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CUMMINS-CUPAR-ANGUS

Potomac; began newspaper life as a compositor on the New York Tribune, became political editor of that paper under Horace Greeley, and afterward was connected with the New York Sun. In 1886 he was elected to the Fiftieth Congress; declined a renomination, but was elected to the Fifty-first Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Samuel Sullivan Cox, and was re-elected to the Fifty-second and Fifty-fourth Congresses. CUMMINS, GEORGE DAVID, an DAVID, an American bishop; born near Smyrna, Delaware, in 1822. He graduated at Dickinson College in 1841, and at first was licensed as a Methodist minister, but subsequently entered the Protestant Episcopal Church, and after officiating as rector in Baltimore, Norfolk, Richmond and Chicago, was ordained assistant bishop of Kentucky in 1866. In 1873 he abandoned his office, and organized a new sect called "The Reformed Episcopal Church," becoming the first bishop of the new denomination. He died in Lutherville, Maryland, June 26, 1876.

BISHOP CUMMINS.

CUMMINS, MARIA SUSANNA, an American novelist; born at Salem, Massachusetts, April 9, 1827, and began to write about 1850, her first work appearing in the Atlantic Monthly. In 1854 her famous book, The Lamplighter, appeared, and at once became such a favorite that 40,000 copies were disposed of within eight weeks from its first publication. Her other works include Mabel Vaughan (1857); El Fureidis (1860); Haunted Hearts (1864). She died in Dorchester, now a part of Boston, Oct. 1, 1866.

CUNAXA, an ancient city of Babylonia. See CYRUS THE YOUNGER, Vol. VI, p. 753.

CUNDINAMARCA, a department of central Colombia; area, about 92,000 square miles, of which only a small part is inhabited. It is crossed by the eastern Cordilleras, on the east of which is the plain of Cundinamarca, which is very fertile and abounds in cattle. Population 1881, 569,000. CUNHA MATTOS, RAYMONDO JOSÉ DA, a Portuguese Brazilian soldier and author; born at Faro, Algarve, Portugal, Nov. 2, 1776. He joined an artillery regiment in 1780, and served under General Forbes in the Roussillon campaign from 1793 to 1796; was stationed on the island of São Thomé, in the Gulf of Guinea, west coast of Africa, 1798-1816, and went the next year to Brazil, chiefly for the purpose of organizing the military school and superintending the building of fortifications. In 1834 he attained the rank of fieldmarshal. He was in Portugal during the revolutionary crisis there, 1831-32. He published works on his travels in Rio de Janeiro; historical and chorographical works on São Thomé, Minas Geraes and Goyaz; a diary of the attack and

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defense of the city of Porto; and an index of military law. He was one of the founders of the Instituto e Geographico of Brazil. He died in Rio de Janeiro, March 2, 1839.

CUNNINGHAM, SIR ALEXANDER, an English. general and archeologist; born in London in 1814; was the son of Allan Cunningham, the poet. He received a military education, and in 1831 was second lieutenant of engineers; in 1834, aide-de-camp to the governor-general of India; in 1839, was on a special mission to Cashmere; and in 1840 became engineer to the king of Oudh. In 1858 he was chief engineer of the Northwest Provinces, and in 1870 became surveyor-general of Indian archæology. He published several important works on archæological topics, including An Essay on the Aryan Order of Architecture (1848); The Bhilsa Topes; or, Buddhist Temples of Central India (1854); The Ancient Geography of India, the Buddhist Period, a most important and valuable work, serving to solve some of the most difficult questions in regard to much that had been in dispute as to the geography of the East (1871); and Book of Indian Eras (1883). He died Nov. 28, 1893.

CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM, an adventurer; born in Dublin, Ireland. His father was a trumpeter in the army, and the son was born in the soldiers' barracks. In 1774 he arrived in New York City, where, at first, he gave lessons in riding. At the beginning of the Revolution his hotheaded declarations of Toryism rendered him obnoxious to many, and he was driven from the city. He then went to Boston, continuing his former course. Here he came under the notice of General Gage, who saw in the man a devoted loyalist, and appointed him provost-marshal of the British army. In 1778 he was at first superintendent of the prisons in Philadelphia, and later those of New York City, where he became notorious for many cruelties. At the close of the war Cunningham returned to Europe, and settled. in Wales. Later he went to London, where he led a dissipated life, and to obtain money was induced to commit forgery. For this felony he was executed in London, Aug. 10, 1791.

