980 DALIAS-DALLES CITY Brunswick, situated at the mouth of the Resti- | gouche River, and capital of Restigouche County. It has a fine harbor and docks. The chief industry is preserving salmon and lobster. Its exports are fish and lumber. The Intercolonial railway passes within four miles of the town. Population 1891, 2,532. DALIAS, a town of southwestern Spain, in the province of Almeria, about 20 miles from the city of that name, and 4 miles from the Mediterranean Sea. It is poorly built and subject to earthquakes. It has lead-mines. The people are chiefly employed in mining, smelting and fishing. Population, 6,254. DALKISSORE OR ROOPNA-RAYAN, a river of Bengal, rising in lat. 23° 30' N., and long. 86° 34' E. It has a southeasterly course of about 170 miles, emptying into the Hoogly River at Diamond Harbor. It is navigable for the greater portion of its course. DALL, WILLIAM HEALEY, an American zoologist and traveler; born in Boston, Massachusetts, Aug. 21, 1845. His mother, CAROLINE WELLS DALL, was prominent among the literary and critical woman writers of her time. Having attended the public schools of Boston, he became a pupil of the naturalist, Agassiz. He was appointed, in 1865, lieutenant in the international telegraph expedition, and from this time on was for many years connected with various explorations, traveling extensively in Siberia and Alaska. In 1884 he became palæontologist to the United States coast survey. He published numerous scientific papers on brachiopods and mollusks, and on the resources, meteorology and ethnology of Alaska, etc. DALLAS, a town and the capital of Paulding County, northwestern Georgia, 33 miles N. W. of Atlanta; on the Pumpkinvine Creek, and on the Southern railroad. It was the scene of a battle between General Sherman and General Johnston, in May, 1864. Population 1890, 455. DALLAS, a town and the capital of Polk County, northwestern Oregon, 15 miles W. of Salem, on the Rickreal River, and on the Southern Pacific railroad. It has an academy, woolen and flour mills, tannery, etc. Population 1890, 848. DALLAS, a city of Texas, the metropolis of the northern portion of the state, capital of Dallas County, on the Trinity River, about one mile. below the mouth of the West Fork. Although it was first settled in 1841, it has become one of the most important cities in the state. It is situated in the midst of a productive agricultural region, and has large grain-elevators and commercial warehouses. It is an important railroad center, being at the crossing of the Houston and Texas and the Texas and Pacific railways. It is abundantly supplied with good water, obtained from artesian wells; has gas-works, street-railways and electric-lighting systems. It has a university of the Christian Church, a college for women (Episcopal), a medical college, and excellent public and parochial schools. Its principal manufactures are flour, cottonseed-oil, agricultural implements, cement, artificial stone, wagons and carriages, It also carries on grain, hides, etc. Dallas Exposition and cotton and woolen goods. an immense trade in cotton, The Texas State Fair and buildings are located here, and cover eight acres of ground. It has many literary and benevolent institutions. Population 1880, 10, 358; 1890, 38,067. DALLAS, ALEXANDER JAMES, an American statesman and author; born in the island of Jamaica, June 21, 1759. He was the son of a Scotch physician; studied in Edinburgh and Westminster; read law in London, and then removed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he began the practice of law. In 1791 he became secretary of the commonwealth. He was editor of the Columbian Magazine, and also edited and annotated the laws of the state, and compiled Reports of Cases decided by the courts of the United States and Pennsylvania. In 1794 he was appointed paymaster-general, in 1796 secretary of state, and in 1814 President Jefferson appointed him United States district attorney for eastern Pennsylvania, which office he held until 1814, when he became Secretary of the Treasury under President Madison. In this capacity he rendered energetic and able service. In March of 1815 the duties of Secretary of War became also incumbent upon Mr. Dallas. These he continued to discharge until his retirement from public life in 1816. He died in Trenton, New Jersey, Jan. 14, 1817. DALLAS, GEORGE MIFFLIN, an American statesman; born in Philadelphia, July 10, 1792. After graduation from Princeton College, he studied law with his father, Alexander James Dallas, and was admitted to the bar in 1813. GEORGE M. DALLAS. He went to Russia as private secretary to Albert Gallatin, one of the commissioners to negotiate a treaty with Great Britain, through the Russian Emperor. On his return to the United States he devoted himself to his profession, and became solicitor of the United States Bank. In 1817 he was made deputy attorney-general of Philadelphia, and became mayor in 1828. This office he resigned to become United States district attorney. 