this word is sometimes used as an adverb of place, thoughtful study of the meaning will show that it is not so used in the sentences given. For example, in sentence (b), "here" certainly denotes an attribute of place; and both "here" and "there" could not be used in the same sentence to denote the same place. In this, as in the other sentences given above, "there" is simply an introductory word. 66 in What three elements are necessary every sentence? What is the subject of (h)? What does "are" mean in (h)? Is this verb a copula or a complete verb? Whenever “is means “exists,” it is a complete verb. Show that the two sentences in each pair have the same subjects and the same predicates. Tell just what changes have been made in the natural order when the introductory word "there" is used. Give other examples. II. Another form of expression is shown in the sentences below. (a) To catch a thief needs a thief. (b) It needs a thief to catch a thief. (c) That every man's work is born into this world with him is true. (d) It is true that every man's work is born into this world with him. What is the complete subject of (a)? (c)? When the real subject of a sentence is a group of words denoting a single idea, it seldom stands at the beginning of a sentence. The predicate often comes before the real subject, with the pronoun "it" used as another subject in apposition with the real subject. For example, in (b), "It" and the phrase, "to catch a thief," mean the same; they name or represent the same object; they are in apposition. "It" in such sentences is called an introductory subject. The group of words which "it" stands for is the real subject. What is the real subject of (b)? (d)? EXERCISE sentences. III. Analyze the following sentences. Do not try to separate the real subject into its parts. The predicate of each sentence is easy to analyze. MODEL. "It is honorable to work with the hands" is a declarative sentence. The complete subject is "It" "to work with the hands." The complete predicate is "is honorable." "It" is the introductory subject, in apposition with the real subject, "to work with the hands." 1. It is a grand thing to make something beautiful. 2. There is no food for the soul but truth. 3. It was morning on hill and stream and tree 4. There's a star in the sky. 5. It is a great thing to be beloved by one's country. 6. There is no doubt on that score. 7. It takes a long time to bring excellence to maturity. Section 35. Review What is an indirect object? How is it different from a direct object? What kind of modifier is it? Does it have a preposition before it? Do nouns have any other adverbial use? For what purposes are nouns used adverbially? What are the two adjective uses of nouns? Define an appositive. Define a possessive. In what ways and for what reasons is the usual order of sentences sometimes changed? Composition For the lesson in Composition, see page 218, Section 21. CHAPTER II CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES Section 36. Classes of Sentences I. Sentences have been classified, according to their use, as declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory. (See page 2.) The subject of a declarative sentence is usually at or near the beginning of a sentence; but the first word of an interrogative sentence is not always the subject. Study these sen tences: 66 (a) When shall I be free? (h) The king is he. In (b) “To-day” is an adverb, modifying “shall be.” "When" in (a) has exactly the same construction. So 'Who" in (c) and “John" in (d) have the same construction. What is it? Arrange the answer to (e) in its natural order. What is the construction of "James"? of "What,” then? Arranged in its natural order, the answer to (g) reads "He is the king." What is the construction of "He"? of “king"? "Who" has the same construction as "king." EXERCISE II. Analyze the following sentences. Before analyzing, always think the sentence rearranged in the usual declarative order. MODEL. "What find I here?" is an interrogative sentence. The complete subject is "I." The complete predicate is "find What here." The simple subject is "I" unmodified. The simple predicate is “find What," composed of the verb “find” and the object “What." The verb is modified by the adverb “here.” 1. When did Cornwallis surrender? 5. Who hath not lost a friend? your 6. Whither wilt thou flee from thyself? 7. Did the waves obey King Canute? whistle? 8. Where is the most rugged American scenery? For all his gifts to me? 10. Where shall wisdom be found? 11. Where is the place of understanding? 12. Whence, then, cometh wisdom? 13. Who has read "The Vision of Sir Launfal"? 14. What is the largest city in the world? 15. What study do you like best? Section 37. Independent Words I. (a) Man, know thyself. (b) Oh, pilot, 't is a fearful night! Which of the four classes of sentences is (a)? (b)? (c)? Is the subject of an imperative sentence expressed? Is "Man" in (a) the subject? Does the sentence say, "Man knows"? What is the subject of (b)? Of what use is "pilot”? Are the words “Man," "pilot,” “Oh,” parts of the subjects or of the predicates? A sentence may contain words that grammatically have no connection with it; yet these words add to the meaning of the sentence. These words are said to be independent. The name of the person addressed is used independently; as "Man" in (a).' Independent words that are used to express strong feeling are called interjections. Oh, alas, ah, pshaw, are common examples. An interjection is a word used to express strong feeling. EXERCISE II. Analyze the following sentences. MODEL. "Oh, pilot, 't is a fearful night!" is an exclamatory sentence. "It ('t)" is the complete subject; "is a fearful night" is the complete predicate. "It ('t)" is the simple subject, unmodified. "Is night" is the simple predicate, composed of the copula “is” and the attribute complement “night.” "Night" is modified by the adjectives “a” and “fearful." "Oh" and "pilot" are used independently in the sentence. 1. Woodman, spare that tree! 3. Lead, kindly Light! 1 For punctuation, see page 259, V, 2. |