CUNNINGHAMIA, a genus of trees of eastern Asia, of the group Conifera, nearly allied to the pines and firs, but in foliage resembling the Araucarias. The cone-scales bear three inverted ovules, instead of two, as found in the ordinary pines.

CUP, DIVINATION BY, a mode of foretelling events, practiced by the ancient Egyptians. One of the Eastern methods consisted in throwing small pieces of gold or silver leaf into a cup of water, in which, also, were placed precious stones, with certain characters engraved upon them. The infernal powers were then invoked, and were believed to return answer, either in an intelligible voice, by signs on the surface of the water, or by a representation in the cup of the person concerning whom inquiry was made.

CUPAR-ANGUS, a town of central western Scotland, in the counties of Perth and Forfar, 13 miles W. N. W. of Dundee, situated on the left

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CUPULE-CURRENTS

bank of the Isla. It has extensive linen manufactories and considerable traffic in timber. Population, 4,729.

CUPULE, in botany, an involucre formed by a number of cohering bracts, and surrounding the fruit or the base of the fruit in certain plants; as, the oak, in which it is the cup of the acorn surrounding a single fruit; the beech, in which it is a spiny four-valved husk, surrounding several distinct fruits; the chestnut, in which it is the prickly husk. The term is applied also to the cup-shaped receptacle found on the thallus of certain liver-worts (Marchantia and Lunularia), in which the reproductive bodies known as gemmæ are developed.

CUPULIFERÆ, a family of dicotyledonous plants, consisting of trees and shrubs, natives of temperate climates. The leaves are alternate and furnished with stipules; the staminate flowers, and sometimes the pistillate flowers, are disposed in catkins; the fruit is a one-celled nut in a woody cupule (whence the name of the family); and the seed is usually solitary. This order contains many of the most important trees of Europe and America, including the oak, beech and chestnut.

CURA, a city of Miranda, central northern Venezuela, 60 miles S. W. of Caracas, between the valley of Aragua and the plains of Guarico. It has broad streets and an excellent library. Population, 12, 198.

CURAÇAO ORANGES, small oranges which have fallen from the tree long before maturity. They have properties similar to those of orangepeel, but are more bitter and acrid. A sweet liquor, known as curaçao, is made by dissolving the dried orange-peel in alcohol with sirup and spices added, distilling the solution and adding about one per cent of Jamaica rum. The chief center of manufacture is Amsterdam, and the curaçao liqueur is esteemed highly.

CURARI, OURARI, WOORALI OR WOORARA, a celebrated poison, consisting of the aqueous extract of Strychnos torifera, and various other species of the same genus, used by the South American Indians for poisoning their arrows. The poison, when introduced into the blood, acts on the nervous system, and produces paralysis, with convulsive movements, and death ensues. Like snake-poison, it is comparatively inert when taken into the stomach.

CURCI, CARLO MARIA, an Italian ecclesiastic; born Sept. 4, 1809; entered the Society of Jesus, of which he soon became a distinguished ornament, and as a pulpit orator and writer he acquired a high reputation. Three times he was the Lent preacher before the Chapter of San Pietro, in Vaticano, Pope Pius IX being occasionally present to hear him. Father Curci also founded and mainly set forward and contributed to the Civiltà Cattolica, which was esteemed so highly by the pope that he provided for its permanent continuance under the management of the Jesuits. In 1871 he was preacher in the great church of the Gesù in Rome. He afterward retired to

Florence, devoting himself chiefly to literary work. Certain published views here brought him under censure, but he fully retracted them in 1880, and died in 1891 at a venerable age.

CURCULIO, a characteristic species of the family Curculionida, one of the largest families of Coleoptera. Over ten thousand species have been described in 1,150 genera. The curculio beetle (Conotrachelius nenuphar) lives on the fleshy part of the peach and plum. Broods of these pests live in the black knot of the plum tree. The Curculio appears first as a small, speckled, dark brown insect, which deposits its egg in the green fruit, leaving a slight crescent-shaped puncture. The egg soon hatches, the worm feeding upon the growing fruit, which, as it falls to the ground, liberates the maggot, and it burrows in the ground. In three weeks it again returns as a perfect insect to repeat its attacks on the fruit. The Curculio is very destructive to nearly all smooth-skinned fruit, including the grape, and is found in almost every country on the globe.

