voted for the expulsion of the man, who, four years before, had administered to him the Senatorial oath.

Meanwhile, affairs in the Border States were becoming more and more complicated. From the outset of the rebellion, the Secessionists had been rampant in Tennessee. The State had been sold to the rebels by Governor Harris and his myrmidons. Mob law prevailed, and ruffians, with all the malignity of hate and the ferocity of brutes, had inaugurated a reign of terror, and citizens who remained true to the Union, were subjected to every possible indignity and persecution. This had been carried so far, and the State had received so little protection and assistance from the General Government, that many of the Unionists had become submissionists to rebel rule for the sole purpose of saving their lives. The course of Senator Johnson in Congress, in 1860, had entailed upon him the wrath of the leading and most bitter Secessionists. In December, he had been burned in effigy at Memphis ; and on his return to Tennessee in April, 1861, at the close of the session of Congress, he was assailed at various places along his route, was threatened with lynching, and repeatedly insulted by mobs of infuriated men. A price was set upon his head, and personal violence threatened if he remained in the State.

In June, 1861, while on his way to Washington to attend the special session of Congress, he received an ovation from the loyal citizens of Cincin

nati, and in an able speech, defined his position, announcing his unalterable determination to stand by the Union. While in Washington, he urged upon the President and Secretary of War the importance and the justice of aiding and protecting the Unionists of East Tennessee. Returning to the West, in September, he addressed Union meetings at Newport, Ky., and at other places, and devoted himself zealously to arousing those Unionists who had fallen into or been forced into a state of apathy by the aspect of war.

Meanwhile Kentucky had been invaded, and the rebels were overrunning Tennessee, ― plundering, burning, and murdering. In the Eastern portion of that State, they confiscated Mr. Johnson's slaves, went to his home, drove his sick wife with her child into the street, and turned their house, built by his own hands, into a hospital and barracks.

In February, 1862, General Grant entered Tennessee, and captured Forts Henry and Donelson. The subsequent advance of General Buell's forces compelled the withdrawal of the main body of the rebels from Western and Middle Tennessee. The larger portion of the State having been thus recovered and in the occupation of the Federal forces, President Lincoln appointed Andrew Johnson Military Governor, with the rank of Brigadier-General of Volunteers. This appointment was confirmed by the Senate, March 5th, and Governor Johnson left his seat in that body to enter upon the duties of his new position.

It is difficult to conceive of a more fitting appointment than this. On the floor of the Senate, amidst the mountains of East Tennessee, and in the cities and towns of the State, he had openly denounced treason and boldly proclaimed that traitors should be hung. He had borne many personal indignities, had been outlawed by outlaws who had set a price on his head, his family had been mercilessly persecuted, and his friends and neighbors had been driven from their homes. Neither threats nor bullets could intimidate him. Fearless but just, resolute but compassionate, he was the man of all men to "rule with a rod of iron" over traitors, to bring order out of anarchy, and to restore confidence where fear had had sway. Governor Johnson reached Nashville on the 12th of March, in company with Horace Maynard, Emerson Etheredge, and others who had been political exiles. He was enthusiastically received by the long suffering Unionists, and, in response to a serenade, addressed the assemblage, setting forth the views of the administration and shadowing his purposed policy. From his long and thorough acquaintance with Tennesseans, he knew the men with whom he had to deal. In a few days he published an "Appeal to the People," in which the subjects of secession, the state of affairs which then existed, and the promise of the future, were treated in a clear and comprehensive manner. This paper will be found in full in the following pages. Later in March, Governor Johnson ordered

the Mayor and City Council of Nashville to take the oath of allegiance. Upon their declining so to do, their places were declared vacant, other officials were appointed, and they were subsequently incarcerated in the penitentiary. The press throughout the State was placed under proper supervision, and it was soon understood that spoken or written treason would subject the offenders to justice. In April the editor of the "Nashville Banner" was arrested and his paper suppressed. Judge Guild, of the Chancery Court, was also imprisoned on a charge of treason.

On the 12th of May an important convention was held at Nashville, to consider the subject of the restoration of the State to the Union. The meeting was numerously attended by citizens from all parts of the State, and Governor Johnson made one of his impassioned and characteristic addresses. The Unionists continuing to suffer from the depredations of guerrillas, Governor Johnson issued the following proclamation:

EXECUTIVE OFFICE, NASHVILLE, TENN.,) May 9, 1862. S Whereas, Certain persons, unfriendly and hostile to the Government of the United States, have banded themselves together, and are now going at large through many of the counties of this State, arresting, maltreating, and plundering Union citizens wherever found:

Now therefore, I, Andrew Johnson, Governor of the State of Tennessee, by virtue of the power and authority in me vested, do hereby proclaim that in every instance in which a Union man is arrested and maltreated by the marauding bands

aforesaid, five or more rebels, from the most prominent in the immediate neighborhood, shall be arrested, imprisoned, and otherwise dealt with as the nature of the case may require; and further, in all cases where the property of citizens loyal to the Government of the United States is taken or destroyed, full and ample remuneration shall be made to them out of the property of such rebels in the vicinity as have sympathized with, and given aid, comfort, information, or encouragement to the parties committing such depredations.

This order will be executed in letter and spirit. All citizens are hereby warned, under heavy penalties, from entertaining, receiving, or encouraging such persons so banded together, or in any wise connected therewith.

By the Governor:

EDWARD H. EAST,

Secretary of State.

ANDREW JOHNSON.

An election for judge of the Circuit Court of Nashville having been ordered, Turner S. Foster, a well-known Secessionist, was chosen. The Governor, too much of a law-abiding citizen to ignore an election ordered by himself, gave Foster his commission as judge; but fearing that he might abuse the power thus vested in him, ordered his arrest and sent him to the penitentiary on the same day. Early in June he issued an order that all persons guilty of uttering disloyal sentiments who should refuse to take the oath, and give bonds in $1000 for their future good behavior, should be sent South, and be treated as spies if again found within the Federal lines. During this month Union meetings were held in various districts of the State, at all of which Governor Jolinson appeared and took an active part.