CHAPTER SIXTH.

NEW FRANCE, NEW NETHERLAND, AND NEW SWEDEN.

I. NEW FRANCE.

E LA ROCHE (lå rosh'), a French marquis, obtained, in 1598, a commission of his government to colonize Canada. He conveyed a party of forty desperadoes, most of them out of French prisons, to Sable Island. In five years all but twelve of these had perished, and the miserable remnant were carried to France. De La Roche died, and in 1600 a commission was granted to Chauvin (shō-vàng'), a naval officer, who associated with him Pontgrave, a merchant, and the two carried on a profitable traffic in furs for a year or two, when Chauvin died. Aymar de Chastes (shå'tes) now obtained a patent of Henry IV. of France, and dispatched Pontgrave and Samuel de Champlain on a voyage of exploration up the St. Lawrence. During their absence De Chastes died, and the king issued to Pierre du Guast, Sieur de Monts (mōng), a patent granting him the governorship of all that part of North America lying between the 40th and 46th degrees of north latitude, under the name of Acadia.

54. In the spring of 1604 De Monts, accompanied by

QUESTIONS.-53. What enterprise did De La Roche attempt, and with what success? When did Chauvin obtain a commission? Who joined Chauvin? What did they do? What was done by De Chastes? Who was the next French patentee, and what was granted him?

Champlain, Pontgrave, Baron de Poutrincourt, and a number of colonists of good character, sailed for Acadia.* Seventy-nine men were left on a small island at the mouth of the St. Croix (sẻnt kroi) River, to begin a settlement. Thirtyfive of these died before the next spring. In August, 1604, the site of the settlement was changed to Port Royal, now Annapolis, Nova Scotia. Here, first in the New World the attempt was made to establish a colony on an agricultural basis. Port Royal was destined to become a permanent settlement.

Samuel de Champlain.

It existed two years before the English had laid the foundation of Jamestown.

55. In 1608 Champlain began the settlement of Quebec, and the next year he discovered the beautiful lake which bears his name. A few years later the Jesuit mission of

St. Savior was established on Mt. Desert Island.

56. Samuel Argall, captain of an illicit trading vessel from Virginia, sailing in 1613 to obtain a supply of codfish, accidentally heard of this French settlement, and went out of his way to destroy it. On a second expedition he de

See Champlain and his Associates in Parkman's Pioneers of France in the New World, Chapters I. and II.

54. When did De Monts sail for Acadia? Narrate the history of the St. Croix settlement. permanent French settlement made?

Who accompanied him?
Where was the first

55. Who began the settlement of Quebec? In what year was Lake Champlain discovered? Where was the mission of St. Savior? What is a mission?

molished Port Royal, which, however, was soon rebuilt by the persevering French. Argall was for a time governor at Jamestown, as related in a preceding chapter.

57. Quebec became the most important French settlement in America. Thither the Jesuits repaired to carry on their missions with the Huron Indians. Champlain, the Father of New France, the Captain Smith of Canada, still cherishing the design of Columbus to discover a direct passage to the Indies, and to carry Christianity around the world, pushed his explorations to the north-west, discovering, in 1615, lakes Huron and Ontario. His rovings at an end, he was settled as governor of Quebec.

58. In 1627 Cardinal Richelieu (rèsh'e-loo) organized the company of the Hundred Associates, designed to monopolize the commerce and promote the colonization of Canada. Two years later, England became involved in a war with France, and sent out a force which easily succeeded in dispossessing the French of all their American possessions. Peace being declared, New France was restored, Quebec re-occupied, and the enterprise of the Hundred Associates resumed.

59. Emigration to Canada was permitted to French Catholics only, and Jesuit priests virtually ruled the colony. To those not engaged as agents of the Hundred Associates, the only motive to immigration was religious ardor-zeal to convert the Indians. "The scheme of English colonization made no account of the Indian tribes. In the scheme of French colonization they were all in all." Quebec was devoted to two objects-the fur trade and mission work. Its growth was slow, the entire population in 1640 not being

56. What do you know about Samuel Argall?

57. What sort of man was Champlain? What motive prompted his enterprises? What did he discover in 1615? Was New England settled at that date? Of what place was Champlain made governor?

