DAVIS 1861 he became a member of a board to inquire into the condition of the Southern coast harbors and defenses. The investigations resulted in a decision to send an expedition against Port Royal. He was made flag-officer of the Mississippi squadron, and, joining Admiral Farragut, engaged in the Vicksburg operations, and led an expedition up to Yazoo River. He was commissioned commodore in 1862, in 1863 was made rear-admiral, and from 1867 to 1869 was commander of the South Atlantic squadron. Later he was appointed commander of the United States navy-yard at Norfolk. Admiral Davis was a member of several scientific societies, and was a writer on mathematical, astronomical and geodetic subjects, his best known books being Memoir upon the Geological Action of Tidal and Other Currents of the Ocean and The Law of Deposit of the Flood Tide. DAVIS, CUSHMAN KELLOGG, an American politician; was born June 16, 1838, at Henderson, Jefferson County, New York, where he received a common school education. After graduation from the University of Michigan in 1857, he undertook legal studies, which were interrupted by the Civil War, during which he served as first lieutenant in the Twenty-eighth Wisconsin Infantry. In 1867 he was elected to the Minnesota legislature, and in the following year became United States district attorney for Minnesota. He was elected governor of Minnesota in 1874, and took his seat as a Republican member of the United States Senate, March 4, 1887, and was re-elected in 1893. DAVIS, DAVID, an American statesman and jurist; born in Cecil County, Maryland, March 9, 1815. He graduated from Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio; studied law in Massachusetts and at New Haven, Connecticut, and began practice in Bloomington, Illinois. He sat in the legislature in 1844, and three times was elected judge of the eighth judicial circuit of the state, but resigned this position in 1862. President Lincoln, whose intimate friend he was, appointed him a justice of the United States supreme court, and he was executor of Lincoln's estate. In 1872 Judge Davis was nominated for the Presidency by the Labor Reform party. He left the supreme bench in 1877 to take a seat in the United States Senate, having been elected to succeed John A. Logan. After the death of President Garfield he was chosen, Oct. 13, 1881, president of the Senate. He resigned his seat, March 3, 1883. Judge Davis was an Independent, but usually voted in Congress with the Democrats. He died at his home in Bloomington, Illinois, June 26, 1886. JUDGE DAVID DAVIS. DAVIS, EDWIN HAMILTON, an American physician and archæologist; born in Ross County, Ohio, Jan 22, 1811; was educated for the medical pro 995 fession, and became professor of materia medica and therapeutics in New York College. He was best known for his interest in American antiquities, his exploration of Indian mounds, and his collections of mound relics, having gathered one of the largest collections of mound relics in America. This collection now forms part of Blackmore's Museum, Salisbury, England. Museum, Salisbury, England. A duplicate collection is in the American Museum of Natural History, New York. He wrote Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, which was the first volume published by the Smithsonian Institution. He died in New York City, May 15, 1888. DAVIS, GARRET, an American lawyer and statesman; born at Mount Sterling, Kentucky, Sept. 10, 1801; received a classical education; was admitted to the bar in 1823; elected to the state legislature in 1833; in 1839 was a member of the state constitutional convention, and in the same year was elected to Congress, serving till 1847. At the commencement of the Civil War he exerted himself to prevent the secession of his native state, and was elected to the United States Senate to succeed John C. Breckenridge. He served in the Senate till his death, which occurred Sept. 22, 1872. DAVIS, GEORGE R., an American public man; born in Palmer, Massachusetts, in 1840; enlisted in the Eighth Massachusetts Infantry in 1861; recruited a battery in 1863, and rose to the rank of colonel, continuing with the army, in the civil department, until 1871, when he resigned and settled in Chicago. Taking a prominent part in politics as a Republican, he served three terms in Congress (1878-84), and one term as treasurer of Cook County (1886-90). He was prominent in the work of securing the World's Columbian Exposition for Chicago; was chosen a director of the local board, and in September, 1890, directorgeneral of the exposition. DAVIS, HENRY WINTER, an American statesman; born in Annapolis, Maryland, Aug. 16, 1817. After graduation in 1837 from Kenyon College, Ohio, he undertook study of the law at the