their fruit. The native American crab-apple is P. coronaria, a small tree, with bright rose-colored, deliciously fragrant flowers and ovate leaves. Another crab-apple of the southern and western United States is P. angustifolia, very much like the last, but differing in its narrow leaves.

CRABRO, a genus of hymenopterous insects of the group of sting-bearers (Aculeata). The hornet (C. vulgaris) is an example.

CRADDOCK, CHARLES EGBERT. See Murfree, MARY NOAILLES, in these Supplements.

CRAFTS, WILBUR FISK, an American clergyman and religious writer; born at Fryeburg, Maine, Jan. 12, 1850; graduated at the Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, in 1869, and at the School of Theology of the Boston University in 1872. He was a Methodist minister from 1872 until 1880, when he became pastor of a Congregational church in Brooklyn, where he remained three years. From 1883 until 1889 he filled the pulpit of the First Union Presbyterian Church, in New York City. He was appointed secretary of the American Sabbath Union, and became editor of the Christian Statesman and department editor of the magazine Our Day. His works, some of them written conjointly with his wife, formerly Sarah J. Timanus, include Through the Eye to the Heart (1873); Wagons for Eye-Gate (1874); Childhood (1875); An Ideal Sunday School (1876); The Coming Man is the Present Child (1878); The Rescue of Child-Soul (1880); Successful Men of To-day (thirty-eighth thousand, 1885); Must the Old Testament Go? (1883); The Sabbath for Man (1883); | Practical Christian Sociology (1895); and, with Prof. H. F. Fisk, Rhetoric Made Racy (1884).

CRAG AND TAIL, a term used to designate a peculiar hill conformation, in which a bold and precipitous front exists on one aspect of a hill, while the opposite is formed of a sloping declivity. It is believed, in most cases, to have been caused by moving ice.

CRAIG, WILLIS GREENE, an American churchman; born at Danville, Kentucky, Sept. 24, 1834; graduated at Center College in 1851, and received the degree of D.D. there in 1873. He graduated from the Danville Theological Seminary in 1860, and from 1862 to 1882 was pastor of the Westminster Presbyterian Church in Keokuk, Iowa, and from 1882 until 1891 professor of church history in the McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago, and in 1891 became professor of didactic and polemic theology there. In 1893 he was chosen moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly, succeeding Dr. W. C. Young.

CRAIGIE, MRS. MARY E., an American authoress; better known by her pseudonym, "John Oliver Hobbes." Among her works are Once Upon a Time: Stories of Ancient Gods and Heroes (1876); Some Emotions and a Moral; A Study in Temptations (1893); A Bundle of Life (1894; 2d. ed. 1895); The Gods, Some Mortals and Lord Wickenham (1895); and The Herb-Moon (1896).

CRAIK, DINAH MARIA MULOCK, an English novelist; born at Stoke-upon-Trent in 1826. Her first novel, The Ogilvies, appeared in 1849, and received some favor, as did tales which immediately

935

followed, particularly Agatha's Husband (1852); but it was not until the publication of John Halifax, Gentleman, in 1857, that she achieved a decided success. Her other works include Mistress and Maid (1863); A Noble Life (1866); Hannah (1871); etc. She also published a book of Fugitive Poems (1860). She received a pension in 1864, and married, in 1865, George Lillie Craik, nephew of the English historian. She died Oct. 12, 1887.

CRAIK, GEORGIANA MARION, an English novelist; born in 1831. She wrote for various periodicals, and in 1857 appeared her first novel, Riverston, and afterward wrote numerous other important books, many of which are for children. Among them are Play-Room Stories (1862); Faith Unwin's Ordeal (1865); Cousin Trix and Her Tales (1867); The Cousin from India (1871); Without Kith or Kin (1871); Mark Dennison's Charge (1880); Twelve Old Friends (1885); A Daughter of the People (1887); etc.

CRAMBE, a genus of plants of the family Cruciferæ, natives of Europe and western Asia. They have been used as a pot-herb from ancient times. The young shoots and blanched leaves are cooked and served like asparagus.

