deserted in numbers, while the officers petitioned to return home. Under such conditions it is impos

have possession of those sections of the country impenetrable and unknown to the Spanish surveyors. About April 1st General Gomez camped between two Spanish columns, and sent a message to each of the Spanish generals that he was there to fight him. He then quietly slipped away; and the two columns, advancing, opened fire upon each other and did not. discover their mistake until some on both sides had been killed.

cember, the Cubans, though at first unsuccessful, at length inflicted a series of defeats on the Spanish troops. During that month the insurgents had in-sible for Spain to subdue the revolt. The insurgents vaded the province of Havana; but their projected attack on the capital was prevented. However, in the beginning of 1896 they had fixed the center of their operations at Guanajay, within 45 miles of Havana itself, and Marshal Campos declared martial law in the province. At this time more than half the island, including the provinces of Santiago de Cuba, Puerto Principe and half of Santa Clara, was in possession of the Cubans. The Cubans now carried out the order of July 10th for the destruction of the sugar crop, which the Spanish government proposed to give as security to the French for the new loan.

To secure the coast from the chance of the landing of filibusters and supplies, the naval strength was increased materially. By the middle of January it was estimated that one third of the cane crop had been burned, and grinding ceased. The tobacco crop shared the same fate. Railway traffic was stopped by destroying the cars and engines in the province of Havana. On January 17th, General Campos was recalled to Spain, at his own request, and his place was taken by General Valeriano Weyler, whose reputation for ferocity was a by-word in Cuba. He arrived at Havana, February 10th. On February 17th, General Weyler issued a proclamation establishing martial law of the sternest sort.

General Weyler's presence in Cuba was evidenced by the reports that reached the United States, and his stringent treatment of American citizens and journalists, which went as far as arrest and imprisonment, provoked the protest of the United States consul, General Ramon O. Williams. In March, Gomez was heard of as ravaging the province of Havana, close to the capital. March 8th, 18,000 additional troops arrived from Spain. The regular insurgent army was estimated to be about 60,000 at this time, of which 43,000 were in the field. About two thirds were well mounted, and about half well armed; the others had shotguns, revolvers, or only the machete, and the latter weapon achieved a fame of its own in this war. It is the implement used by the sugar-planters for cutting the cane. It deals a terrible wound, and the Cubans used it most effectively. The great difficulty with. the Cubans is their lack of ammunition. They are able to meet the enemy with only six or eight rounds, hence they have to do their effective work at once, and then retire. Telegraph wire cut in small pieces and wound into balls is used in place of bullets. The only artillery is that captured from the Spanish troops. The chief arm of the Cubans is their splendid cavalry, mounted by seasoned horsemen, whose chief weapon is the terrible machete.

One of the bloodiest encounters of the war occurred April 14th, at La Chuza, in Pinar del Rio province, 15 miles W. of the trocha (the fortified line of 22 miles crossing the island near Havana). As usual the accounts differed as to the numbers engaged, killed and wounded on either side, but the Spanish troops were driven to the coast, where they were relieved by a warship, which opened fire upon the insurgents. In the beginning of May the Cubans were attacked at one of Maceo's forts, in Pinar del Rio, at Cacarajicara, by General Suarez Ynclan, who had to retreat with considerable loss. On May 6th, the town of Punta Brava, near Havana, fell into the hands of the Cubans after a ten minutes' fight. In the early part of June, Maceo, with a force of 2,500 men, broke through the trocha. It was alleged that in this force were four companies of Cuban women, who, furious to revenge the wrongs they had suffered from the Spaniards, could hardly be restrained from rushing relentlessly upon their wounded foes. Operations then generally ceased on account of the

season.

Up to April 15th the loss occasioned by the burning of sugar plantations was estimated at $4,500,000, and of tobacco (in bales) at $1,000,000. The exportation of leaf tobacco was prohibited-except in so far as existing contracts were concerned.

The Competitor, a swift schooner, with a cargo of munitions for the Cubans, and with some Cubans and other passengers on board, was captured, April 25th, by a Spanish gunboat, off the northern coast of Pinar del Rio. On board were two Americans and an Englishman, and on May 9th, it was announced that among others they had been condemned to death. Such a storm of indignation and remon strance arose in the United States and Britain over this affair that a new trial for the prisoners was ordered from Madrid. Other filibustering expeditions included the Laurada, The Three Friends, City of Richmond, Bermuda and Horsa. The Laurada landed her cargo, and The Three Friends was successful in her first trip in May, but was captured by the United States cutter Winona in June, the latter at the same time capturing the City of Richmond. The resulting examinations freed the captain and passengers of both. A similar result was reached in regard to the Bermuda; but in the case of the Horsa it was decided that she had violated the neutrality laws and the captain was sentenced to an imprisonment of 16 months. Later President Cleveland issued a procla Early in the summer, reports came of the ravages mation warning Americans not to engage in filibusof yellow fever, which made havoc among the sus-tering expeditions, but to strictly observe the neutralceptible Spanish troops. The result was that the latter ity laws.