University of Virginia, and practiced in that state from 1841 to 1850. Surrounded by and associating with slaves, his advocacy of their emancipation was determined largely by what he early learned of their condition. He gained reputation as an orator, and in 1854 was elected to Congress, where he served for three consecutive terms. On the dissolution of the Whig party he became a radical Republican. In 1860, when Mr. Lincoln was nominated for President, the VicePresidency was offered to Mr. Davis, but he declined the honor, and later refused to accept any Cabinet position. From 1863 to 1865 he was again in Congress, and served as chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. He favored the enlistment of negroes and the extension of the right of suffrage to them. A day was set apart by Congress, at his death, for the commemoration of his public services-an honor never before paid to an ex-Congressman. His public speeches were collected, and, with a sketch of his life, were pub lished in 1867. He died in Baltimore, Dec. 30, 1865. JEFFERSON DAVIS. a self to campaign work in Mississippi, having been nominated for the governorship upon the DemoDAVIS, JEFFERSON, President of the Confed- cratic ticket. He was the defeated nominee in a erate States of America; born June 3, 1808, in close election. In 1852 he assisted in the elecChristian (now Todd) tion of Franklin Pierce, by whom he was apCounty, southwestern pointed Secretary of War, in which capacity Kentucky. He became he introduced in the army the Minié rifle, iron student at Transyl- gun-carriages and other improvements. In 1857 vania College, Ken- he re-entered the Senate, becoming the Demotucky, and in 1824 a cratic leader of the Thirty-sixth Congress. Here cadet at West Point, he opposed the French spoliation bill and the having been appointed "popular sovereignty" doctrine, but favored the by President Monroe. passage of the Kansas conference bill. It is noteFor seven years after his worthy that in a speech in 1860 he discriminated graduation from the Mil- between independence, which had been dearly itary Academy he held bought, and the Union, which had cost "little. the commission of lieu- time, little money, and no blood." Later, being tenant, and was assigned appointed on the Senate committee to examine to frontier duty. Dur- into the condition of the country, he reluctantly ing this time he served in consented to serve, and made an address, in the Black Hawk war. Having married the which he affirmed his willingness to do anything daughter of General Taylor shortly after his res- to avert the impending struggle. When Missisignation from the military service in 1835, he sippi seceded from the Union, Jan. 9, 1861, Mr. settled as a cotton-planter near Vicksburg, Mis- Davis resigned his seat, and at once assumed comsissippi. His political prominence dates from his mand of the military forces of his state. On Feb. election, upon the Democratic ticket, in 1844, to 18, 1861, he was elected President of the Confedermembership in the electoral college, which was ate States by the provisional Confederate conto ballot on Polk and Dallas for the Presidency. vention in session at Montgomery, Alabama. He A year later he became the Representative of his formed his Cabinet, and in his first message to district in Congress, and in 1846, upon the out- the provisional Confederate Congress commended break of the Mexican War, was chosen the colo- the attack on Fort Sumter, and characterized nel of a Mississippi regiment of volunteers. He President Lincoln's action in calling for volunteers promptly resigned his seat, and led his regiment as unconstitutional and absurd, saying, "All we to join the army of General Taylor in the valley ask is to be let alone." of the Rio Grande. Having rendered gallant service in the battles of Monterey and Buena Vista, being severely wounded in the latter, he was offered by President Polk a brigadier-generalship. This he declined, on the ground that a "military appointment by a Federal executive is unconstitutional." In accord with the theories to maintenance of which he devoted his life, he, in this case, avowed it to be the right of the state alone to issue commissions in the volunteer service. The war over, Jefferson Davis returned to his home, and he was appointed at once, by Governor Brown, to fill a vacancy in the United States Senate. This appointment received the confirmation of the legislature early in 1848, and in 1850 he was returned for a full term. While he was in the Senate he held the office of chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs, and in debate was known as the champion of domestic and states' rights. Nothing in his Senatorial career is indicative of overt ill faith toward