1831 he was sent to the United States Senate. In 1837-39 he was minister to Russia, and on his return again practiced law in Philadelphia. 1844 he was elected Vice-President by the Democratic party, and in 1856 was made minister to England, where he displayed much tact in manag ing the Central American question. He returned to Philadelphia in 1861. Mr. Dallas wrote a Series of Letters from London in the Years 1856-60 (1869). Died in Philadelphia, Dec. 31, 1864. In In. DALLES CITY OR "THE DALLES," capital of Wasco County, northern Oregon, located on the south bank of the Columbia River, and on the Oregon railroad, 90 miles E. of Portland. It was DALLES OF THE COLUMBIA-DALY founded in 1852. It has fine churches and excellent schools, including a Catholic academy. There is a branch mint and large woolen mills. Cattle, sheep and wool form its chief staples of industry. Population, about 4,500. 981 Western and Atlantic railroads. It is surrounded by extensive mineral fields of iron, limestone, manganese, etc.; manufactures cotton, iron and leather, and has, besides, a large trade in fruit and grain. Dalton Female College is located here. DALLES OF THE COLUMBIA, a name given It was the headquarters of the Confederate army to a portion of the Columbia River, near Dalles under Gen. J. E. Johnston in 1864, and several City, and 50 miles above the Cascades. For a con- battles were fought in the vicinity prior to the siderable distance above, the stream is bounded | Atlanta campaign. It was nearly destroyed durby basaltic rocks, and at this point they suddenly ing the war, but was rebuilt and is now a flourishconfine it to about one third its usual width, ing town. Population 1890, 3,046. with perpendicular walls on either side. The river plunges violently through the chasm, which is but 58 yards wide. DALLES OF THE ST. LOUIS, a series of rapids in the St. Louis River, extending about four miles over a bed of slate, near Duluth, Minnesota. The river falls 400 feet in the four miles of rapids. DALLINGER, WILLIAM HENRY, an English clergyman and naturalist, was born in 1841 at Davenport, England. At the age of 20 he entered the Wesleyan ministry, and for 12 years served in Liverpool. In 1888 he resigned the governorship of Wesley College, Sheffield, and devoted himself to his specialty, the study of minute forms of animal life. In 1866 he published Minute Forms of Life; in 1878, The Origin of Life; and in 1881, Creator, and What we May Know of Creation. The valuable results of Mr. Dallinger's investigations won him recognition throughout the scientific world, in which he held positions of high honor. As a minister he strove to demonstrate the harmony between Christian faith and scientific truth. DALL'ONGARO, FRANCESCo, an Italian writer and revolutionist; born at Odezzo, Italy, in 1808. He was a priest, but, being suspended for preaching independent doctrine, engaged in revolutionary journalism in Trieste, from which place he was expelled in 1847, and a year later was compelled to leave Italy altogether. On his return in 1859, he became professor of literature at Florence. He published lyric poems, tales and dramas. died in Naples, Jan. 10, 1873. He DALRYMPLE, ALEXANDER, a British geographer, hydrographer, a younger brother of Lord Hailes; was born at New Hailes, near Edinburgh, July 24, 1737. In 1752 he entered the East India Company's service, but having become interested in the commerce of the Eastern Archipelago, he resigned his office, and made a voyage of observation among these islands. In 1775 he was sent out to Madras as a member of council, and in 1779 was appointed hydrographer to the East India Company. In 1795 the Admiralty established a similar office and bestowed it on Dalrymple. This position he held until within a short time before death. He left a valuable library, which was purchased by the Admiralty. His writings included numerous important hydrographical works. He died June 19, 1808. DALTON, a railroad junction and the capital of Whitfield County, northwestern Georgia, 39 miles N. E. of Rome, on the Southern and DALTON, a town of Berkshire County, northwestern Massachusetts, on the Boston and Albany railroad, five miles N. E. of Pittsfield. It has important manufactories of machinery, paper, woolens and cotton goods. Population 1890, 2,885. DALTON, JOHN CALL, an American physiologist and physician; born in Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Feb. 