On March 22d, Gomez captured the city of Santa Clara, which he refrained from plundering, but took a large amount of military supplies. He held it only long enough to effect this purpose.

CUBAGUA-CUEVAS DE VERA

| large tree, with thin oblong leaves, and yellowishgreen flowers about three inches in diameter. M. Cordata a smaller tree, with ovate leaves and lemonyellow flowers, is the yellow cucumber tree of the southern Alleghanies.

CUCURBITACEÆ, an important family of dicotyledons, of which the numerous species are mostly herbaceous climbers, inhabiting the warmer regions of the globe. The young shoots and leaves of many species are used as pot-herbs, and the persistent rhizomes or roots of others are sometimes esteemed on account of their store of starch. The central importance of the order is due to the characteristic fruit, which is technically known as a pepo, but which may be regarded as a large and manyseeded berry, with its more or less succulent pulp protected by a hardened wall. The many specific and varietal forms are known as cucumbers, melons, gourds, pumpkins, squashes, vegetable-marrows, bottle-gourds, etc.

CUCUTA OR SAN JOSÉ DE CUCUTA, a city of northwestern Colombia, in the department of Santander, lat. 7° 50′ N., near the Venezuelan boundary. In the neighborhood are raised great quantities of sugar, panelu, cacao, tobacco and rice. Population,

962

race.

CUFFEE-CULLUM

queen died here, and which in 1543 was made collegiate. Cullen has been a royal burgh since about 1200, and unites with Elgin and five other places to return one member to Parliament. Population,

2,100.

CUFFEE, PAUL, an American negro philanthropist; born of free parents at Westport, Massachusetts, in 1759; died Sept. 7, 1818. When but 15 years old his father died, and Paul was thrown upon his own resources. He first learned to read and write, and then applied himself to the study of navi- CULLEN, PAUL (1803-78), an Irish prelate and gation. In a few years he amassed considerable cardinal. At one time he was professor of Hebrew wealth, which he devoted to the amelioration of his in the College of the Propaganda, and later became He built a schoolhouse at Westport, main-rector of the Irish College at Rome. In 1849 he tained a teacher at his own expense, and opened it for the free instruction of his neighbors. He became closely identified with the efforts to found a colony of free negroes in Africa, and in 1811 visited Sierra Leone, where he founded the "Friendly Society of Sierra Leone." From there he sailed to England. On his return to America he collected a company of 38 negroes, whom he carried to Sierra Leone in 1815, and founded the first colony of free blacks. He was a member of the Society of Friends, which he joined when a young man.

CUFIC WRITING. See INSCRIPTIONS, Vol. XIII, p. 117.

CUICHUNCHULLI, the native name of Ionidium parviflorum, a Peruvian plant of the violet family, and used medicinally as an emetic and cathartic. CUIRASSIERS, a military term for heavy cavalry wearing the "cuirass" and helmet. They represent the troopers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, who were similarly protected. In the British army no regiments are officially styled cuirassiers, but the two regiments of Life Guards and the Royal Horse Guards were given steel cuirasses in 1821, which, however, they do not wear on active service. There are 12 cuirassier regiments in the German army, the cuirass being of white metal with a brass plate. The French, also, have 12 regiments of cuirassiers, having steel cuirasses with a brass plate. Russia has four regiments of cuirassiers, whose cuirass of iron, with a thin layer of copper, weighs thirty pounds. From 13% to 16 pounds is the weight of those of other armies. Napoleon III at one time maintained a body-guard of cuirassiers, called "Centgardes," who wore cuirasses of aluminium, much lighter than steel ones, but, like them, not proof against a rifle bullet striking them directly.