CURICO, a town of the department of Curico, southern central Chile. It is on a railroad, and on a branch of the Rapel River. Population, 10, 110. The department has an area of 2,913 square miles, and a population, in 1894, reckoned at 107,380. The western and eastern parts are broken up by the coast range and the spurs of the Andes, but the central part is a fertile plain, in which wheat-raising and grazing are extensively carried on.

CURITIBA, a rapidly growing city and the capital of Parana, southern Brazil, on a railroad, 75 miles from the coast town of Paranaguá. It has a good many manufactories of maté, a tealike beverage. Population, 12,000, of which a good many are German settlers.

CURRENCY QUESTION. See COINAGE, CRIME OF 1873 and FINANCES OF THE UNITED STATES, in these Supplements.

CURRENT-METER. An interesting form of current-meter has been devised and used in studying the deep-sea currents off the Atlantic coasts of the United States. It consists of a weight hung at the lower end of a framework within which is a velocity apparatus with a recording device. The number of rotations of the velocity apparatus within a given time determines the speed of the current. A correct record cannot be obtained unless the apparatus is kept upright. To insure this, a rudder-like extension of the framework is made to carry a traveler, which runs on a rope that may be supported from the farther end of the vessel from which the observation is being taken.

C. H. COCHRANE.

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CURRER BELL-CURTIN

CURRER BELL, the nom de plume of CHARLOTTE BRONTË; q.v., Vol. IV, p. 364. Her two sisters wrote under the names of "Acton Bell and "Ellis Bell."

CURRY, DANIEL, an American clergyman and author; born near Peekskill, New York, Nov. 29, 1809. He graduated at Wesleyan College in 1837. Subsequently he was principal of Troy Conference Seminary and a professor in the female college at Macon, Georgia. He entered the Methodist ministry in 1841, and was pastor of churches at Athens, Savannah and Columbus. On the separation of the Northern and Southern branches of the Methodist Church he became a member of the New York Conference, filling pastorates at New Haven, Hartford, Brooklyn and New York. In 1864 he was elected editor of the Christian Advocate, the official organ of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and continued at the head of that paper until 1876. From 1876 to 1880 he was the editor of the National Repository. From 1880 to 1884 he engaged in pastoral work, and then became editor-in-chief of the Methodist Review, which office he held at the time of his death. Besides his laborious editorial work, he published New York: A Historical Sketch (1853); Life-Story of D. W. Clark (1873); Fragments, Religious and Theological (1880); Platform Papers (1880); The Book of Job (1888); etc. He received the degree of D.D. from Wesleyan University in 1852, and the degree of LL.D. from Syracuse University in 1878. Died in New York City, Aug. 17, 1887.

CURRY, JABEZ LAMAR MONROE, an American educator; born in Lincoln County, Georgia, June 5, 1825; graduated at University of Georgia in 1843 and at the Dane Law School of Harvard in 1845. After practicing law for a short period he enlisted as a private in the Mexican War (1846). In 1847 he was elected to the legislature of Alabama, and was re-elected in 1853 and 1855. In 1856 he was an elector to the convention that nominated Buchanan. In 1857 he was elected to Congress as a state's rights advocate, and served until 1861, when he resigned. He was a representative in the first Confederate Congress (1861), and served also in the Confederate army (1864–65) as a lieutenant-colonel of cavalry. He afterward was ordained a Baptist minister, and was president of Howard College, Alabama (1866-68), and professor of English, philosophy and constitutional law in Richmond College (1868-81). 1881 he was made general agent of the Peabody Fund, with a residence in Washington. From 1874 until 1885 he was president of the foreign mission board of the Southern Baptist convention. In the early part of the latter year he was appointed United States minister to Spain, in which capacity he was able to settle some difficult questions which had been in dispute for years. He received the degree of LL.D. from Mercer University in 1867, and of D.D. from Rochester University in 1871. His publications include Baptists and Pedobaptists (1877); Constitutional Government in Spain (1889); William Ewart

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Gladstone: A Study, (1891); and The Southern States of the American Union (1894).