the maintenance of the Union, although his doctrine of the sovereignty of the state, and its right of withdrawal from a voluntary compact-the constitution-ultimately meant, in view of the attitude of the government toward the institution of slavery, advocacy of secession. With his leader, Calhoun, he held for constitutional obligation upon the government to respect and protect the property right of slavery, because it existed prior to the constitution. Resigning his seat in the Senate in 1851, he devoted him The history of the Presidency of Jefferson Davis. is, from the Confederate standpoint, the history of the war. Its beginning was the beginning of warlike preparations for the defense of the Confederacy, signalized by the bombardment of Fort Sumter; its end, the end of Southern resistance. to the Union. On Feb. 22, 1862, Mr. Davis was re-elected President for a term of six years. Soon after the defeats at Vicksburg and Gettysburg, trouble arose in the Cabinet, hitherto submissive to the will of the executive. The Secretary of the Treasury resigned, and financial ruin threatened the Confederacy. The year 1864 opened favorably for the Southern army, but by the middle of July the tide had turned. The Southern peace party was gaining in numbers, and Mr. Davis sent three commissioners to treat for peace with the United States. The meeting took place on a steamer in Hampton Roads, but no good resulted. On the return and report of the commissioners, meetings were held and attempts made to revive popular enthusiasm, but Sherman had gained the sea, Grant was drawing his lines closer about Richmond, and Mr. Lincoln was re-elected President. The Confederate Congress began to grow uneasy and to show lack of confidence in the administration, and the Secretary of War resigned his portfolio. Mr. Davis's last message was dated March 13, 1865, and in it he confessed the gravity of the sit DAVIS uation, yet asserted, that there were ample means for bringing things to a successful termination. Twenty days later he left Richmond, and on April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant. Mr. Davis went to Danville, then to Greensboro, North Carolina, where he conferred with Generals Johnston and Beauregard; thence to Charlotte. At Irwinsville, Georgia, May 10th, he was captured by a company of Union soldiers under LieutenantColonel Pritchard, while attempting to escape arrest. He was taken to Fortress Monroe and confined for two years, while the authorities at Washington were deciding what should be done with him. He was indicted for treason in 1866. On May 13, 1867, Mr. Davis was brought into court at Richmond and admitted to bail. He was never brought to trial, but was included in the general amnesty declared in December, 1868, although he steadfastly refused to take the necessary steps to have his political disabilities removed. After regaining his freedom, Mr. Davis was received enthusiastically in the South. In a speech made in the summer of 1871, he declared himself still in favor of states' rights, and affirmed that he did not "accept the situation." 997 a time was liberated, but the case was never brought to trial. He died in Chicago, Illinois, Nov. 30, 1879. DAVIS, JESSIE (BARTLETT), an American operatic contralto singer; born in Chicago in 1860; from a position as a church-choir singer, she went to one in the Chicago Church Choir Opera Company, singing as Little Buttercup in Pinafore, with great success. At 16 years of age she sang with Caroline Richings; in 1882 sang Siebel to Patti's Marguerite in the Mapleson Company in New York; was with the American Opera Company from 1886 till its dissolution; and has been the leading contralto singer with "the Bostonians." She married Will J. Davis, manager of the Columbia Theater, Chicago. DAVIS, JOHN, an American statesman; born in Northboro, Massachusetts, Jan. 13, 1787. He graduated at Yale, studied law and began to practice in Worcester. In 1824 he was elected to Congress, where he opposed Henry Clay's tariff bill and advocated a protective tariff. He was elected governor of Massachusetts in 1834, and afterward was sent to the United States Senate, and was again, in 1841, elected governor. Mr. Davis, when in Congress, opposed the Mexican War, advocated the exclusion of slavery from the territories, and for his uprightness was frequently | called "Honest John Davis. He died in Worcester, Massachusetts, April 19, 1854. Jefferson Davis was a man of marked inflexibility, of thorough conviction, of exceptional executive ability, and of extreme pride. Scornful of the methods of the average contemporary politician, he was fearlessly frank, and a speaker whose utterances never failed of clearness, nor lacked in DAVIS, JOHN CHANDLER BANCROFT, an