2, 1825; graduated at Harvard in 1844. He became, successively, professor of | physiology in the University of Buffalo, the Vermont Medical College and the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons. During the Civil War he was an army surgeon. He published a Treatise on Human Physiology, which passed through numerous editions; Experimental Methods of Medicine; Topographical Anatomy of the Brain; and other works. He died Feb. 12, 1889. DALTON-IN-FURNESS, a town of northwestern England, Lancaster County, 18 miles N.W. of the city of Lancaster. The ruins of Furness Abbey, founded by Stephen in 1127, are near Dalton. On an islet fronting the town are the remains of an old castle, known as Peel of Foundey, originally built to defend the harbor. There are iron-works and iron-mines in the town. Population, 13,350. DALTONISM OR COLOR-BLINDNESS. See DALTON, JOHN, Vol. VI, p. 784. DALY, AUGUSTIN, an American dramatist and theatrical manager; born in North Carolina in 1838. He began his literary career by writing for the New York papers, and was dramatic editor of the Courier. His first decidedly successful literary work was Leah, the Forsaken, produced in 1862. A Bachelor's Wardrobe, previously written, had met with favor. Mr. Daly's original dramatic works and his adaptations are numerous and clever. clever. In 1879 he established Daly's Theater, in New York City, which became a center of Shakespearean productions, and of well-organized itinerant dramatic companies. DALY, CÉSAR DENIS, a French architect and publicist; born July 19, 1811, at Verdun, France. Early in his career he began architectural study under Jacques Félix Duban, the greatest French architect of his time. At about the same time he became one of the prominent contributors to the Democratie Pacifique, a daily journal whose advocacy of the social philosophy of Fourier, and whose staff of brilliant writers won for it great celebrity. M. Daly established, also, what became the foremost of architectural journals, La Revue de l'Architecture et des Travaux Publics. This he edited until his death. He visited America in 1855, traveling tude cut in the rock an enormous image of Buddha. Priests of Buddha have been in charge of this rocky cavern temple ever since. In one of the caves are curious inscriptions of Cingalese history of the twelfth century. extensively and making archæological and ethno- | of the Malabars, at about 100 B. C. and in gratilogical studies in the United States and in Central America. His most important work in construction was done from 1840 to 1845, during which time he had in charge the restoration of the cathedral of St. Cecilia, at Albi. The most considerable of M. Daly's professional writings is his monumental Motifs Historiques d'Architecture et de Sculpture d'Ornement. He died in Paris, in March, 1894. DALY, CHARLES PATRICK, an American jurist and historian; born in New York City, Oct. 31, 1816. He went to sea before the mast, but after a few years' service, returned to his native city, where he devoted himself to the study of law, and where, in 1839, he was admitted to the bar. Four years later he was elected to the legislature, became justice of the court of common pleas, judge and chief justice (1871-86). The writings of Justice Daly include History of Naturalization and its Laws in Different Countries and Historical Sketch of the Judicial Tribunals of New York. DAM. See WATER-SUPPLY, Vol. XXIV, pp. 406, 407. DAME'S VIOLET (Hesperis), a genus of plants of the family Crucifera, of which there are several species, natives chiefly of the middle and south of Europe. The common dame's violet, or white rocket (H. matronalis), is cultivated in gardens in the United States. The night-rocket (H. tristis) is a favorite flower in Germany. DAMIEN, FATHER, a Belgian priest who, in 1873, went as a missionary among the lepers of the Hawaiian Islands, and on April 10, 1889, fell a victim to the dreadful disease of leprosy. He was born at Tremeloo, Belgium, in 1840. In 1860 he took holy orders. Having been sent on a mission to Honolulu, he learned of the leper colony and of their forlorn condition, and determined to devote his life to these unfortunates. There were nearly 800 lepers on the islands and Father Damien ministered to their wants, both physical DAMALA, MADAME. See BERNHARDT, ROSINE, and spiritual, until the end. in these Supplements. DAMANHUR, capital of the province of Bahreh, in Lower Egypt, five miles N. of Cairo. It has manufactories of wool and cotton. Population, 25,000. DAMAR, a town of Yemen, southern Arabia, situated about 120 miles N. N. W. of Aden. It has a college, and is the residence of a governor. It contains about 5,000 