CURSON, PAUL ALFRED, a French painter; born at Moulinat, near Poictiers, Sept. 7, 1820; studied under Drölling and Cabat, and also in Italy and Greece. The year 1857 brought him. his first fame when he exhibited, at the Salon, Dante and Virgil on the Shores of Purgatory; Blind Greeks; and Women of Piscinisco; the last, a sweet poetic composition. In 1867 he exhibited his famous Dominicans Decorating their Chapel. Afterward he exhibited many works dealing with classical subjects, etc. His Dominicans and Ostia (1868) are hung in the gallery of the Luxembourg. He was a chevalier of the Legion of Honor, and died at Paris, July 22, 1895.

CURSORES, an artificial order in which the struthious birds (ostrich, emu, cassowary, etc.) were formerly associated, with forms having similar habits and superficial resemblances, such as the bustards.

CURTESY is the estate to which a man is entitled at common law in the lands and tenements of his wife. Four things are requisite to entitle a man to this estate: 1. Marriage; 2. Seisin of the wife in the estate; 3. Birth of a child; and 4. Death of the wife. At common law, when all of these circumstances had occurred, the husband was entitled to an absolute estate in his wife's property during his life. When the first three conditions had happened, but before the wife's death, he had an estate called curtesy initiate, which gave him control over her property, but at her death his estate became curtesy consummate. This right has been abolished, or greatly modified, in most states, and the right of dower substituted for it.

CURTIN, ANDREW GREGG, an American public man; born in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, April 22, 1817. He was admitted to the bar in 1839, and soon became a prominent politician. In 1854 he was appointed secretary of the commonwealth, and ex officio superintendent of public schools, and in this capacity did much for the advancement of the school system of the state. In 1860 he was elected governor of Pennsylvania, and was one of the war governors during the Civil War. In 1863 he was re-elected governor. In 1869 he was appointed minister to Russia, which position he held until 1872, when he returned to this country. In 1881 he was elected to Congress and served for three successive terms. He died at Bellefonte, Oct. 7, 1894.

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CURTIN, JEREMIAH, an American linguist; born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1835; graduated at Harvard College in 1863; developed a wonderful faculty for acquiring languages, and on leaving college had a good knowledge of French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Roumanian, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, Gothic, German, Finnish, Greek and Latin. Greek and Latin. He subsequently mastered the Hebrew, Persian, Sanscrit, Russian, Polish, Bohemian, Lithuanian, Lettish, Hungarian, Turkish, Slovenish, Croatian, Servian, Bulgarian, Mingrelian, Abkhasian and Armenian languages. He

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made a study of the American Indian dialects, and attained proficiency in over fifty different tongues. He is on the staff of the Smithsonian Institute, and has published Myths and Folk-Lore of Ireland (1889); Myths and Folk Tales of the Russians, Western Slavs and Magyars (1890); and Fairy Tales of Ireland (1895).

CURTIS, BENJAMIN ROBBINS, an American jurist; born in Watertown, Massachusetts, Nov. 4, 1809; died in Newport, Rhode Island, Sept. 15, 1874. He graduated at Harvard College in 1829, and was admitted to the bar in 1832. In 1851 President Fillmore elevated him to the bench of the United States supreme court. His judicial duties being distasteful to him, he resigned in 1857 and returned to the practice of his profession in Boston, Massachusetts. He served two years in the Massachusetts legislature, and was one of the counsel for the defense in the impeachment trial of President Johnson, the answer in that celebrated case being mainly his work. While on the supreme court bench he stoutly maintained the right of Congress to abolish slavery, and dissented from the majority of the court in the Dred Scott case. After retiring from the bench, he edited several series of reports and digests.

CURTIS, GEORGE TICKNOR, an American lawyer and author, brother of Benjamin Robbins Curtis (q. v.); born in Watertown, Massachusetts, Nov. 12, 1812. He graduated at Harvard College in 1832; was admitted to the bar in 1836, and until 1862 practiced his profession in Boston, when he removed to New York. He sat in the Massachusetts legislature from 1840 to 1844; then became United States commissioner in Boston, and in 1851, while holding this office, he returned a fugitive slave to the slave's owner, for which act he was criticised, although he was a Union advocate, and had previously argued law points in the Dred Scott case, while his brother was sitting on the United States supreme bench. He published Digest of English and American Admiralty Decisions (1839); Digest of the Decisions the Courts of Common Law and Admiralty in the United States (1840-46); Rights and Duties of Merchant Seamen (1841); American Conveyancer (1846); Law of Copyright (1847); Law of Patents (1849); Equity Precedents (1850); Inventors' Manual; Commentaries on the Jurisprudence, Practice, and Peculiar Jurisdiction of the Courts of the United States (1854-58); History of the Origin, Formation and Adoption of the Constitution of the United States (1855-58); Life of Daniel Webster (1870); Life of James Buchanan (1883); Creation or Evolution (1887); McClellan's Last Service to the Republic (1886); John Charaxes: A Tale of the Civil War in America (1889); Constitutional History of the United States from 1792-1864. He died in New York City, March 28, 1894.