CRAMPTON'S GAP, a pass in the South Mountains near Burkittsville, Frederick County, western Maryland. One wing of McClellan's army, under command of Gen. W. B. Franklin, attacked and defeated the Confederates at this point, Sept. 14, 1862. The defense, by McLaw's division of the army of General Robert E. Lee, was bitter and prolonged, and the loss on both sides severe.

CRANBROOK, VISCOUNT GATHORNE HARDY, born Oct. 1, 1814, at Bradford, England; educated at Shrewsbury and at Oriel College, Oxford. He was called to the bar in 1840, and in 1856 was returned as a Conservative from Leominster. In 1865 he defeated Mr. Gladstone in the celebrated Oxford University election. He was UnderSecretary of State for the Home Department (1858-59); president of the Poor Law Board (186667); Home Secretary (1867-68); War Secretary (1874-78); Secretary of State for India (1878-80); and Lord President of the Council (1885-92). In September, 1892, he was created Earl of Cranbrook and Baron Medway of Hemsted.

CRANCH, CHRISTOPHER PEARSE, an American artist and poet, son of William Cranch, chief justice of the circuit court of the District of Columbia; born at Alexandria, Virginia, March 8, 1813; graduated at Columbian College in 1831 and at the Harvard Divinity School in 1835. He retired from the ministry three years later to devote himself to art, and studied in Paris and in Italy from 1846 until 1863. He became a National Academician in 1864. As an artist he was known by his landscapes, and as an author by his poems. Among his paintings are Afternoon in October (1867); The Washington Oak (1868); Venice (1870); Venetian Fishing-Boats (1871); etc. His Poems were published in 1844, many of them collected from The Dial. He is also the author of some graceful stories for children: The Last of the Huggermuggers (1856); Kobotozo (1857); and The Bird and the Bell (1875). He resided in New York City and Cam

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bridge, Massachusetts, dying at the latter place, Jan. 20, 1892. His brother, JOHN CRANCH, is also an artist, devoting himself to portrait-painting, and is an associate of the National Academy.

CRANE, STEPHEN, an American novelist, son of Dr. J. T. Crane, a Princeton graduate and Methodist

STEPHEN CRANE.

minister, descended from the first Stephen Crane of the family, who came to the United States in 1635.

He was born in New York in 1872, and went to Syracuse University and Lafayette College, but studied only in a desultory manner, and drifted from college to newspaper life at the age of 16. At this he worked for several years, during which time he wrote and published, at his own expense, Maggie, a Girl of the Streets, which had no sale, but which came under the notice of some of the critics, who wrote of it in such a manner that it was republished after a time. It is a realistic novel of street and slum life. The Red Badge of Courage was written before the author had completed his majority, and was published originally by a newspaper syndicate, where it attracted no particular attention. Afterward, when issued by a house of standing, and reprinted in England, it came into notoriety. The story powerfully depicts the career of a raw recruit in battle from his first fear on confronting the foe, and nearing the whistle of shot and shell. This phase of a soldier's experience had never before been attempted by creators of character, and it has been done by Stephen Crane in an extraordinary vivid manner. But this was not the only or whole charm of the author's work. He was able, besides, to describe the battle scenes and tactical evolutions in such a manner as to deceive the British critics, who declared that the descriptions referred to could only have been penned by a veteran scarred in war. The truth was, as the author declared, he had only imagined it all. It is such "imagination" that the reader wants more of. George's Mother is a work dealing with city life. It told a story that occurs daily and in many lives.

CRANE, THOMAS FREDERICK, an American scholar and folk-lorist; born at New York City, July 12, 1844; graduated at the College of New Jersey in 1864, and received therefrom the honorary degree of Ph.D. in 1874; was professor of modern languages in Cornell University (1868); of Spanish and Italian in the same (1872); and of Romance languages there (1881). He was one of the founders of the American Folk-Lore Society. In the department of folk-lore he achieved success, his Italian Popular Tales, published in Boston and London in 1885, being at once recognized as the only English work to fully represent the folk-tales of Italy, which it does exhaustively. His Exempla, or Illustrative Stories from the Sermones Vulgares of Jaques de Vitry, was published in 1890 by the English Folk-Lore Society.

