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was an assistant to his father from 1874 until the time of the latter's death. Mr. Darwin frequently contributed articles of importance upon physiological botany to scienific journals, and was the joint author of The Power of Movement in Plants, and, of Darwin and Acton's Plant Physiology. He was the editor of Life and Letters of Charles Darwin.

DARWIN, GEORGE HOWARD, an English scientist, the eldest son of Charles Robert Darwin, was born in 1845. He graduated from Trinity College in 1868, and in 1870 took part in the eclipse expedition to Sicily. He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1879, and after that time his labors mainly were directed to investigation in physical astronomy. In 1882 he assisted in the revision of Thompson and Tait's Natural Philosophy. He became Plumian professor of astronomy and experimental philosophy at Cambridge in 1883. In addition to his frequent contributions to scientific journals, he has published On the Influence of Geological Changes on the Earth's Axis of Rotation and On the Remote History of the Earth.

DARWINISM. See EVOLUTION, Vol. VIII, p. 769; and SOCIALISM, Vol. XXII, p. 219.

DASENT, SIR GEORGE WEBBE, an English author, was born in 1817, at St. Vincent, in the West Indies, of which island his father was attorney-general. He was educated at Westminster School and King's College, London, and at Magdalen College, Oxford. He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1852. An accomplished linguist, he had acted frequently as examiner in English and modern languages for civil service appointments, when, in 1870, he was appointed a civil service commissioner. In 1876 he was knighted for his services. He published a translation of The Prose, or Younger Edda (1842); Popular Tales from the Norse (1859) and Tales from the Fjeld (1874), both from the Norwegian of Asbjörnsen; translations from the Icelandic of the Saga of Burnt Njal (1861) and the Story of Gisli, the Outlaw (1866). His introduction to Asbjörnsen's Popular Tales is an admirable exposition of the Aryan theory of story transmission. His novels include Annals of an Uneventful Life; Three to One; Vikings of the Baltic; and Half a Life. He died in London, June 20, 1896.

DASYA, a genus of usually filamentous branching Red Algæ. Certain characteristic branches give rise to the tetraspores, or reproductive bodies. The species are numerous, brightly colored, and largely of tropical seas, but D. elegans is a common species of the Atlantic coast of the United States.

DASYPODIDE. See MAMMALIA, Vol. XV, pp, 386 et seq. DASYURIDÆ.

380, 381.

See MAMMALIA, Vol. XV, pp.

DATAMES, a Persian general who successfully quelled a confederate revolt, but, subsequently losing favor with Artaxerxes, himself revolted, was betrayed and assassinated, 362 B. C. See PERSIA, Vol. XVIII, p. 579.

DATE-PLUM, a name given to species of Diospysos, a genus of plants of the family Ebenacea.

The trees are deciduous, with a globose berry, and grow in a warm or temperate climate. Some species produce ironwood, which is a hard timber, and the blackheart-wood of others is ebony (q.v., Vol. VII). The common date-plum, or pishamin, although a native of the coasts of the Caspian Sea, Mauritania, etc., is naturalized and culti vated in southern Europe, and also is called the European lotus and the date of Trebizond. It is a tree growing from 20 to 40 feet high, having shining oblong leaves; the small flowers are reddish white; the fruit, usually the size of a cherry, grows larger in favorable climates, and is then sweet and astringent, and yellow in color. When over-ripe it is eaten, like the medlar, or is used for conserves. One species (D. Virginiana), known as the persimmon, or Virginia date-plum, is found throughout the Atlantic and Mississippi valley states, and bears an edible fruit of a reddish color. DATHOLITE. See MINERALOGY, Vol. XVI,

p. 409.

DATIA, a town of central India, 18 miles by rail N. of Ihansi. It has a population of 30,000, and is inclosed by a stone wall 30 feet high.

DATISCACEAE, a small family of plants, allied to Begoniacea, and consisting of herbs and trees, mostly found in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Datisca cannabina, a plant much resembling hemp in its general appearance, a native of Crete, possesses very marked tonic properties. It contains, also, an amylaceous substance, called datiscin, resembling inulin, and affords a yellow dye.