Ameripower. At no time did he retreat from the atti- can jurist and diplomat, born at Worcester, tude maintained by him throughout, nor did apol- Massachusetts, Dec. 29, 1822; graduated at Harogy ever escape him. His attitude of irreconcil-vard College in 1840, and, after three years of iation to the Union was maintained until the end. legal study, began the practice of law. In 1849 Of more than average height, gaunt in feature he entered the diplomatic service as secretary of and erect in stature, his personal appearance was legation at London, where he remained until 1852. not impressive. For many years he was an in- On his return he resumed the practice of law in tense sufferer from neuralgia, but did not permit | New York, and in 1869 was elected to the state his physical condition to interfere with his official legislature. Appointed assistant secretary of duties. During his retirement at Beauvoir, Mis- state at the commencement of President Grant's sissippi, where the last twenty years of his life administration, he became American secretary in were spent, he wrote The Rise and Fall of the the joint commission which concluded the Treaty Confederate Government, a work which aroused of Washington in the spring of 1871; prepared the much adverse comment from those military officers American case for submission to the tribunal of of the Confederacy with whom his relations had arbitration for the settlement of the Alabama not always been amicable. He died Dec. 6, 1889. claims; went to Geneva as the agent of the United DAVIS, JEFFERSON C., an American soldier; States at the meeting of the tribunal, and on his born in Clarke County, Indiana, March 2, 1828. return in 1873 resumed the position of assistant He served during the Mexican War, in the secretary of state. He served as United States Indiana regiment, under Colonel Lane, and was minister to Germany from 1874 to 1877, and on made a second lieutenant of artillery for gallant his return was appointed a judge of the court of conduct in the battle at Buena Vista. As a first claims. He became assistant secretary of state lieutenant, he was on duty at Fort Sumter at in 1881, and reporter of the United States suthe time of the bombardment in April, 1861. preme court in 1883. He published several law Later he served in Missouri, was at the battle of books, which include The Massachusetts Justice Pea Ridge, siege of Corinth, fight at Stone River; and The Case of the United States Laid Before the commanded the Fourteenth Corps in Sherman's Tribunal of Arbitration at Geneva. From 1854 to army in Georgia; was brevetted major-general, 1861 Mr. Davis was American correspondent of and after the war was put in charge of the United the London Times. States troops in Alaska. In 1873 he was at the head of the troops sent to subdue the Modoc Indians. In a quarrel at Louisville, Kentucky, Sept. 29, 1862, General Davis shot and killed General William Nelson, and was arrested, but after | DAVIS, SIR JOHN FRANCIS, an English Orientalist and army officer; born in London in 1795. He was long a resident in China as chief superintendent of Canton, and afterward as governor and commander-in-chief of the colony of Hongkong. (1876); Kitty's Choice (1876); A Law Unto Herself (1878); and Naubasqua (1886). DAVIS, RICHARD HARDING, an American editor and writer of short stories, the son of Rebecca Harding Davis; born April 18, 1864, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a student at Lehigh University, and afterward at Johns Hopkins University, where he received special training for a journalistic career. After several years' service as a reporter upon various Philadelphia papers, he became connected, in 1888, with the New York Evening Sun, in which appeared his first important stories. Two years later he was appointed man short story and descriptive writing, and traveled extensively in Europe and in South America for the sake of the latter. Collections of his stories have been published under the titles Stories for Boys and Gallagher, and Other Stories (1891); The Rulers of the Mediterranean (1893); Van Bibber and Others; and The Exiles, and Other Stories; Our English Cousins (1894); About Paris (1895); The Princess Aline (1895); and Cinderella (1896). His descriptive writings include The West from a Car Window; and Three Gringoes in Central America. He contributed frequently to magazines. DAVIS, NATHAN SMITH, an American author and physician; born in Greene, Chenango County, New York, Jan. 9, 1817. He received his medical education in Fairfield, New York, and after ten years' practice in Binghamton, in his native state, accepted the professorship of physiology and pathology in Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois. He wasone of