H. of R.] Buffalo and New Orleans Road. [MARCH 24, 1830. Gulf of Mexico must always depend chiefly on the fight- has been the revenue of the Government during the last ing men and supplies from the upper country for its de- fourteen years? By whom has it been paid? And where fence. Kentucky and Tennessee is the natural strength has it been expended? The annual receipts into the of that vulnerable frontier, but their position is far distant. treasury in that time have averaged at least twenty-two Our rivers, more than half the year, are too low to afford millions, amounting to more than three hundred millions. water conveyance: hence the necessity of a convenient The gentleman has truly said, that population is the rule communication by land. Nothing but the sudden and ex-by which contributions should be levied; and as to imports, traordinary rise of the Cumberland, in November, 1814, the consumers, as a general rule, pay the duties. It is seconded by extraordinary efforts, enabled the Tennessee also true that this revenue has chiefly been raised by dutroops to reach the scene of action in the very juncture ties. The Western country, comprising Western Pennof time. But for that, New Orleans must have fallen, sylvania, Western Virginia, and the nine Western States, without a miracle in aid of the unsurpassed skill and bra- contains about one-third of the population of the United very with which it was defended. States. Upon these conceded principles, then, the people As a military road, New Orleans must be deprived of all of this portion of the Union have contributed to the geneadvantage from it, should its location be through the ral fund, in the short period of which I am speaking, Southern States, each of which has cities and seaboard the enormous amount of one hundred millions of dollars. frontiers of its own to defend. The local forces and sup- Yes, sir, they have contributed much more: for, in addiplies of those States ought not, and will not, be drawn tion to their common share, they have, since the settlement elsewhere. In any war we are likely to have with a fo- of the new States, paid directly into the treasury more than feign enemy, the South will have enough to do to take forty millions of dollars in the purchase of public lands. care of itself; and it will give a good account of that, or And where have these contributions gone? It is, perhaps, any other trust, for its arms have always equalled the easier to tell where they have not gone. They have not highest expectations of valor and patriotism--nor would returned to the country from which they were drawn, exsuch a location be greatly serviceable, even for southern cept the miserable pittance dealt out to some old penwarfare. The march of troops, the transportation of sioners, a few salaries to federal officers, and a little aid provisions there, like the course of trade, must generally for particular public works, lately drawn through the fire be across, rather than along the road. by the efficacy of this same internal improvement opera The reports of the engineers, already referred to, give tion. But the road on which the heavy wholesale approthe decided preference to the western route; and should priations have travelled to the seaboard is broad and beatthe commissioners to be appointed select for the location en. It needs little improvement. Its track can be seen of the road the most western branch of that route, as the far off. The by-ways on which the retail business is carbill authorizes them to do, and as they undoubtedly will ried on in the same direction are more difficult to trace. do, if my views are correct, there will then be some plain The actual expenditures in the same period, for the inand prominent advantages attained, peculiar to that loca- crease of the navy, for navy yards, dock yards, and tion, which must put to rest all further comparison. It wharves, for fortifications and light-houses, amount to will unite East and West Tennessee, separated by the twenty-four millions; and how many millions more have, Cumberland mountain. It will pass within forty miles of in the same quarter, been laid out upon sea-walls, harbors, the Cumberland river, crossing one of its navigable streams, and the like, I have not been at the pains to compute. To the Caney fork. It will cross the Tennessee river pro- the sea-coast and commercial cities are drawn almost the bably a little above the Muscle shoals, connecting with whole contents of the sinking fund chest, which is annually the canal about to be made there; and, above all, it will replenished with ten millions to defray the public debt, to intersect, a little south of Tennessee, the road branching say nothing of the officers and agents of the Government off from the Cumberland road at Zanesville, in Ohio, pass-in every description of service, who spend their compening through Kentucky and West Tennessee to Florence, sation there, and the many inventions sought out to relieve in Alabama, and ultimately to New Orleans. the treasury of its surplus, with some of which I have no Here there is at once united the double advantage of acquaintance, except by the appropriation bills. In a bringing together these two great avenues of communi- word, the interior is tributary to the exterior. The treacation, and the expense of making two roads, that point sury communicates vigor to the one, while the other lanto New Orleans, from a distance of four hundred miles, is guishes under its continual exactions. No wonder our saved by one-half. One road, instead of two, will be the condition is intolerable; the wonder is that we have enresult of such a location. For let the road now in ques-dured it so long. Nothing but the freshness and fertility tion be located on any other route, it will not meet the of our soil has upheld us till now; but the fatness of the road from Zanesville, till they both terminated at Orleans land must fail, without something to encourage and repay by