CULENBORG OR KUILENBURG, a fortified town of the Netherlands, situated on the river Leck, 10 miles N.W. of Thiel. It has manufactories of arms, silk fabrics and twist. Population, 7,655. CULIACAN, a town of Mexico, 90 miles S. E. of Cuialoa, in a fertile tract on the river Culiacan, and the capital of the state of Sinaloa. It is a depot for goods passing between Guaymas and Mazatlan. Much of its wealth is derived from the rich silvermines in the neighboring mountains. The principal structure in the city is the mint. Population, 10,000. CULILAWAN BARK, also called CLOVE BARK, a valuable aromatic, the product of the Cinnamomum Culilawan, a tree of the same genus as the cinnamon tree, growing in the Molucca Islands. Its use is commended in cases of indigestion, diarrhoea, etc.

CULLEN, a fishing-town of Banffshire, on the Moray Firth, northeastern Scotland, 67 miles N.W. of Aberdeen by railway. It has a cruciform parish church, founded by Robert Bruce, whose second

was appointed primate of all Ireland. In 1852 he was transferred from Armagh to the see of Dublin, and was made delegate apostolic for life. In 1866 he became a cardinal priest.

CULLMAN, a town and the capital of Cullman County, northern central Alabama, 45 miles N. of Birmingham, on the Louisville and Nashville railroad. It has furniture and wagon factories, but it is principally engaged in fruit-handling, especially grapes. Population 1890, 1,017.

CULLOM, SHELBY M., an American statesman; born in Wayne County, Kentucky, Nov. 22, 1829; studied law and practiced at Springfield, Illinois, and in 1856 was elected to the Illinois legislature. Four years later he was re-elected and became speaker. From December, 1865, until March 3, 1871, he represented the Springfield district in Congress. From 1872 to 1874 he sat in the state legislature, and in 1873 was again speaker. In 1876 he became governor of Illinois, was re-elected in 1880, and resigned Feb. 5, 1883, having been elected United States Senator to succeed David Davis. He was re-elected for the term ending March, 1895, and again for the term expiring March, 1901. Senator Cullom nominated General Grant in 1872, and General Logan in 1884, and took a prominent part in railroad legislation. His bill creating. the Interstate Commerce Commission was passed

in 1886.

SHELBY M. CULLOM.

CULLUM, GEORGE W., an American soldier; born in New York, Feb. 25, 1809; graduated at West Point in 1833, entered the engineer corps, rising to the rank of colonel. Until the outbreak of the Civil War he was chiefly engaged in the construction of fortifications and public works at New London, Boston Harbor, New York City, Charleston (Fort Sumter) and New Bedford. In 1861 he was appointed aide-de-camp to Lieutenant-General Winfield Scott, and later was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. He was chief of staff to General Halleck, chief of engineers at the siege of Corinth, and projected many engineering undertakings. He was superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point from 1864 to 1866. From 1867 to 1874 he was a member of the board of engineers for improving the system of defenses of the United States.

In January, 1874, he retired from active service, after which period he devoted himself to literary, scientific and military studies.

CULMINATION-CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH

963

vice-president of the American Geographical Asso- | Its principal public buildings are the courthouse, ciation, and president of the Geographical Library Society for several years. He published several military memoirs and historical sketches, among which are Systems of Military Bridges in Use by the United States Army, etc. (1863); Campaigns of the War of 1812-15 Against Great Britain (1879); etc. He died Feb. 28, 1892.

CULMINATION, an astronomical term signifying the passage of a star across the meridian. The star is then at the highest point (culmen) of its course, hence the name. The sun culminates at midday.

CULPEPER, a town and the capital of Culpeper County, northern central Virginia, 59 miles S.W. of Washington, on the Southern and Chesapeake and Ohio railroads. It has a school for girls, and stock-raising and gold-mining and farming interests. Population 1890, 1,620.

|

city hall and jail. Bituminous coal is mined in the vicinity, and large quantities are shipped from this point. It is the third city in the state in population, and has extensive manufacturing interests. Population 1880, 10,963; 1890, 12,729. See CUMBERLAND, Vol. VI, p. 700.

CUMBERLAND GAP, a narrow pass through the Cumberland Mountains, on the line between Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia, which was considered an important strategic point during the Civil War. The Confederates, having fortified it, held it until June 18, 1862, the Union troops, under Gen. G. W. Morgan taking possession of it the same day. He had, however, to evacuate the position Sept. 11th, destroying the works behind him. The place was occupied again by the Union troops under General Burnside, who, after a four days' siege, compelled the surrender of General Frazer, Sept. 9, 1863. The gap is five hundred feet deep, and in some places only wide enough for one road.

