Mathematics in Western Culture

abstract algebra angle applied Archimedes Aristotle astronomical ball behavior believed calculate circle civilization co-ordinates concepts conclusions Copernicus curve deductive deductive reasoning Desargues Descartes distance Earth eighteenth century ematical equal equation Euclid Euclidean geometry example existence fact figure force formula frequency Galileo graph gravitation Greek heavenly bodies heliocentric theory Hence Hipparchus human ical ideas infinite Kepler knowledge laws of motion Leibniz light Lobatchevsky logical mass mathe mathematical laws mathematicians matics matter means measure medieval method mind modern molecules moon moving nature Newton Newtonian non-Euclidean geometry objects observation obtain painting parabola parallel axiom path perspective phenomena philosophy physical world planets Plato position principle probability problems projective geometry quantity rate of change rational reason relation religion Renaissance scientific scientists sine sound space speed sphere straight line surface theorems theory theory of relativity thought tion triangle truths tuning fork universe velocity waves