houses. tracts. DAMARA-LAND, a German protectorate in western South Africa, extending along the coast from the Kunene River to Walfish Bay, inland to long. 21° E. It forms the northern part of the German possessions in southwest Africa. The coast is bare and desolate, but inland are richer The country is occupied by the SouthWest African Company, an Anglo-German Syndicate, which obtained the right to search for and work the minerals of the district, outside the bounds of the German Southwest African Colonial Company, which holds the right principally for the coast-lands. The country is apparently rich in copper, and in agricultural resources, though as yet undeveloped. The area is 320,000 square miles; the population is estimated at 200,000, of which, in 1894, 12,000 were whites. See also AFRICA, in these Supplements. DAMASTES OF SIGEUM, a Greek historian, about 440 B. C. Several works are ascribed to him, among which are genealogical histories of Trojan heroes, history of the Troad (q. v.), etc. The few remaining fragments of his works are collected in Müller's Fragm. Histor. Græcæ. DAMBOOL OR DAMBOLA, a village of Ceylon, remarkable for a vast rock temple of the Buddhists. It is on the south side of the rock Damboollagalla 550 feet high. Five-cave temples are cut into the side of this rock within one hundred feet of its top. In these caves one of the Cingalese kings found refuge from the savage attacks DAMM, CHRISTIAN TOBIAS, a Greek scholar and theologian; born near Leipsic in 1699. He was rector of the Berlin gymnasium for twenty years (1744-64). His Homeric and Pindaric Lexicon, published in 1765, was his principal work. He also translated into German the Homeric poems. Died in 1778. DAMMUDAH, a river of India, rising in Ramgarh, Bengal, about lat. 23° 55' N., and long. 84° 53′ E.; pursues a southeasterly course of about 350 miles, and empties into the Hooghly from the right. The valley of the river is rich in deposits of iron and coal. The stream is navigable for light boats through most of its course. DAMOPHON, a Greek sculptor of Messene, who flourished in the fourth century B.C. His works were chiefly statues of Parian marble and of wood. Among the most important are mentioned a statue of Lucina, one of the mother of the gods, of Mercury and of Venus. He was intrusted with the repair of the great masterpiece of Phidias, the ivory statue of the Olympian Zeus, which had become seriously damaged. DAMPIER ARCHIPELAGO AND STRAIT, named for the noted buccaneer and navigator William Dampier. The archipelago lies off the northwestern coast of Australia, at lat. 21° S., long. 117° E. They are not important or large; they belong to Western Australia. The strait is at the western end of Papua, or New Guinea, and separates it from Waigoe Island, lat. 0°, long. 131° W. It is 35 miles wide and 70 long. DAMPS, in mining, the name given to the gaseous products eliminated in wells, coal-mines, etc. There are two kinds: Choke-damp, mainly composed of carbonic acid, and so called from its extinguishing flame and life; and fire-damp, consisting principally of light carburetted hydrogen, and so called from its tendency to explode when mixed with atmospheric air and brought into contact with flame. See also COAL, Vol. VI, | with George Ripley, Parke Godwin and John S. Dwight, edited the Harbinger, a weekly paper devoted to social re P. 72. DAMSON, a variety of the common plum, which bears a rather small, oval fruit. There are many subvarieties bearing fruit of different colorsblack, dark purple, yellow, bluish, etc. The name is a corruption of Damascene, meaning from Damascus. The Frogmore, Shropshire, and French damsons are of frequent occurrence in the United States. DAMROSCH, LEOPOLD, composer, conductor and violinist; born Oct. 22, 1832, in Posen, Prussia. He took a degree in medicine at the University of Berlin, and practiced as a physician until 1854, not interrupting, however, his study of music. His career as a concert violinist began in 1855. He was successful from the beginning, the training which he had received from the masters Ries and Dehn, and great natural aptitude, uniting to make him one of the foremost exponents of the contemporary German school. In 1866 he became musical director of the theater of Breslau, and in 1871 leader of the Arion Society of New York City. Dr. Damrosch introduced German opera into the United States; its first appearance, in the Metropolitan Opera House, New York City, 1884, being a musical event of great moment. The great musical festival held under his management in 1881 was of scarcely less importance. The place of Dr. Damrosch as a conductor and as a concert violinist was doubtless in the front rank of his