CULPEPER, THOMAS, colonial governor of Virginia. He was son of John Culpeper, who was created Baron Culpeper of Thoresway, England, in 1644. The son early became one of the owners of Virginia, and in 1669 he purchased the right to the land lying between the Potomac and Rappahannock rivers. In 1673 he, with the Earl of Arlington, received from King Charles II the grant of the whole territory of Virginia for 31 years, and in 1675 the king appointed him governor of the province for life. He did not come to America until 1680, when he caused the governor's salary of one thousand pounds to be doubled, placed the duties on tobacco and merchandise under the entire control of the king, and brought a general amnesty for all past offenses in the province. He soon went back to England, but returned in 1682, hanged the leading "plant-cutters," debased the currency and annulled the privilege of appeal from the governor and council to the assembly. In 1683 he returned to England, in violation of his orders, and, in consequence, was prosecuted and deprived of his office and patent, but was allowed an annual pension until the time of his grant expired. Lord Culpeper was cruel, despotic, mercenary, and indifferent to the welfare of his colony. On his death in 1719, his large estate in Virginia, where a county is named for him, de-bytery, the revivalists and antirevivalists. scended to his daughter Catherine, Lady Fairfax.

CUMBERLAND ISLAND, an island of Baffin Land, the most eastern part of that land and separated from the mainland by a narrow strait at its northeastern end.

CUMBERLAND MOUNTAINS, a western ridge of the Appalachian system, forming part of the boundary between Virginia and Kentucky. In Tennessee it forms a table-land 2,000 feet above the sea, from which several peaks and ridges rise 2,800 feet above sea-level. It is well timbered with chestnut, hickory, white ash, oak, maple and pine. The ridge consists of Devonian slate, Carboniferous limestone, and the coal formation, which is very extensive.

CULROSS, a seaport town in the southern section of Perthshire, central eastern Scotland, on the Forth River, 22 miles W.N.W. of Edinburgh. It is of interest because it has the remains of Culross Abbey, founded by the Bruces of Carnock and Kinlose, about the end of the sixteenth century. Toward the end of the eighteenth century it was occupied by Lord Dundonald.

CULVERIN. See ARTILLERY, Vol. II, pp. 655,

656.

CUMBERLAND, a city of Maryland and county seat of Allegany County, located on the north bank of the Potomac River, at the mouth of Wells Creek, at the western terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, and at the southeastern terminus of the Pittsburg, Washington and Baltimore railroad. A A bridge crosses the Potomac River at this point.' The city contains five public schools and one academy.

CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, a flourishing offshoot of the Presbyterian Church, the outgrowth of the Cumberland Presbytery in Tennessee, which came into existence in 1810. The movement can be traced to the revival of 1800, in which the Rev. James McGready's very pointed discourses created dissensions among the members of the Transylvania Presbytery, of which the members of Cumberland County were still a part. Two parties thus were formed in the Pres

The

former held the distinctive views which were the cause of the separation from the mother church. Meantime the pressing needs for preachers were so apparent that the Transylvania Presbytery, after a severe struggle, agreed to allow probationers to preach, who had not acquired a complete classical education. In 1802 the Synod of Kentucky divided the Transylvania Presbytery, forming a new one; the Cumberland Presbytery, embracing the county of that name. The Cumberland Presbytery, now having the power to choose its own preachers, licensed and ordained them, with the allowance to except the idea of fatality." This was the rock upon which the church split. This exception was termed "adopting the confession with reservations by the opponents of the Cumberland Presbytery, and the matter was brought before the Synod of Kentucky in 1804, at which all the members of the Cumberland

964

CUMBERLAND RIVER-CUMMINGS

Presbytery were cited to appear, but they did not | do so. The following year, a "commission, with synodical powers, met with the Cumberland Presbytery, and proposed to re-examine members already so ordained, but the Presbytery would not submit to this. The Synod in 1806 suspended some of the members of the Cumberland Presbytery for refusing to submit its young men for reexamination, dissolved Cumberland Presbytery, and attached some of its members to Transylvania Presbytery. The ministers and probationers thus cut off from the Synod formed themselves into a council for the purpose of securing the redress of their grievances. Four years passed in fruitless effort in this direction. Feb. 4, 1810, an independent presbytery was formed, to which the name of Cumberland was given, the new presbytery meeting for the first time, March 10th. At this meeting the confession and discipline of the Presbyterian Church was adopted, with the exception of the "idea of fatality," and provisions were made as to the scholarship of licentiates. In 1813 the first Synod was formed, the name of Cumberland being also given to it. It also formulated a doctrinal statement, giving the points of dissent from the Westminster Confession, the statement including the following: "1. That there are no eternal reprobates; 2. That Christ died, not for a part only, but for all mankind; 3. That all infants dying in infancy are. saved through Christ and the sanctification of the Spirit; 4. That the Spirit of God operates on the world, or as co-extensively as Christ has made the atonement, in such a manner as to leave all men inexcusable."