CURTIS, GEORGE WILLIAM, an American man of letters; was born in Providence, Rhode Island, Feb. 24, 1824. In 1839 he removed to New York and became a clerk in a mercantile establishment. In 1842 he and his elder brother joined the Brook Farm Community, remaining there

GEORGE W. CURTIS.

a little more than a year, and then spent 18 months longer with a farmer at Concord, Massachusetts. In 1846 Mr. Curtis went to Europe, and spent four years in travel and study, visiting Egypt and Syria. Shortly after his return to this country he became one of the editors of the New York Tribune. He was also one of the editors of Putnam's Monthly from 1852 to 1857, and being a partner in the firm which published this magazine, was involved heavily in their failure in 1857, sinking his private fortune in meeting the firm's obligations, and devoting all his surplus earnings for the next 16 years to wiping out the firm debt and to save the creditors from loss. In 1853 he established the Editor's Easy Chair in Harper's Monthly, and ten years later became the political editor of Harper's Weekly. He also edited a series of papers in Harper's Bazar, entitled Manners Upon the Road. For years he was one of the most earnest and consistent advocates of civil service reform, and was one of the members of the commission appointed by President Grant to promulgate rules for the regulation of the civil service. On the lecture platform he was one of the most accomplished and polished speakers of his times, and was generally popular. Among the important political offices he discharged may be mentioned those of delegate to the Republican national conventions of 1860, 1864, and 1876; delegate-at-large to the constitutional convention of New York in 1867; Presidential elector in 1868, and chairman of the Civil Service Commission in 1871-73. He was exceptionally independent and fearless in his political opinions, and was among the first, as he was the leader, of those who broke away from party affiliations and satirically were denominated "Mugwumps." In 1864 Mr. Curtis became one of the regents of the University of the State of New York and in 1890 its chancellor. His published volumes include Nile Notes of a Howadji (New York, 1851); The Howadji in Syria (1852); Lotus Eating (1852); The Potiphar Papers (1853); Prue and I (1856); and Trumps, a novel (1862). He died Aug. 31, 1892.

CURTIS, JOSEPH BRIDGHAM, an American soldier; born in Providence, Rhode Island, Oct. 25, 1836. He served in 1861 in the Ninth New York Volunteers as captain; the same year as second lieutenant in the Fourth Rhode Island Volunteers, and then first lieutenant of the same regiment. He distinguished himself by his daring and coolness at the capture of Roanoke Island, Feb. 7, 1868, and in June was appointed as adjutant-general on General Rodman's staff; then became lieutenant-colonel of the Fourth Rhode Island Regiment. He served in the engagements that occurred in the region between the Rappahan

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nock and Washington, and at Antietam, and was killed while in charge of his regiment at Fredericksburg, Virginia, Dec. 13, 1862.

CURTIS, JOSIAH, an American physician; born at Wethersfield, Connecticut, in 1816. He graduated at Yale and at Jefferson Medical College, and later visited Europe twice in order to study the sanitary condition of the large cities. In 1860 he superintended the mortality statistics of the United States census, and the same year entered the army, remaining with it until 1865. In 1872 he became surgeon and naturalist to the United States geological survey, and one year later chief medical officer of the Indian service. He has written numerous articles on sanitary surroundings, but is more noted as the discoverer of collodion.

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pretation. Professor Curtis wrote several works on theological subjects, and became one of the editors of the Bibliotheca Sacra.