DATURA, a genus of plants of the family Solanacea, known as "thorn-apples," or "stramoniums," rank-scented, large-flowered, poisonous weeds, but some in cultivation for ornament. It is characterized by its prismatic calyx, large plaited funnelform corolla, often prickly, globular pods, and large flat seeds. D. Stramonium, the common thorn-apple or "Jamestown-weed" (corrupted into "jimson ") with green stems and white flowers, and its associate, D. Tatula, with purple stem and flowers, are common weeds in waste places in the United States. D. metel and D. meteloides, and the tropical tree-like shrubs D. arborea, and D. suaveolens, are cultivated for orna

ment.

DAUBER, the name given to a mud-wasp, principally to the genus Pelopaus. It builds cells of clay, which are provisioned with insects and larvæ. Several species are common in the United States.

DAUBIGNY, CHARLES FRANÇOIS, a French landscape-painter; born in Paris, Feb. 15, 1817. As a young man he traveled and studied art in Italy, and in Paris was a pupil of Paul Delaroche. His first exhibition at the Salon was in 1838. His work at that time attracted little attention, and it was not until about 1857, in which year he won a first-class medal at the Salon, that he began to be recognized as among the foremost landscape-painters of the day. The conspicuous merit of his paintings lies in their fidelity to nature. Though rough in detail, they are, for massive handling, and withal just rendering,

unexcelled by the work of any contemporary artist. Among the noteworthy productions of Daubigny are The Banks of the River Oulins; The Seine at Charenton; The Island of Bezons-all the property of the French government; and Springtime and A View in the Valley of Optevoz, both in the Luxembourg. Several of his finest canvases are owned in the United States, where his works may often be seen at public exhibitions. He was made an officer of the Legion of Honor in 1874. He died in Paris, Feb. 19, 1878.

DAUDET, ALPHONSE, a French dramatist and novelist; born at Nîmes, May 13, 1840, and edu

ALPHONSE DAUDET.

cated at the Lyons Lycée. At the age of seventeen he went to Paris, where he secured an appointment in the office of the Comte de Morny, president of the legislative corps. M. Daudet's literary efforts began with poetry, and his first book, published in 1858, was entitled Les Amoureuses, which immediately gained for him a reputation, and led to his employment on several newspapers. In Figaro there appeared soon afterward Les Gueux de Province, in which he depicted with earnestness and fidelity the miseries and sufferings of the ushers in provincial schools. He devoted some-not too successful years to theatrical work, writing by himself or with a collaborator, La Dernière Idole (1862); L'Eillet Blanc (1865); Le Frère Ainé (1868); Le Sacrifice (1869); Lise Tavernier; and L'Arlésienne (1872). He contributed to many journals, especially to Figaro, and in this form appeared some of his best work, including Lettres de Mon Moulin (collected 1869); Robert Helmont (1871); and the Contes du Lundi. It was not until many years after his literary beginnings that M. Daudet adopted the style which has made him famous. He sketched something of the kind in Le Petit Chose (1868), a story founded on his own childhood; the quality is still further developed in Jack (1873); and the publication of Fromont Jeune et Risler Ainé (1874) established his reputation. These were followed by Le Nabob (1877), a caricature of well-known personages under the empire; Numa Roumestan (1882); L'Évangéliste (1883); Sappho (1884); and L'Immortel (1888).

DAUDET, ERNEST, a French politician, publicist and novelist, brother of Alphonse Daudet, was born at Nîmes, France, May 31, 1837, and removed to Paris in 1857. For a time, with his brother, in the employment of Comte de Morny, he became successively president of the Legislative Assembly, editorial secretary of the proceedings of the Assembly, and chief clerk of the Senate. While occupying these positions he was a constant contributor to various journals, and in 1873 was appointed director of the Journal Officiel. In 1877 he became editor of L'Estafette. He is author of numerous novels, of works on the political questions of the day, and some of his later

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works have dealt with matters of history. L'Histoire des Conspirations Royalistes du Midi sous la Révolution (1881) was crowned by the French Academy, and a prize was granted to the author on its account. He also wrote the following noteworthy novels: Jean le Gueux; La Carmelite; and Henriette. Histoire de la Restauration and Les Bourbons et la Russie pendant la Révolution Française are others of his important historical productions. He received the cross of the Legion of Honor in 1868. DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. See COLONIAL SOCIETIES, in these Supplements.

DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTION. See COLONIAL SOCIETIES, in these Supplements.

DAUNOU, PIERRE CLAUDE FRANÇOIS, a French historian and politician; born at Boulogne-surMer, Aug. 18, 1761; died in Paris, June 20, 1840. He was a member of the convention of 1792-95, and opposed extreme measures; was, in 1795, first president of the Council of Five Hundred, and was one of the committee which drafted the constitution of the year 1800. Cours d'Études Historiques (20 vols.) is his most important work. 1819 he became a member of the faculty of the College of France.

In

DAVENPORT, a flourishing city of eastern Iowa, and capital of Scott County, on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad, and is the southern terminus of the Davenport and St. Paul railroad. It is connected with eastern cities by other railroads terminating on the opposite or eastern bank of the Mississippi River. The western terminus of the Hennepin canal, connecting the Mississippi River with the Great Lakes, is opposite Davenport. It has extensive manufactories of carriages, farming implements, woolen goods, cars, furniture, lumber, flour, etc., the census of 1890 showing 463 manufacturing establishments,. having an aggregate capital of $8,283,078, and producing annually over $10,000,000 worth of finished products. It has numerous excellent schools, the Catholic Seminary of St. Charles Borromeo, a well-endowed Catholic hospital, and a large public library. It is also the seat of Griswold College (Protestant Episcopal), which was founded in 1859, and is the see of the Episcopal Church of Iowa. On the other side of the river, opposite the city, is Rock Island, a beautiful island several miles in length, owned by the United States government. Rock Island is the site of a United States arsenal and military headquarters, and is connected with Davenport by a notable wrought-iron bridge costing over a million dollars. Population of Davenport in 1890, 26,872; 1895, 30,010. See DAVENPORT, Vol. VI, p. 836.

DAVENPORT, EDWARD LOOMIS, an American actor; born in Boston, Massachusetts, Nov. 15, 1814. He was a judicious and finished performer, equally good in tragedy and in comedy. His debut was made in 1836 at Providence, Rhode Island, where he appeared as Parson Will in A New Way to Pay Old Debts, Junius Brutus Booth taking the role of Sir Giles Overreach. He

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achieved success in Philadelphia, New York, Boston, and in England, becoming very popular in London. He married Fanny Elizabeth Vining, an English actress, in 1849. He died in Canton, Pennsylvania, Sept. 1, 1877.

DAVENPORT, FANNY LILY GIPSY, an American actress; born in London, April 10, 1850, daughter of Edward L. Davenport, the actor. Her parents brought her to America while she was a child, and she was educated in the Boston public schools, making her first appearance on the stage at the Howard Athenæum, in the play Metamora, in which she took the child's part. In 1862 she acted at Niblo's Garden, New York; subsequently at the Little Tremont Theater, in Boston, and in the Arch Street Theater, in Philadelphia. In 1869 Augustin Daly secured her services for his Fifth Avenue Theater, in New York, where she played in London Assurance; As You Like It; Oliver Twist; School for Scandal; Divorce; Leah; and Pique. In the last-mentioned her success was pronounced. Her starring tours through the United States were uniformly successful. She brought out Anna Dickinson's American Girl and Sardou's Feodora, and she also impersonated Cleopatra. In 1879 she married Edwin H. Price, but secured a divorce and married Melbourne McDowell.

FANNY DAVENPORT.

DAVENPORT, JOHN, a Puritan preacher and pioneer, was born in Coventry, England, in 1597. He was educated at Oxford and ordained to the Anglican priesthood. He preached in London, and became famous for his learning and faithfulness to his duties. He was suspected of Puritan principles, and summoned before Archbishop Laud to answer the charges. About this time, his friend John Cotton having left the Established Church, Davenport was persuaded to do the same. He spent two years in pastoral work in Holland and then returned to England. In 1637 he sailed for Massachusetts, where he was welcomed cordially by the people of Boston. He afterward became one of the founders of the New Haven colony, one of the "seven pillars" of government, and was pastor of the First Church in Boston at the time of his death, which occurred March 15, 1670.