CRANE, WALTER, an English painter and decorative designer; born at Liverpool, England, Aug. 15, 1845; studied under W. J. Linton, the wood-engraver, and was appointed a member of the committee of the General Exhibition of Water-Color Drawings in 1879. He was elected a member of the Institutes of Painters in Water-Colors and Oils in 1882, but resigned in 1886. His principal pictures are The Renaissance of Venus (1877); The Fate of Persephone (1878); The Sirens (1879); Truth and the Traveler (1880); Europa; The Laidley Worm (1881); The Roll of Fate and Dunstanborough Castle (1882); Diana and the Shepherd (1883); The Bridge of Life (1884); Freedom and Pandora (1885); The Chariots of the Hours (1887); Sunrise (1888); Flora and Pegasus (1889); and Neptune's Horses (1892). Mr. Crane has written some attractive poetry, and has also made holiday books. He was instrumental in founding the Arts and Crafts Exhibition in 1888, and was its president. He delivered the Cantor lectures in 1889 on The Decoration and Illustration of Books, and was president of the section of applied art at the National Art Congress at Liverpool in the same year. He designed the seal for the London county council; and in 1892 was appointed director of designs at the Manchester Municipal School of Art. In 1892 an exhibition of his works was made in the United States, which he accompanied.

CRANE, WILLIAM CAREY, a Baptist clergyman and educator; born at Richmond, Virginia, in 1816, died in 1885. He graduated at Columbia College and at Hamilton Theological Seminary. He was ordained in 1838, and for several years was pastor of various Baptist churches in Alabama, Mississippi and Texas. Subsequently he became president of the Mississippi Female College, of Semple Broadus College, of Mount Lebanon College, and of Baylor University, which latter position he occupied at the time of his death. Crane College, at Independence, Texas, was named after this eminent divine.

CRANE, WILLIAM H., an American actor; born at Leicester, Massachusetts, in 1845, was a dry-goods clerk in Boston, and, becoming a member of an amateur theatrical company, imbibed a liking for the stage, and made his first appearance in 1863 at Utica, New York, representing the notary in The Child of the Regiment. He was a member of the Holman Opera Troupe, and afterward was leading man with Alice Oates. Returning from successful appearances in San Francisco, Chicago and the West, he appeared as Le Blanc, in Evangeline, at Niblo's Garden, New York. In 1877 he appeared for the first time with Stuart Robson, in co-partnership, at the Park Theater, New York City, in the farce, Our Boarding House. They also, as copartners, produced Forbidden Fruit; Our Bachelors; Sharps and Flats; The Comedy of Errors; The Merry Wives of Windsor; and Bronson Howard's great success, The Henrietta. The partnership coming to an end, Mr. Crane starred by himself in The Senator (1889); The American Minister (1892); and several new plays.

CRANES. Traveling-cranes have come into very common use within the past twenty years, in large

C. H. COCHRANE.

CRANESBILL. See GERANIUM, Vol. X, p. 439. CRANEY ISLAND, a small island in Norfolk County, southeastern Virginia, W. of the mouth of the Elizabeth River. Government powder-magazines and a lighthouse are located here. Lat. 36° 53' 28" N., long. 76° 21' W.

CRANSTON, EARL, an American clergyman, bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church; born in Athens, Ohio, June 27, 1840. His education was obtained at the Ohio University, at Athens. He enlisted in the Union army, and rose to the rank of captain in the Sixtieth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. With the advent of Appomattox he exchanged the sword for the Bible, and for some time served pastorates in Ohio. His subsequent charges were at Evansville, Indiana; Jacksonville, Illinois; and Denver, Colorado, where he was presiding elder. In 1884 he was chosen to succeed Bishop Walden as one of the agents of the Western Methodist Book Concern, in Cincinnati. He held this position until May 18, 1896, when he was elected a bishop of the Methodist Church. He took high rank as a pulpit orator. CRATÆGUS. See HAWTHORN, Vol. XI, p. 536. CRATER LAKE, a body of water occupying the crater of an extinct volcano in the southern Cascade Mountains, in Klamath County, Oregon. It is oval in form, being six miles long and a little less than five wide. Its surface is 6,240 feet above the sealevel, and it is two thousand feet deep. It is surrounded by almost perpendicular cliffs from fifteen hundred to two thousand feet above its surface. is fed by springs and has no visible outlet. CRAVEN, ALFRED WINGATE, an American civil