different directions. These considerations, to whom the toil of the dispirited farmer. I will give you, for exsoever they are known, must be conclusive on the subject ample, my own State. Its population is about one-twentyof preference. And I will only add that this branch of ty-second part of the national census; of course, accordthe Cumberland road has been surveyed in the direction I ing to general principles, it pays about one million annually have stated. A bill has been reported by the Committee in the shape of indirect tax. How many dollars of that of Internal Improvements for its establishment and construction, and now awaits the action of the House. million usually find their way back again? That which pays a district judge, two district attorneys, two marshals, The leading argument levelled by the gentleman from here and there a pensioner his ninety-six dollars, or less, Virginia [Mr. BARBOUR] at the whole system of internal with the little savings of the members of Congress; and improvement, appears to consist in the assumed inequality all told. We do not expect this whole million to be return which the system will produce in the disbursement of the ed, nor half of it. It would be unreasonable and imprac revenue, and the remedy proposed for the correction of ticable if we did. We have no Government creditors that inequality. A successful reply to that must greatly there. Our people had no money to lend for the war. impair the force of his very able speech. This reply is They did their share in fighting. Neither have we any all that I shall, at present, undertake. And, for success use for fortifications, navy yards, breakwaters, nor any of in this, I will depend on matter of fact and experience, the apparatus of foreign commerce; but we have some inrather than theories and speculations. It is the inequality of ternal commerce, and would with suitable internal imdisbursement, without this system, of which I complain; provements have much more. And we humbly conceive and to effect something like equality in this respect, I that the Government has an equal interest with us in makhold the steady pursuit of it to be indispensable. What ing these to answer its purposes. In accomplishing these INDEX TO THE DEBATES IN THE SENATE. Adjournment, joint committee appointed to wait upon the bill detained by President United States for further Georgia, motion to print the remonstrance of the State of, Army of the United States, bill authorizing the President Hunt, Baltimore and Ohio railroad, bill authorizing a subscription Canals. (See Louisville and Portland.) Congressional documents, resolution authorizing a sub- Currency, resolution submitted to inquire into the expe- Deaf and Dumb, bill making donation for the New York Duties, taxes, &c., bill for the abolition of, notice given of Theodore, resolution calling for the reasons for the Indiana, bill to enable the President to extinguish the In- Indians, Interest Internal Duties, bill to reduce the, on coffee, tea, and cocoa, from Duties on imports, bill to exempt certain merchandise from Executive powers, notice given of a proposed motion to Fulton, Robert, resolution submitted and adopted, to in- bill to recompense the heirs of, rejected on the resolution calling for information respecting the bill to provide for an exchange of lands with, to certain States, bill for allowing, for advances improvement, bill making appropriations for ex- resolution proposing to limit the sales of the public, bill for the relief of the purchasers of the public, Land claims in the district of Jackson court-house, bill tion of stock to, taken up, and ordered to a third Military peace establishment, bill to reduce and fix the, Mounted infantry. (See Army.) Order, points of, decided, 11, 31, 169, 245. Peck, James H., impeachment of, by a committee of the House of Representatives, 383; proceedings Pension laws, bill explanatory of the acts in relation to, President of the United States, annual message of, com- message from, returning, with his objections, the bill authorizing a subscription to the stock of the the bill in relation to light-houses and harbors, for pro tempore, elected, 456. Reed, Mr., of Mississippi, his death announced, and pro- (See Carson, James, and Hunt, resolutions submitted, calling for the number of, Solicitor of the Treasury, bill to establish the office of, no- Smyth, Mr. Alexander, of Virginia, his death announced, Carolina railroad company, petition of, asking a Surgeon General of the navy, bill creating the office of, Tea, coffee, &c. (See Duties.) Wirt, Mr. appears as counsel for Judge Peck, 432. on third reading Louisville and Portland canal bill, on amending survey and internal improvement bill, on third reading bill to remove Indians west of the on postponing bill explanatory of the pension laws, on postponing bill to graduate the price of the pub- on third reading same, 421. on third reading bill for the relief of officers and on referring bill to graduate the price of public on third reading bill to exempt certain merchandise on passing same, after being returned by the Presi- INDEX TO THE SPEAKERS NAMES IN THE SENATE. iii INDEX TO THE NAMES OF THE SPEAKERS IN THE DEBATES IN THE SENATE, ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. Adams, Mr. on confirming land claims in the district of Jackson court-house, 321. on removal of Indians west of the Mississippi, 359. on donations to deaf and dumb institutions, 302. Barton, Mr. on national currency, 3. on limiting sales of public lands, 7, 14, 30, 146. on executive powers, 11. on extinguishing Indian title in Indiana, 21. on donations to deaf and dumb institutions, 302, 303, on confirming land claims in the district of Jackson on reorganizing the department of the Attorney on the President's power of removal, 367, 457. 