DAVID, a city of eastern Panama, Colombia, south of the Cordilleras de Chiriqui, 12 miles north of the Pacific coast. It is near the extinct volcano of Chiriqui, and in a rich alluvial plain. A large coal-field extends nearly across the isthmus at this point, and there are gold-mines in the vicinity. Population, 9,000.

DAVID CITY, the capital of Butler County, central eastern Nebraska, 63 miles W. of Omaha, and a railroad center of importance. It is on the Burlington and Missouri River, the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley and the Union Pacific

railroads. It is employed principally in the shipping of grain and stock raised in the neighborhood, but it also has manufactories of importance. Population 1890, 2,028.

DAVID I AND DAVID II, kings of Scotland. See SCOTLAND, Vol. XXI, pp. 482, 489.

DAVIDS, THOMAS WILLIAM RHYS, a British Orientalist; born at Colchester, May 12, 1843, and educated at the University of Breslau. He has held various appointments in Ceylon. His works include Buddhism (1878); a Translation of the Fausböll Collection of Buddhist Birth-Stories (1880); Buddhist Suttas from the Páli (1881); and The Question of King Milanda (1890). He is professor of Páli and Buddhist literature at University College, London.

DAVIDSON, GEORGE, an American scientist; born in Nottingham, England, May 9, 1825, of Scottish parents; removed to the United States in 1832; served as chief of the field assistants of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey on the Pacific and Atlantic during the Civil War, and commanded the Alaska expedition to observe the total eclipse in 1869. In 1873 he determined the 120th meridian, and the year following conducted the United States transit-of-Venus party to Japan. From 1890 to 1893 he was in charge of trigonometrical stations on the Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges at altitudes of nearly thirteen thousand feet. A member of many scientific societies, he was made president of the California Academy of Sciences, and published many valuable works on transit observations, transit instruments, irrigation, and river and harbor improvements. He devised the new meridian instrument for latitude and time, bearing his name, as well as a breakcircuit chronometer and other valuable instruments. He is the author of The Coast Pilot of California, Oregon and Washington.

DAVIDSON, JOHN, a Scottish poet; born April 11, 1857, at Barhead, Renfrewshire, Scotland. He did not receive a systematic education, his youth being largely spent in the chemical department of a sugar-refinery. For several years he was a teacher in small Scottish towns, and in 1890 went to London, where he engaged in journalism and authorship. His best-known volume of verse is Scaramouch in Naxos. Others of his works are A Random Itinerary; A Romantic Farce; An Unhistorical Pastoral; Fleet-Street Eclogues; and Plays, Collected Edition.

DAVIDSON, ROBERT, Presbyterian clergyman; born at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, Feb. 23, 1808. He graduated from Dickinson College in 1831, and from Princeton Theological Seminary. He held pastorates at Lexington, Kentucky; New Brunswick, New Jersey; New York City; and Huntington, Long Island. For some time he was superintendent of public instruction in Lexington, Kentucky, and in 1840 became president of Transylvania University, in that city. He was a commissioner of the American Board of Foreign Missions for 25 years; permanent clerk of the General Assembly from 1845 to 1850; delegate to the General Assembly of the Scottish Free Church

man and author; born at Chichester, Feb. 26, 1826. He was educated at Repton School and at Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 1850 became a fellow of Trinity. Ordained in 1852, he was appointed incumbent of St. Mark's Church, London, and subsequently became rector of Christ Church. He was for some years principal of Queen's College, London, chaplain-in-ordinary to the Queen, and a frequent contributor to periodical literature. He published Theology and Morality, Belief and Practice (1873); The Christian Calling (1875); and Order and Growth in the Spiritual Constitution of Human Society (1891).

DAVIES, LOUIS HENRY, a Canadian statesman; born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, May 4, 1845. He received his education at Central Academy and Prince of Wales College, in his native town, and then fitted himself for the legal profession. A Liberal, he was twice chosen solicitor-general of his province, was opposition leader in the legislative assembly, and premier and attorneygeneral. These offices he held from 1876 to 1879. He was in the local legislature for most of the time from 1872 to 1879. From 1882 to 1886 he represented Queen's County of his island in the Domin-❘ ion Parliament, and was again re-elected in 1891. In the International Fishery Commission, which held its sessions at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1877, he was one of Great Britain's representatives.