It

|

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engineer; born at Washington, District of Columbia. Oct. 20, 1810; graduated at Columbia College in 1829. He studied law, but preferred civil-engineering, and soon was busy in the successful prosecution of his adopted profession. It was under his supervision that the reservoir in Central Park, New York City, was constructed, as well as the other works connected with the establishment of, a thorough water system for the city during the years from 1849 to 1868. He was instrumental, also, in securing the enactment of proper measures for the establishment of proper sewerage-works for New York. He was associated in the construction of the underground railway along Fourth Avenue to the Harlem River. He was president of the American Society of Civil Engineers from 1869 to 1870, being one of its original founders. He died in Chiswick, near London, March 29, 1879.

CRAVEN, THOMAS TINGEY, an American naval officer; born in Washington, District of Columbia, Dec. 30, 1808, brother of the above; entered the navy in 1822; became sailing-master of the Erie in 1828; commissioned lieutenant in 1830, and in 1838 commanded the Vincennes. He subsequently served on the Boxer, Fulton, Monroe, Macedonia, Porpoise, Ohio and Independence, and commanded the Congress, Brooklyn and Niagara. In June, 1861, he was assigned to the command of the Potomac flotilla, and while in command of the Brooklyn took a prominent part in the capture of New Orleans. He was commissioned as rear-admiral in 1866, and placed in command of the navy-yard at Mare Island, California. He was retired in 1869, and died in Boston,

| Massachusetts, Aug. 23, 1887.

CRAVEN, TUNis Augustus MACDONOUGH, a distinguished American naval officer, brother of the two preceding; born at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1813. He entered the United States navy in 1822, and served in different vessels and in various capacities until 1857, when he commanded the Atrato expedition for the purpose of surveying the Isthmus of Darien. Subsequently he was engaged as commander of the Mohawk in the suppression of the slave trade. He was very efficient in rendering assistance to merchant vessels, and for his service in this direction the New York Board of Underwriters presented his wife with a silver service of plate, while the queen of Spain presented him with a gold medal. In 1861 he commanded the Tuscarora while engaged in the search for Confederate cruisers. Subsequently he was given command of the monitor Tecumseh, and was attached to Admiral Farragut's squadron in the attack on Mobile. In the battle which followed, his vessel was accorded the post of honor. While attempting to attack the Confederate ram Tennessee, the Tecumseh was destroyed by a torpedo, and sank with nearly all on board. The general orders directed the commanders of the different vessels to pass to the eastward of a certain buoy, in order to avoid the torpedoes, but Commander Craven, in his eagerness to engage the ram, had ordered the monitor to pass to the westward of the buoy. It is related of the brave commander that, while the vessel was sinking, he and his pilot, John Collins, met at the foot of the ladder leading

938

to the top of the turret. Craven, knowing it was by his own command that the fatal change in the vessel's course had been made, stepped back, saying, "After you, pilot." As a result, the pilot escaped As a result, the pilot escaped and the commander went down with the ship, Aug. 5, 1864.

CRAWFISH OR CRAYFISH. Vol. VI, pp. 643, 644, 658.