58. Who organized the company of the Hundred Associates? For what purpose?

59. How was emigration to New France restricted? Who exercised the controlling influence in Canada? From what center? What was the population of Quebec in 1640?

much above 200. A college for French boys, with a mission school for Indian youth attached, was established in 1637, one year before Harvard College was founded. *

II. NEW NETHERLAND.

60. Almost cotemporaneously with the discovery of Lake Champlain, Henry Hudson discovered, and, in his little ship, the Half Moon, sailed far up the noble stream now known as the Hudson, but which he named the River of the Mountains, and the Dutch called sometimes the Mauritius, but generally the North River. Hudson,† though English born, was sailing in the employ of Holland merchants at the time of his American discoveries, on which account the Dutch claimed the territory between the Delaware River and Passamaquoddy Bay, under the name of New Netherland.

A small trading fort was built on Manhattan Island, and another, several years later, on the Hudson, at the head of navigation. Several Dutch navigators, among whom the principal were Adrian Block, Cornelius Mey, and Hendrick Christiansen, made explorations in the vicinity of Long Island, discovering the Housatonic (hoo'sa-ton'ik) the Connecticut, East River, and Narragansett Bay.

61. The English colonists, jealous of the encroachments of the Dutch, insisted that New Netherland was part of Virginia. Argall, on his return from Port Royal, compelled the occupants of Manhattan to haul down the Dutch

* See Parkman's Jesuits in North America; Shea's Charlevoix' History of New France.

† See Sparks's American Biography, Vol. IX.; J. M. Read's Historical Inquiries concerning Henry Hudson.

What means of education did the Jesuits provide?

60. When and by whom was the Hudson River discovered? What names have been given to this river? What claim was based on Hudson's discoveries? Where did the Dutch first build forts? What Dutch navigators made discoveries? What did they discover?

61. What incident connects the name of Argall with the history of New Netherland?

flag from their stockade; but they put it up again as soon as he had gone. Captain Dormer, in the service of Gorges, also touched at Manhattan in 1620, and urged proprietary claims, which the Dutch denied. Complaints were made to the authorities in Holland, but without avail. Six months after the issuing of the charter for the Council for New England, a charter was granted by Holland to the Dutch West India Company. The management of Dutch interests in America fell into the hands of this corporation.

62. The first permanent Dutch colonies were begun in 1623. Fort Nassau (nas'saw) was erected on the Delaware; and Fort Orange, on the Hudson, where Albany now stands. The West India Company appointed Cornelius Mey director of New Netherland. He was succeeded by Wilhelm Verhulst, and he, in 1626, by Peter Minuet. Minuet bought Manhattan from the Indians for a sum equal to about twenty-four dollars. A block-house surrounded by palisades, called Fort Amsterdam, was built on the site of the present city of New York.

The title of patroon and extraordinary privileges were conferred on favored individuals, on condition that they should colonize lands granted them. But the patroons proved great monopolists, and rather hindered than helped immigration. Peter Minuet was recalled in 1632, and Wouter Van Twiller became director. He continued in office six years, when he gave place to Wilhelm Kieft.

63. The Dutch early established friendly relations with the Indians. Imprudently, they sold them fire-arms and intoxicating drinks. Kieft, violent and reckless, provoked the first serious conflict between the Dutch and the Indians. To his treachery is attributed the origin of a two years' war with the Algonquins, in which both parties suffered ex

What event in the history of Manhattan occurred in 1620? When was the Dutch West India Company chartered?

62. Where was Fort Nassau erected? Where, Fort Orange? Who was director after Mey? What bargain did Minuet make with the Indians? What were patroons? Who was director after Minuet? Who after him? 63. What was Kieft's disposition? What calamity did he bring upon the colony?