DAVIES, SAMUEL, an American clergyman, born near Summit Ridge, Newcastle County, Delaware, Nov. 3, 1724. He was ordained to evangelical work in Hanover County, Virginia, and some years later went to England to assist in obtaining funds for the College of New Jersey, of which he was one of the founders. He was successful in raising money for that institution, whose president he became in 1759, succeeding Jonathan Edwards. Mr. Davies was eminent as a pulpit orator. A collection of his sermons was published in three volumes, after his death, which occurred. in Princeton, New Jersey, Feb. 4, 1761.

DAVIES, THOMAS ALFRED, an American soldier, brother of Charles Davies, the mathematician, was born in St. Lawrence County, New York, in December, 1809. In 1829 he graduated from the United States Military Academy, and was assigned to service on the frontier. In 1831 he resigned his commission and served as one of the Croton Aqueduct engineers. When the Civil War broke out he entered the army as colonel of the Sixteenth New York, and was present at Bull Run, the defenses of Alexandria, and at the siege and battle of Corinth. From 1862 to 1865 he commanded various districts, and in the last-named year was brevetted major-general of volunteers. He has published several works on theological subjects, among which are Cosmogony, or Mysteries of the Creation; Adam and Ha-Adam; and Genesis Disclosed.

DAVIESS, JOSEPH HAMILTON, an American lawyer, pioneer and soldier; born in Bedford County, Virginia, March 4, 1774. He studied for the legal profession, and attained considerable fame as a lawyer and patriot. He became United States attorney for Kentucky, and his most nota

ble act in that capacity was the bringing of charges against Aaron Burr for "levying war against a nation with which the United States was at peace." Witnesses against Burr failed to appear, and thus the charges were not sustained. Several counties, in different states, have been named for him. He was killed in the battle of Tippecanoe, Nov. 7, 1811.

DAVIN, NICHOLAS FLOOD, poet and publicist; born Jan. 13, 1843, at Kilfinane, Ireland. He graduated from Queen's College, Cork, and in 1868 was admitted to the English bar. He was appointed war correspondent for the London Standard during the Franco-Prussian war, and in 1879 was commissioned by the Canadian government to visit the United States for the purpose of investigating the Indian industrial schools. Various other official positions were held by him prior to his election in 1887 and 1891 to the Domin ion Parliament. His published works include Eros, an Epic of the Dawn, and Other Poems; The Irishman in Canada; and Ireland and the Empire.

DAVIS, ANDREW JACKSON, an American spiritualist and author; born in Orange County, New York, Aug. 11, 1826. In his youth he lived in great poverty, and obtained little education, but developed great clairvoyant powers, and is report ed to have fallen into trances frequently, in which he claimed that he spoke with spiritual beings, and received instruction concerning the future state. In a supposed trance he dictated to the Rev. William Fishbough his first book, on The Principles of Nature. He lectured and wrote many books in the interests of spiritualism. Among his publications are The Great Harmonia (6 vols., 1861); Philosophy of Spiritual Intercourse (1870); The World's True Redeemer (1863); Principles of Nature; etc.

DAVIS, CHARLES H., an American landscapepainter; born Jan. 7, 1856, at Amesbury, Massachusetts. His earlier artistic training was obtained under Grundman in Boston; afterward he became a pupil of Lefèbvre and Boulanger in Paris. A painting of his, hung in the Paris Salon of 1887, received honorable mention, and succeeding work won him an enviable reputation among landscape-painters. For a number of years he painted in Normandy, where some of his finest productions, exquisite in color and of remarkable faithfulness, were produced. In 1887 Mr. Davis won the $2,000 prize of the American Art Association. The Union League Club of New York City possesses one of his most noteworthy achievements, Late Afternoon.

DAVIS, CHARLES HENRY, an American naval officer; born in Boston, Massachusetts, Jan. 16, 1807; died at Norfolk, Virginia, Feb. 18, 1877. He entered the navy in 1823, served first in the Pacific and then in the Mediterranean squadron; was engaged subsequently in coast duty (1842-56), and while surveying in the vicinity of Nantucket, located several hitherto undiscovered shoals in the track of ocean steamers sailing between Europe and New York, which accounted for many unexplained accidents in the same vicinity. In