines; on the Nodaway River, and on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroad. Some of the industries of the town are fruit-canning, cheese and butter making, flour-milling, stone-quarrying and brickmaking. Population 1895, 1,769.

CORNING, an important town of Steuben County, western central New York, and one of the capitals of the county, pleasantly situated on the Chemung River, about 17 miles W. of Elmira, on the Fall Brook and New York, Lake Erie and Western

CORNISH DIALECT-CORONER

922

CORPANCHO-CORUNNA

was passed, abolishing many useless and obsolete | Pennsylvania, 26 miles E.S.E. of Erie, on the New incidents of the office, clearly defining the duties of a coroner, and codifying, within the brief limits of a single statute, the common-law decisions in relation to the office, which previously had reposed in the midst of hundreds of dusty volumes evolved by 850 years of English jurisprudence and its proverbially slow progress. See also CORONER, Vol. VI, p. 430.

CORPANCHO, MANUEL NICHOLAS, a Peruvian poet; born in Lima, Dec. 5, 1830; died Sept. 13, 1863. See PERU, Vol. XVIII, p. 676.

York, Lake Erie and Western, the Pennsylvania, and the Western New York and Pennsylvania railroads. It has a large number of manufactories, among them boring-machine factories, locomotive and car shops, boiler-works and numerous other machine-shops. The town has electric lights, water and gas works. Population 1890, 5,677.

CORSE, JOHN MURRAY, an American soldier; born in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, April 27, 1835; entered the army as major of volunteers in August, 1861, fought at Chickasaw and Missionary Ridge, CORPUS CHRISTI, a city and the capital of and was wounded severely at Allatoona. He was Nueces County, southern Texas, on the Mexican brevetted major-general, May 5, 1864; became colNational railroad. It is on Corpus Christi Bay, and lector of internal revenue in Chicago in 1867, and has a harbor unsurpassed by any on the coast. It It postmaster of Boston in 1886. He died April 27, is the terminus of the San Antonio and Aransas Pass 1893. railroad, and is the center of a large and growing commerce. Population 1890, 4,387.

CORPUSCULAR THEORY OF LIGHT. See LIGHT, Vol. XIV, p 580.

CORPUS DELICTI, a term used in criminal law, signifying the substance of a crime, or the actual fact that a crime has been committed as charged. Thus in the case of murder, the fact of the death of the victim and that the crime charged against the accused had actually been committed by some one, is called the corpus delicti; and without proof of this fact, no matter how suspicious the other circumstances, such as the disappearance of the victim, the known hatred of the accused toward him, or other actuating motives, the opportunity for the commission of the crime, or the innumerable other incriminating circumstances, a conviction of murder would not be justified. The fact that the person was killed as charged must always be proved. The fact that, after the accused has been convicted and put to death, the supposed victim has in several instances made his appearance alive, makes the wisdom of the rule apparent. The rule that the corpus delicti must be proved applies to other crimes. Under a charge of larceny this proof is supplied when proof of the felonious taking has been made. CORRIGAN, MICHAEL AUGUSTINE, an American Roman Catholic prelate; born at Newark, New Jersey, Aug. 13, 1839. He was ordained to the priesthood at Rome in 1863. After filling for a few years the chair of dogmatic theology and sacred scripture at Seton Hall College, Orange, New Jersey, he became its president in 1868. In 1873 he was appointed by Pius IX to the See of Newark, and in 1880 was made coadjutor to Cardinal McCloskey, archbishop of New York, under the title of Archbishop of Petra, and on the death of the Cardinal in 1885 he became metropolitan of the diocese of New York, receiving the pallium shortly afterward.

ARCHBISHOP CORRIGAN.

CORSICANA, a flourishing city and railroad cenCANA ter, and the capital of Navarro County, east central Texas. It has several seminaries and the State Orphan Asylum, and manufactories of flour, ice, brick and carriages, and foundries and planingmills. It ships cotton, grain, wool and hides. Population 1890, 6,285.

CORSITE. See CORSYTE, in these Supplements. CORSNED OR CORSNÆD. See ORDEAL, Vol. XVII, p. 819.

CORSON, HIRAM, an American educator and man of letters; born in Philadelphia in 1828. He was for some years an assistant in the Library of Congress and Smithsonian Institution; was appointed professor in history and rhetoric in Girard College in 1865, and in St. John's College, Annapolis, Maryland, in 1866. In 1870 he became professor of English language and literature in Cornell University. His published works include an edition of Chaucer's Legende of Goode Women; A Thesaurus of Early English; An Introduction to the Study of Browning; and A Handbook of Anglo-Saxon and Early English.

CORSYTE, a term in geology to describe certain eruptive rocks found in Corsica and the Shetland Isles. It also is called Orbicular Dioryte, and consists of anorthite and hornblende, with some quartz and biotite.

CORTLAND, a railroad junction and the county seat of Cortland County, New York, 37 miles S. of Syracuse. It has a state normal school, an academy and numerous manufactories, among them factories for wire-drawing and wire-weaving, omnibus and wagon factories, stove-works, carshops, etc. Population 1890, 8,590.

CORUMBA, a city of the state of Matto Grosso, central western Brazil, on the west bank of the Paraguay River, 164 miles S.S.W. of Cuyaba. It was of little importance until the river was opened to navigation in 1856; then it became the port of entry of the state, and all the commerce of this vast region passed through it. In addition to this, it has a considerable trade with Bolivia. Population, about 5,000.