contemporaries. Up to the time of his death, which was sudden, he remained leader of the New York Oratorio and the Symphony societies, both of which he had founded. He died Feb. 15, 1885, in New York City. DAMROSCH, WALTER JOHN, son of the foregoing, was born in Breslau, Prussia, in 1862, and removed with his family to the United States at the age of nine. In 1885 he succeeded his father as conductor of the Oratorio Society and as assistant conductor of German opera at the Metropolitan Opera House. In this capacity he won eminent success. He brought out Liszt's Christus; the whole of Parsifal, arranged for concert performance; Berlioz's Damnation de Faust; Messe des Morts; and Te Deum; as well as Grell's Missa Solemnis. In 1890 Mr. Damrosch married Margaret Blaine, daughter of the late James G. Blaine. DAMS SUBMERGED. See IRRIGATION, in these Supplements. DAN, a river of Virginia and North Carolina; rises in the Blue Ridge, Patrick County, and takes a general eastward course, crossing the boundary between those states five times, till it meets the Staunton at Clarksville, Virginia, and with it forms the Roanoke. It is about two hundred miles long. DANA, CHARLES ANDERSON, an American editor; born at Hinsdale, New Hampshire, Aug. 8, 1819. After two years of study at Harvard, he joined, in 1842, the Brook Farm community, at Roxbury, Massachusetts, where he remained until 1844. During the next three years he, in connection CHARLES A. DANA. form and literature. He then became, connected with the New York Tribune, and, after a few years, was one of its principal editors. From 1855 to 1863 Mr. Dana was engaged with George Ripley in the publication of the New American Cyclopædia, a work which won marked success. Mr. Dana's war editorials in the Tribune led to an estrangement with the editor, Horace Greeley, and in 1862 he severed his connections with that paper and entered the service of the government, officiating as assistant secretary of war from 1863 to 1864. On the return of peace, Mr. Dana became editor of the Chicago Republican, a daily which failed of success. In 1868 he organized a stock company that bought out the New York Sun, a daily newspaper, whose editor he became. Mr. Dana, the Nestor of American journalism, was trenchant and sarcastic; as a critic, able and opinionated; as a politician, bitter and erratic, with a constant eye to business. His ability and industry were unquestioned. Among his more important. writings were The Black Ant, a translation, and Life of Ulysses S. Grant (Springfield, 1868), written jointly with Gen. J. H. Wilson. He also edited The Household Book of Poetry, first published in New York in 1857; in connection with Rossiter Johnson he compiled Fifty Perfect Poems (New York, 1883). DANA, EDWARD SALISBURY, an American mineralogist and physicist, the son of JAMES DWIGHT DANA (q. v., in these Supplements); born Nov. 16, 1849, in New Haven, Connecticut. He became, in 1879, assistant professor of natural philosophy at Yale, his alma mater. Since 1875 he has been one of the editors of the American Journal of Science. He is the author of TextBook of Mineralogy; Text-Book of Mechanics; and edited the sixth edition of the Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana. In 1890 he was appointed professor of physics at Yale. He DANA, JAMES, an American divine; born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 11, 1735. graduated at Harvard College and became a Congregational minister; was pastor of the First Church at New Haven, Connecticut, for 16 years. He was conspicuous for his independence and liberalism, and in his book, Examination of Edwards on the Will, he strongly opposed the rigid doctrine of that apostle of extreme Calvinism. He died in New Haven, Connecticut, Aug. 18, 1812. DANA, JAMES DWIGHT, an American mineralogist; born in Utica, New York, Feb. 12, 1813. He graduated from Yale in 1833, and was a teacher of mathematics at the United States Naval Academy for the two years immediately following, and during that time served 984 JAMES D. DANA. DANA DANE on an extended voyage in Mediterranean waters. Returning, he became assistant to Professor Silliman, of the department of chemistry at Yale. In December, 1836, Mr. Dana was appointed mineralogist and geologist to the United States exploring expedition under Commodore Wilkes, which he accompanied until its return in 1842. Work upon the material collected by him upon this expedition continued through several years, the results of his investigations finally appearing in Reports on Zoophytes (1846); Report on the Geology of the Pacific (1849); and Report on Crustacea (1852). 