the founders of Northwestern Uni-aging editor of Harper's Weekly. He excelled in versity, the Washingtonian Home for Inebriates, and the Chicago Academy of Sciences. While in New York City in 1848 he was editor of the Annalist, and in Chicago conducted successively the Medical Examiner, Northwestern Journal, and Journal of the American Medical Association. In 1886 he became professor of the principles and practice of medicine in Chicago Medical College, and later dean of the faculty. He held many offices connected with scientific or educational institutions, and among his numerous writings are the following: Essay on the Philosophy of Medicine; Remedial Value and Proper Use of Alcoholic Drinks; History of Medical Education; and Clinical Lectures. DAVIS, NOAH, an American jurist; born in Haverhill, New Hampshire, Sept. 10, 1818. After graduation from the Academy at Lima, New York, he undertook the study of law, and began practice at Gaines and in Buffalo, New York. In 1844 he entered into partnership with Sanford E. Church at Albion. From 1857 to 1868 he was a justice of the New York supreme court, and in the latter year was sent by the Republican party to Congress. In 1870 he accepted President Grant's appointment as United States attorney for the southern district of New York, and two years later became justice of the supreme court in the same district. The Tweed trial and the trial of Stokes for the murder of Fisk were celebrated cases which came before him. In 1887 he retired from office and resumed his practice. JUDGE NOAH DAVIS. DAVIS, REBECCA (HARDING), an American magazine writer and novelist; born at Washington, Pennsylvania, June 24, 1831; wife of L. Clark Davis, a journalist. Her early days were spent in West Virginia, and her first notable story was called Life in the Iron Mills, which appeared in the Atlantic Monthly in 1861. After her marriage she removed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and in 1869 was given a place on the editorial staff of the New York Tribune. She has published a number of novels, the best known being Margaret Howth (1861); Waiting for the Verdict (1867); Dallas Galbraith (1868); John Andross (1874); Berrytown DAVIS, WILLIAM MORRIS, an American geographer and meteorologist; born Feb. 12, 1850, in Philadelphia. He graduated from Harvard, and was a student at the Lawrence Scientific School. In 1870 he went to South America, and for three years was an assistant at Cordoba, in the national observatory of the Argentine Republic. His appointment as an instructor in geology in Harvard in 1876 was followed by his election to the professorship of physical geography in 1890. He contributed frequently to scientific journals. DAVIS STRAIT, a body of water separating Greenland from Baffin Land, about 180 miles in width, and connecting Baffin Bay with the Atlantic Ocean. A branch of the Arctic current flows through this strait southward along the Atlantic coast of America. It is important as a whaling region. DAVITT, MICHAEL, founder of the Irish Land League, born in 1846 near Straid in County Mayo, Ireland, of poor parents. His father was the victim of a policy of eviction, and Michael Davitt was but four years of age when he saw his home destroyed. His father and mother took him to England, being so poor that they had to beg through the streets for bread. They settled at Haslingden, in Lancashire, and here the child was sent to a mill to work. An accident destroyed his right arm and turned him to books for self-education. In 1866 became connected with the Fenian movement, being concerned in the abortive attempt to seize Chester Castle. In 1870 he was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment for treason felony, but was released on ticket of leave in 1877. In 1879 he founded, in conjunction with Charles S. Parnell, the Irish Land League. He made a tour of the United States on behalf of that organization in 1880, and on his return to England was again arrested on his DAVOUT-DAWSON old sentence and held in prison for 15 months. On the day of his release, May 6, 1882, Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke were assassinated in Phoenix Park, Dublin. Mr. Davitt, with Parnell and Dillon, issued a manifesto condemning the murders. While he was in prison he was elected a member of Parliament, but was not permitted to take his seat. Mr. Davitt wrote frequently on subjects both literary and political, and actively engaged in the cause of Irish nationalism. In 1892 he was elected to Parliament, after several unsuccessful contests, but was obliged to vacate his seat in 1893 because of bankruptcy proceedings taken against him. He was DAVOUT (frequently erroneously written DAVOUST), LOUIS NICHOLAS, a marshal of France; born in