CORUNDUM. See EMERY, Vol. VIII, p. 171. CORUNNA, a city and the capital of Shiawassee County, southeastern central Michigan, on the Shiawassee River, and on the Michigan Central,

CORVALLIS-COSTANOAN INDIANS

924

COSTA RICA COTONEASTER

COSTA RICA (República de Costa Rica), the southernmost republic of Central America. (See COSTA RICA, Vol. VI, pp. 449–451.) The legislative power is vested in a single chamber of 21 representatives one for each ten thousand inhabitants— the members of which serve for four years, one half retiring every two years. The President is elected for four years in the same manner, the present occupant of the office being Señor Don Rafael Iglesias, whose term expires May 8, 1898. Official statistics make the area of the republic 23,000 square miles, but geographers deny that it exceeds 20,980 square

miles.

As regards commerce,

The census of Feb. 18, 1892, showed a population of 243,205, of whom 122,480 were males and 120,725 females. Of these, 3,500 were Indians in a savage state. In 1896 the republic took the unusual course, for a South American republic, of declaring against a silver monetary standard, and of adopting a gold standard. the development of the coffee industry has made Costa Rica one of the richest countries, for its size, in the world. The revenue of the republic in 1894 was $4,300,000, and the expenditures $4,700,000; foreign debt, $10,000,000. The chief exports are coffee, bananas and sugar. Valuable metals exist in various parts of the country, and the mining industry is making progress. In 1892 there were 180 miles of railway and 630 miles of telegraph. Education is compulsory and free. In 1892 there were 272 primary schools with 15,000 pupils, besides 90 private schools with 2,500 pupils. The army consists of 600 men in time of peace, and on a war-footing commands 35,000 militia, as every male between 18 and 50 is bound to serve. The imports for 1893 amounted to 5,833,427 pesos, and the exports to 9,619,064 pesos. To facilitate agricultural operations and immigration, a concession has been granted for an agricultural bank with a capital of $5,000,000. The bank makes advances on the security of lands and produce, and will bring out colonists and settle them on lands ceded to the company. In 1896 Costa Rica adopted the single gold monetary standard.

COSTMARY ("plant of Mary") Tanacetum Balsamita), a perennial plant of the family Composite, a native of the south of Europe, long cultivated in gardens for the agreeable fragrance of its leaves.

COSTROMA OR KOSTROMA, a town and the capital of the province of Costroma, central European Russia, situated at the confluence of the Costroma with the Volga. It has manufactories of linen, leather, soap and Prussian blue. Population, 27,178.

COSWAY, RICHARD, a noted English artist; born at Tiverton, Devonshire, in 1740. As a miniaturepainter he was particularly famous, and gained the patronage of most of the nobility of his time. Many of his works were distinguished by great delicacy of treatment and correctness of detail. died in London, July 4, 1821.

He

COTA-CACHI, a mountain in the western Cordillera of the Andes, in the northern part of Ecuador, 60 miles N. of Quito. It is 16,453 feet high, and has on its southern slope a lake, the Cuy-cocha, which is 10,200 feet above sea-level. It is one of

the highest lakes in the world. The mountain is of volcanic origin and shows marks of violent earthquakes; it has, however, no crater at its summit, though the lake occupies a former one. It is very difficult of ascent.

COTES, MRS. EVERARD (pen name, SARA JEANNETTE DUNCAN), a Canadian novelist and writer of travels and descriptive sketches; born in Brantford, Ontario, Canada, in 1863, and educated at the Collegiate Institute of that city. She was the daughter of Charles Duncan, a merchant of Brantford, and made her début as a writer in the Canadian Monthly of Toronto. During the years 1883-88 she wrote largely for the Canadian newspaper and periodical press, including the Toronto Globe, The Week and the Montreal Star, and was for a time a newspaper correspondent at Washington, District of Columbia. She early developed a felicitous prose style, which gave charm to her social and literary contributions, which at this period appeared under the nom de plume of "Garth Grafton." In 1888 she made a tour of the world in the interest of a Cana dian literary syndicate, accompanied by a fellowjournalist, Lilian Lewis, a young lady of Montreal. The result of this tour is embodied in her first production, A Social Departure; or, How Theodocia and I Went Round the World. The work, which appeared simultaneously in England and America in 1890, was first contributed to the London Ladies' Pictorial, by whose artist staff it was delightfully illustrated. This was quickly followed (for A Social | Departure was a gratifying success) by An American Girl in London (1891). In 1893 appeared The Simple | Adventures of a Mem-Sahib, and in the following year A Daughter of To-day and Vernon's Aunt. In 1895 two further works came from her pen, The Story of Sonny Sahib and His Honor and a Lady. The latter, a clever, realistic novel of Anglo-Indian life, appeared serially in the Pall Mall Magazine, and in book-form was also issued on both sides of the Atlantic. All of Mrs. Cotes's productions show the working of a bright and original mind. She is gifted with a fine perception of the eccentricities and weaknesses of human nature, and a pervasive humor. She has also great facility in portraying character and sketching lightly scenes and incidents in social life. In 1890 she married Everard Cotes, a scientist in the East India Company's service, and made her home in Calcutta, India. G. MERCER ADAM.

COTGRAVE, RANDLE, an English lexicographer, of whose life little is known save that he was a native of Cheshire, and was admitted scholar of St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1587; became secretary to William Cecil, Lord Burghley, and was living as late as 1632, and died probably in 1634. He was author of our earliest French dictionary (1611), a remarkable book for its time, and still of value to the philologist, as it fixes the actual forms of French words at the time when they were borrowed.

COTINGA, a genus of birds of the family Cotingidæ, found in tropical regions of America. They are remarkable for their splendid and bright-colored plumage and curious ornamentation.

COTONEASTER, a genus of Rosacea, closely al