CURTIS, SAMUEL RYAN, an American soldier; born near Champlain, New York, Feb. 3, 1807. He entered West Point, and graduated therefrom in 1831; resigned in 1832; became a civil engineer, and then from 1841 to 1846 practiced law in Ohio. During this time he served as captain, lieutenant-colonel and colonel of the militia, and adjutant-general of Ohio for the purpose of organizing the state's quota of volunteers for the Mexican War. He served in that war as colonel of the Second Ohio Regiment on General Wool's staff, and as governor of Saltillo, Mexico. At the conclusion of the war he settled in the West, and later served two terms and part of a third as Congressman from Iowa, resigning in 1861 to become colonel of the Second Iowa Regiment. He was in several important battles, and in March, 1862, was promoted major-general of volunteers. the close of the war he became United States commissioner to examine the Union Pacific railroad. He died in Council Bluffs, Iowa, Dec. 26, 1866.

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CURTIS, MOSES ASHLEY, an American churchman and writer on botany; born in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, May 11, 1808. He was educated in Williams College, and in 1835, after graduating therefrom, was ordained a clergyman in the Protestant Episcopal Church, settling and beginning his labors in North Carolina. In addition to his ministerial duties, Dr. Curtis became in terested in the subject of botany and pursued its CURTIUS, ERNST, a German classical archastudy, devoting himself particularly to the depart-ologist and historian; born at Lübeck, Sept. 2, ment of fungi. His principal publications are 1814; was educated at Bonn, Göttingen and BerEnumeration of Plants Growing Spontaneously lin. | He visited Athens in 1836, being invited to Around Wilmington, North Carolina (1834); Con- instruct the young King Otto, and traveled in tributions to Mycology of North America (1848); Greece until 1840. For some time he taught in New Fungi Collected by the Wilkes Exploring Expe- two Berlin gymnasia; he next became extraordition (1851); Catalogue of the Plants of North Caro- dinary professor at the University, and for seven lina (1860); Esculent Fungi (1866); Indigenous and years tutor to the Crown Prince of Prussia; in 1856 Naturalized Plants of North Carolina (1867); Edi- he was made professor at Göttingen, whence he was ble Fungi of North Carolina (1869). He died in recalled in 1868 to become ordinary professor at Hillsboro, North Carolina, in 1872. Berlin; in 1853 a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences; in 1871 one of its permanent secretaries; in 1864 he commenced his excavations at Olympia, and in 1875 concluded an agreement with the Greek authorities by which he secured to Germany the exclusive right of excavation at that place. He was an ardent Hellenist, and to him was accorded the privilege of realizing the dreams of Winckelmann and lending an enduring fame to the region in which he patiently pursued his researches. His works include History of Greece; Peloponnesus; Naxos; Olympia; Greek Sculpture by Springs and Streams; Attic Studies; Ancient and Present Times; Materials for the History and Topography of Asia Minor; Atlas of Athens; Maps of Attica; Classical Studies; Anecdota Delphica; Inscriptiones Attica Duodecim; and Ephesos. He died in Berlin, July 11, 1896.

CURTIS, NEWTON MARTIN, an American soldier; born in De Peyster, New York, May 21, 1835. He was commissioned captain in the Sixteenth New York Regiment in 1861, and later lieutenant-colonel, and then colonel of the One Hundred and Forty-second New York Infantry. He acquitted himself in various battles with distinction and for his services at the capture of Fort Fisher was promoted on the field brigadier-general, and received a vote of thanks from the legislature of New York. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers in March, 1865, and was mustered out in January of the following year. After the conclusion of the war, Major-General Curtis occupied various important political offices, and was a member of the legislature (1883-85).

CURTIS, SAMUEL IVES, an American educator and theologian; born at Union, Connecticut, Feb. 5, 1844. He graduated at Amherst in 1867, and at Union Theological Seminary in 1870. He was a pastor in New York in 1870-72, and, after traveling in Ireland and Scotland, was pastor of the American chapel at Leipsic from 1874 to 1878. In the latter year he became professor of Biblical literature in the Congregational Theological Seminary, Chicago, and in the following year was transferred to the chair of Old Testament Literature and Inter

CURTIUS, GEORG, a German philologist, brother of Ernst Curtius; born at Lübeck in 1820. In 1842 he taught in Dresden, and in 1849 became a professor at Prague. In 1854 he was made professor at Kiel, and in 1862 took charge of the department of classical philology in the University of Leipsic. He published a Greek grammar; Grundzüge der Griechischen Etymologie; Philologie und Sprachwissenschaft; and other books. He died in Hermsdorf, Aug. 12, 1885.

CURULE CHAIR, the chair of honor of the

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