Annoux, Yonne, May 10, 1770. educated with Napoleon at Brienne, and distinguished himself in nearly all the wars of the period. He won his greatest honors in the service of Napoleon, winning with his single corps the great battle of Auerstädt, while Napoleon conquered at Jena. Two years later (1808) he was made Duke of Auerstädt, and the following year Prince of Eckmühl. In 1804 he had been created marshal of the empire. He was governor of Poland, and governor-general of the Hanse towns after the retreat from Russia, and held many other positions of honor, displaying firmness and courage. He was Napoleon's Minister of War in 1815, during the Hundred Days; signed the capitulation of Paris, July 3, 1815, and a few days later retired to private life. In Poland he was charged with extreme severity, and he is accused of having followed Napoleon's example in extreme financial exactions. He is ranked universally among the greatest of corps commanders of the world. He died in Paris, June 1, 1823. DAW, a member of the crow family. See JACKDAW, Vol. XIII, p. 532. DAWES, HENRY LAURENS, an American statesman; born in Cummington, Massachusetts, Oct. 30, 1816. He graduated from Yale in 1839, and after several years'experience as a teacher became the editor of the Greenfield Gazette, and, later, of the Adams Transcript. He became a member of the legal profession, and was sent to the state legislature in 1848. From 1857 until 1873 he was a member of the Lower House of Congress, in which capacity he worked diligently in behalf of the Indians; was the author of several tariff bills, and served on important committees. He inaugurated the measure for the completion of the Washington Monument; was delegated to investigate disturbances in the Indian Territory; was author of the Severalty Bill, the Sioux Bill, and the bill which makes the Indians subject to and HENRY L. DAWES. 999 In protected by United States criminal laws. 1869 he introduced the "Weather Bulletin " measure the collection and comparison of weather reports from all parts of the country, whereby probabilities as to coming storms may be predicted. Mr. Dawes served in the United States Senate from 1875 to 1893, and was a prominent member of the Committee on Ways and Means, and on that of appropriations. He declined a renomination. DAWES ACT. See INDIAN AFFAIRS, in these Supplements. DAWKINS, WILLIAM BOYD, an English geologist; born in Welshpool, Montgomeryshire, Dec. 26, 1838, and educated at Rossall School and Jesus College, Oxford. He joined the Geological Survey in 1862, became curator of Manchester Museum in 1869, and professor of geology in Owens College, Manchester, in 1874. The Channel Tunnel Committee employed him in 1882 to make a special survey of both coasts. The more important works of Professor Dawkins are Cave-Hunting Researches on the Evidences of Caves Respecting the Early Inhabitants of Europe (1874) and Early Man in Britain, and His Place in the Tertiary Period (1880), the latter a work of great interest. DAWSON, a town of southwestern Georgia, the capital of Terrell County, about 25 miles N.W. of Albany, on the Central Railroad of Georgia and the Columbus Southern railorads. It contains a manufactory of railroad cars, and is the seat of the South Georgia Male Institute. Population 1890, 2, 284. DAWSON, GEORGE MERCER, a Canadian scientist and author; born at Pictou, Nova Scotia, Aug. 1, 1849; the eldest son of Sir J. William Dawson. He was educated at McGill University and the Royal School of Mines, London; admitted to the associateship of the latter in 1872; held the Duke of Cornwall's scholarship, given by the Prince of Wales, and took the Edward Forbes medal in palæontology and the Murchison medal in geology. He was appointed geologist and naturalist to her Majesty's North American Boundary Commission in 1873. In 1875 he published a report of this work, entitled Geology and Resources of the Fortyninth Parallel. From 1875 to 1879 he was occupied in the geological survey and exploration of British Columbia, and has since been engaged in similar work in the Canadian Northwest Territories. In 1882 he traveled extensively in Europe, inspecting mines, metallurgical works, museums, etc., and in 1887 was placed in charge of the Yukon expedition, undertaken by the Dominion. government. In 1891 he was appointed (with Sir George Baden-Powell) one of her Majesty's Bering Sea commissioners. The following year he attended the meetings at Washington of an international commission, and aided in the preparation of a Parliamentary blue-book on the sealfisheries, presented to the Canadian authorities. In 1893 he was a member of the Bering Sea arbitration which was convened at Paris. In 1891 he was awarded the Bigsby medal of the Geologi |