PREFACE.

Now that John Quincy Adams-the sage, the philosopher, and the statesman-has been gathered to his fathers, an air of sanctity, never witnessed while he was in life, surronnds everything he wrote or uttered; and the odor of nationality "rises gratefully, from the emanations of his brilliant genius, and the productions of his superior intellect."

He, indeed, touched nothing that he did not adorn with the rich charms of the language he moulded at his will, or the mental treasures of his inexhaustible store. And no one, perhaps, among American statesmen or men of letters, was better able than he to pronounce the eulogies of Madison and Monroe.

In presenting to the public, these chef-d'œuvres of a master hand, in a permanent form, the editor has not the vanity to suppose he can add a single additional charm. And yet, to the lover of history, and to the politician, the notices of the administrations of those two most eminent disciples of Thomas Jefferson, which accompany them, may not be without interest.

One consideration which, above all others, has induced the preparation of these notices, is, that we have nothing of a similar character, except what has proceeded from political opponents..

THE EDITOR.

LIFE

OF

JAMES MADISON..

WHEN the imperial despot of Persia surveyed the myriads of his vassals, whom he had assembled for the invasion and conquest of Greece, we are told by the father of profane history, that the monarch's heart, at first, distended with pride, but immediately afterwards sunk within him, and turned to tears of anguish at the thought, that within one hundred years from that day, not one of all the countless numbers of his host would remain in the land of the living.

The brevity of human life had afforded a melancholy contemplation to wiser and better men than Xerxes, in ages long before that of his own existence. It is still the subject of philosophical reflection or of Christian resignation, to the living man of the present age. It will continue such, so long as the race of man shall exist upon earth.

* Written in 1836, at the request of the two houses of Congress. ↑ Herodotus.

1*

But it is the condition of our nature to look before and after The Persian tyrant looked forward, and lamented the shortness of life; but in that century which bounded his mental vision, he knew not what was to come to pass, for weal or woe, to the race whose transitory nature he deplored, and his own purposes, happily baffled by the elements which he with absurd presumption would have chastised, were of the most odious and detestable character.

Reflections upon the shortness of time allotted to individual man upon this planet, may be turned to more useful account, by connecting them with ages past than with those that are to come. The family of man is placed upon this congregated ball to earn an improved condition hereafter by improving his own condition here-and this duty of improvement is not less a social than a selfish principle. We are bound to exert all the faculties bestowed upon us by our Maker, to improve our own condition, by improving that of our fellow men; and the precept that we should love our neighbor as ourselves, and that we should do to others as we would that they should do unto us, are but examples of that duty of co-operation to the improvement of his kind, which is the first law of God to man, unfolded alike in the volumes of nature and of inspiration.

Let us look back then for consolation from the thought of the shortness of human life, as urged upon us by the recent decease of JAMES MADISON, one of the pillars and ornaments of his country and of his age.

His time on earth was short, yet he died full of years and of glory-less, far less than one hundred years have elapsed since the day of his birth-yet has he fulfilled, nobly fulfilled, his destinies as a man and a Christian. He has improved his own condition by improving that of his country and his kind.

He was born in Orange County, in the British Colony of Virginia, on the 5th of March, 1750; or according to the Gregorian calendar, adopted the year after that of his birth, on the 16th of March, 1751, of a distinguished and opulent family; and received the early elements of education partly at a public school under the charge of Donald Robertson, and afterwards in the paternal mansion under the private tuition of the Rev. Thomas Martin, by whose instructions he was prepared for admission at Princeton College.

There are three stages in the history of the North American Revolution-the first of which may be considered as commencing with the order of the British Council for enforcing the acts of trade in 1760, and as having reached its crisis at the meeting of the first Congress fourteen years after at Philadelphia. It was a struggle for the preservation and recovery of the rights and liberties of the British Colonies. It terminated in a civil war, the character and object of which was changed by the Declaration of Independence.

The second stage is that of the War of Independence, usually so called-but it began fifteen months before the Declaration, and was itself the immediate cause and not the effect of that event. It closed by