The

The Synod continued until 1828, when it was decided to form a General Assembly, the first General Assembly being held at Princeton, Kentucky, May 19, 1829. The church then consisted of four synods and eighteen presbyteries. church was now upon a foundation of security. In 1827 a college was organized at Princeton, Kentucky, for the benefit of its clerical students. In 1845 Cumberland University was founded at Lebanon, Tennessee, the activity of which, interrupted during the Civil War, has been extensive, its law school being recognized as the first in the South. Other educational institutions are in existence; the church being besides well organized in all other directions.

CUMBERLAND RIVER, a branch of the Ohio. It rises in the Cumberland Mountains, flows westward, enters Tennessee, returns to Kentucky, flows north and empties into the Ohio. Its length is about 650 miles, and at certain favorable seasons it is navigable for 600 miles.

CUMBRE, LA (Sp. "top" or "height"), one of the principal passes across the Andes, on the main road between Santiago, in Chile, and Mendoza, in the Argentine Republic. Its crest is 12,454 feet high.

CUMBRIAN MOUNTAINS, a great knot of mountains nearly fifty miles in length and breadth, in the northwest of England, occupying part of Cumberland, Westmoreland and Lanca

shire.

There are 25 mountain tops upward of 1,500 feet high, while the highest peak, Scaw Fell, is 3,216 feet in height. The Cumbrians are noted for their rugged and picturesque scenery and their beautiful mountain lakes. They are frequented by many tourists.

CUMIANA, a town of western Piedmont, northwestern Italy, in the province of Turin, seven miles N. of Pinerolo, near the right bank of the Cisola. Population, 6,358.

CUMMING, CONSTANCE FREDERICKA GORDON, a Scottish authoress and traveler; born at Altyre, Morayshire, May 24, 1837; daughter of Sir William Gordon Gordon-Cumming, Bart., of Altyre, and sister to Roualeyn-Gordon Gordon-Cumming, the South African lion-hunter. On her mother's side Miss Gordon was descended from the famous Irish beauty, Elizabeth Gunning, Duchess of Argyll. She visited a married sister in the Himalayas, after which she traveled continuously for over twelve years, the results being seen in her various works. She was also a water-color artist, and found great variety of subjects for her skill in such work. Her first book was From the Hebrides to the Himalayas in 1876, which appeared later in two separate volumes, each confined to its own subject. Her other works were A Home in Fiji (1881); A Lady's Cruise in a French Man-of-War (1882); Fire Fountains, describing the kingdom of Hawaii, its volcanoes and the history of its missions (1882); Granite Crags, a description of a visit to California (1883); Cornwall to Egypt (1885); Wanderings in China (1885); and Two Happy Years in Japan (1892).

CUMMING, JOHN, a Scottish divine and author; born in Fintry parish, Aberdeenshire, Nov. 10, 1807. He was educated at King's College, Aberdeen, where he took his degree of M. A. in 1827, and in 1832 was ordained to the Scotch Church, Crown Court, Covent Garden, London, where he preached with great popularity and success till 1879. Edinburgh University gave him the degree of D.D. in 1844. He was active in philanthropic projects, and as a controversialist and lecturer, both against the party that formed the Scotch Free Church and in the "antipopery" cause; but his celebrity was chiefly due to his writings on the interpretation of prophecy. His audacity in this perilous enterprise drew upon him much ridicule. In 1868 he asked the pope if he might attend the Ecumenical Council, but his application was rejected through Archbishop Manning. His works number over a hundred various publications. Among them are Apocalyptic Sketches (3 series, 1848–50); Prophetic Studies (1850); Signs of the Times (1854); The Millennial Rest (1862); Ritualism the Highway to Rome (1867); The Sounding of the Last Trumpet (1867); and The Seventh Vial (1870). After some years of ill health, he died, July 5, 1881.

CUMMINGS, ÁMOS JAY, an American journalist; born in Broome County, New York, May 15, 1841; commenced his career in a printing-office, and was afterward sergeant-major in the Twentysixth New Jersey Regiment of infantry, army of the