F. MARION CRAWFORD.

See CRUSTACEA, See CRUSTACEA,

CRAWFORD, FRANCIS MARION, an American writer, the son of Thomas Crawford, the sculptor, was born at Bagni di Lucca, Italy, Aug. 2, 1854. He was educated partly in America (Concord, New Hampshire), partly in Italy, and partly in England (1870-74), where he had a private tutor and was a member of Trinity College, Cambridge. From 1874 to 1876 he studied at Karlsruhe, and for a short time at Heidelberg. He passed 1876-78 at the University of Rome, studying Sanskrit. In 1879 he went to India, and was editor of a daily paper, the Indian Herald, published at Allahabad. He returned to America in 1881, remaining until 1883, when he went to Italy, where (with the exception of a visit to Turkey in 1884) he made his home, near Sorrento. Mr. Crawford's writings have been chiefly in the line of fiction, though he has done some work in critical philosophy and philology. Mr. Crawford's works include Mr. Isaacs (1882); Dr. Claudius (1883); To Leeward (1884); A Roman Singer (1884) An American Politician (1885); Zoroaster (1885); Tale of a Lonely Parish (1886); Marzio's Crucifix (1887); Saracinesca (1887); Paul Patoff (1887); With the Immortals (1888); Greifenstein (1889); Sant' Ilario (1889); A Cigarette-Maker's Romance (1890); Khaled (1891); The Three Fates (1892); Don Orsino, a sequel to Saracinesca (1893); Pietro Ghisleri (1893); Children of the King (1893); The Witch of Prague (1893); Katherine Lauderdale (1894); Marion Darche (1894); Upper Berth (1894); The Ralstons (1895); Love in Idleness (1895); Adam Johnstone's Son (1896); and Casa Braccio (1896). It is somewhat remarkable that so prolific a writer as Mr. Crawford should present to his admirers a class of fiction of sustained and uniform interest. It is nevertheless true that in the range of his writings, covering a wide field of personal experience as well as fiction, a dull chapter is seldom discoverable. The reason for this general excellence is to be found in the author's surprising versatility, his robust, manly style, and his mastery of striking situations in the delineation of human passion. His works, when at their best, are strongly dramatic, as well as finely imaginative. CRAWFORD, SAMUEL WYLIE, an American soldier; born in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, Nov. 8, 1829; graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1847, and became an assistant surgeon in the United States army in 1851. In 1860 he was stationed at Fort Sumter, and had command of a battery during the bombardment of that fort at the outbreak of the

Civil War. In 1862 he vacated his commission as assistant surgeon, and accepted the appointment of major in the Thirteenth New York Infantry. Shortly afterward he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, and brevetted from colonel in 1863 to major-general in 1865. He rendered efficient service in the Shenandoah campaign, and was conspicuous for his bravery in the battles of the Wilderness, Winchester, Cedar Mountain, Spottsylvania, Petersburg, Five Forks and other engagements. In 1873 he was retired with the rank of brigadier-general, and died at Philadelphia, Nov. 3, 1892.

CRAWFORD, WILLIAM HARRIS, an American lawyer and statesman; born in Nelson County, Virginia, Feb. 24, 1772; died in Elberton, Georgia, Sept. 15, 1834. In 1800 he was appointed with Horatio Marbury to revise the laws of Georgia, and was elected to the legislature in 1802, and in 1806 to the United States Senate, and during the canvass fought two duels, in one of which he killed his opponent. He was an ardent Republican and a stanch friend of Jefferson. In 1813 he declined the office of Secretary of War in President Madison's cabinet, and was appointed minister to France, where he became an intimate friend of the Marquis de Lafayette, who appointed him agent of his property in the United States. He returned to the United States in 1815, and was made Secretary of the Treasury, serving through both terms of Monroe's administration, after which his name was presented for the office of President of the United States. He was opposed by Calhoun, and in the ensuing campaign, in which General Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams and Crawford were candidates, he received the votes of four states. Returning to Georgia, he lived in retirement until he was made judge of the northern circuit of Georgia in 1827, which office he held until the time of his death.

CRAWFORDSVILLE, a thriving city and the capital of Montgomery County, western central Indiana, 43 miles W.N.W. of Indianapolis, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis, the Louisville, New Albany and Chicago and the Terre Haute and Indianapolis railroads. Among its chief industries are the manufacture of buggies, of hubs and spokes, coffins and elevators. It has also foundries and flour-mills. Population 1890, 6,089.

CREAMERIES. See BUTTER, in these Supple

ments.

CREASY, SIR EDWARD SHEPHERD, English historian; born at Bexley, in Kent, in 1812. He studied at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, in 1832, and in 1834 was elected a fellow. Called to the bar in 1837, he practiced on the home circuit for more than twenty years, presided for several years as assistant judge at the Westminster sessions court, and in 1860 was appointed chief justice of Ceylon, and knighted. Creasy was the author of The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World (1851); Invasions of England (1852); History of the Ottoman Turks (1854-56); etc. He died in London, Jan. 27, 1878.

CREATINE (C'H'N'O2+H2O). This body was discovered by Chevreul in meat-broth. It exists ready-formed in the muscles, and passes into the extract of meat. It may be prepared by treating