427. Bell, Mr. on disposing of New York memorial, asking pro- on bill granting pre-emption rights to settlers on the regulating the duties, &c. of pursers in the navy, 308. on reorganizing the department of the Attorney Ge- on graduating the price of public lands, 416. on limiting sales of public lands, 4, 6, 16, 22, 42, on extinguishing Indian title in Indiana, 20, 21. on abolition of taxes, duties, &c. 172, 245. on mounted infantry, 272. regulating the duties, &c. of pursers in the navy, 308. on Massachusetts militia claims, 357. on graduating the price of public lands, 405, 413, on relief of officers and soldiers in the Virginia line, 423. on reducing the duties on tea and coffee, 428. Bibb, Mr. on fixing the military peace establishment, 3. on confirming land claims in the district of Jackson Buchanan, Mr. on impeachment of Judge Peck, 383. on limiting the sales of public lands, 119. on donations to deaf and dumb institutions, 302. on further regulating the Patent Office, 379. on the light-house bill, 433. on Baltimore and Ohio railroad bill, 454. Clayton, Mr., on internal improvement, 340, 342. on amendments of the House of Representatives to Dickerson, Mr. on fixing the military peace establishment, 3. on donations to deaf and dumb institutions, 302. on creating the office of Surgeon General of the on internal improvement, 340, 341. on further regulating the Patent Office, 378, 379, on Fredericktown turnpike, 427. on bill to exempt certain merchandise from the ope- Ellis, Mr. announces the death of his colleague, 1. on confirming land claims in the district of Jackson Foot, Mr. on fixing the military peace establishment, 2. 438. on extinguishing Indian title in Indiana, 20. on confirming land claims in the district of Jackson on internal improvement, 342. on bill declaratory of the pension laws, 396. on reorganizing the department of the Attorney on graduating the price of the public lands, 423. Forsyth, Mr. on disposing of New York memorial asking on the mileage bill, 10. on civilization of the Indians, 42. on remonstrance of Georgia against Indian treaties, on confirming land claims in the district of Jackson on reorganizing the department of the Attorney Ge- on removal of Indians west of the Mississippi, 324, on internal improvement, 341, 342. on further regulating the Patent Office, 379, 380. on civilization of the Indians, 42, 43. on remonstrance of Georgia against Indian treaties, on removal of Indians west of the Mississippi, 305, on reorganizing the department of the Attorney Ge- on prohibiting the transportation of the mail on the on amendments of House of Representatives to bill Grundy, Mr. on limiting the sales of public lands, 210. on Baltimore and Ohio railroad bill, 453, 455. Hayne, Mr. on executive powers, 11. on extinguishing Indian title in Indiana, 20. on the public life of Mr. Bayard, 95. on marine service, 222. on taking Louisville and Portland canal stock, 247. on creating the office of Surgeon General of the on further regulating the Patent Office, 377, 378, on bill declaratory of the pension laws, 396. on reorganizing the department of the Attorney on graduating the price of public lands, 413. on bill to exempt certain merchandise from the ope- Hendricks, Mr. on taking stock in the Washington turn- on granting pre-emption rights, 11. on extinguishing Indian title in Indiana, 16, 19, 20. on relief to officers and soldiers in Virginia line,423. on the bill granting pre-emption rights, 9. on regulating the duties, &c of pursers in the navy, on creating the office of Surgeon General of the on reorganizing the department of the Attorney on internal improvement, 340. on the Massachusetts militia claims, 359. on further regulating the Patent Office, 378. on the President's power of removal from office, 385. Johnston, Mr., of Louisiana, on marine service, 322. on taking Louisiana and Portland canal stock, 247. on reorganizing the department of the Attorney on internal improvement, 340, 341, 342. on graduating the price of public lands, 409, 419. Kane, Mr. on fixing the military peace establishment, 3. on confirming land claims in the district of Jackson on the President's power of removal from office, 384. 423. King, Mr. on executive powers, 11, on extinguishing Indian title in Indiana, 17, 19. Knight, Mr. on limiting the sales of public lands, 323. on the President's power of removal from office, 384. Livingston, Mr. on extinguishing Indian title in Indiana, 18. Livingston, Mr. on limiting sales of public lands, 30, 247. on donations to deaf and dumb institutions, 302, 303. on prohibiting the transportation of the mail on the on the bill to exempt certain merchandise from the on Baltimore and Ohio railroad bill, 453, 455. on donations to deaf and dumb institutions, 302, 304. on the President's power of removal from office, 467. on extinguishing Indian title in Indiana, 19, 21. on removal of Indians west of the Mississippi, 305, on reorganizing the department of the Attorney on internal improvement, 340. on further regulating the Patent Office, 378. on the President's power of removal from office, 384. Noble, Mr. on limiting the sales of public lands, 5, 168. on extinguishing Indian title in Indiana, 19. on relief to officers and soldiers of the Virginia line, on Fredericktown turnpike road bill, 427. pi, 374. on mode of deciding controversies between States, on limiting the sales of public lands, 435. Rowan, Mr. on extinguishing Indian title in Indiana, 20, 21. on taking Louisville and Portland canal stock, 247. on further regulating the Patent Office, 378, 379. on donations to deaf and dumb institutions, 302. on the light-house bill, 433. on the bill to exempt certain merchandise from the Silsbee, Mr. on the Massachusetts claim, 9. regulating the duties, &c. of pursers in the navy, 306. on reducing the duties on tea and coffee, 428. Smith, Mr., of Mary land, on allowing interest to certain States, 2. on fixing the military peace establishment, 2, 3. on the public life of Mr. Bayard, 94. on mounted infantry, 274. regulating the duties, &c. of pursers in the navy, on creating the office of Surgeon General of the |