1837 there had appeared his famous System of Mineralogy, destined to pass through many revisions and additions, and to become for many years the standard authority upon its subject. In 1855 Mr. Dana became professor of natural history and geology in Yale College, a position which he held until his death. Among his more popular works are Manual of Geology (1862); Text-Book of Geology (1864); Corals and Coral Islands (1872); Geological Story Briefly Told (1875); Characteristics of Volcanoes, with Facts from the Hawaiian Islands (1890). Mr. Dana had wonderful capacity for research, and was one of the greatest of pathbreaking scientists. He died in New Haven, April 14, 1895. In DANA, RICHARD HENRY, an American lawyer and author; born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, RICHARD H. DANA. Aug. 1, 1815. He was the son of Richard Henry Dana (q.v., Vol. VI, p. 797), poet, and founder of the North American Review. The son entered Harvard, but, owing to impaired sight, was forced to abandon his studies, and shipped as a common sailor on the Pilgrim, bound to California, around Cape Horn. His experiences upon this voyage furnished the material for his famous book, Two Years Before the Mast. He again entered Harvard, where he graduated in 1837; studied law, and in 1840 was admitted to the bar of Massachusetts. In 1848 he took a prominent part in the convention at Buffalo which formed the Free Soil party, and in 1853 was a member of the Massachusetts constitutional convention. He was prominent in the Republican party from its foundation. In 1859-60 he made a voyage around the world, and on his return was appointed United States attorney for Massachusetts. At about this time he prepared, at the request of the heirs of Henry Wheaton, a revision of Wheaton's International Law. The new work came into high favor, and parts of it were translated by the United States government for the use of the arbitrators of the Alabama claims against Great Britain. In 1867-68 Mr. Dana was a member of the Massachusetts legislature, and in the latter year ran for Congress against General Butler, by whom he was defeated. In 1876 he was nominated minister to England by President Grant, but was not confirmed by the Senate, owing to the opposition of General Butler and to the controversy which he had had with W. B. Lawrence, who, in 1863, charged Mr. Dana with having infringed upon his copyright in his edition of Wheaton's Elements of International Law. This controversy continued through a number of years, and Mr. Dana was greatly injured thereby, although it was finally brought out that his transgression had been wholly unintentional. Mr. Dana also contributed extensively to the North American Review, wrote memoirs of Washington Allston and of Professor Edward Channing, and published The Seaman's Friend, a manual of the laws and customs of the sea. He died suddenly in Rome, Italy, Jan. 7, 1882, from pneumonia, while traveling in pursuit of his studies on international law. DANBURY, a city of southwestern Connecticut, and one of the capitals of Fairfield County. Danbury is noted chiefly for its manufacture of hats, an industry which has flourished there for more than a century. It has manufactures of sewing-machines, boots and shoes, shirts, etc. There are also iron foundries, extensive waterworks, a town farm for the indigent, a cemetery of remarkable beauty, a high school, several graded schools, and a fine public library. The population of the city in 1880 was about 8,000; of the township, 11,666. In 1890 the population of the city was 16,552; including the town, 19,385. See DANBURY, Vol. VI, p. 797. DANCE OF DEATH, a certain class of allegorical representations illustrative of the universal power of death, and dating from the fourteenth century. The drama was constructed simply, consisting of short dialogues between Death, portrayed by a skeleton figure, and a number of followers. They were enacted originally in churches, and by religious orders. After a time an illustration was attached to each strophe, and these eventually became the chief point of interest. Being transferred from the quiet convent to more public places, they gave a new impulse to popular art, and series of scenes founded upon the Dance of Death are to be found treated in painting, sculpture and tapestry throughout Europe. The more ancient name was Dance Macabre, a word whose origin has given rise to a great amount of dispute among etymologists. DANE, NATHAN, an American lawyer; born at Ipswich, Massachusetts, Dec. 27, 1752. He served in the Continental Congress from 1785 to 1788, and framed the ordinance for the Northwest Territory, inserting a clause prohibiting slavery, and also one prohibiting the passage of laws for the impairment of contracts, a clause that later was |