American prisoners of war were to be repatriated but German prisoners were not to be released.

Concerning affairs on the eastern front the Wilson text required German troops then on any territory which before the war belonged to Russia, Turkey or Roumania to withdraw within the frontier of Germany as it was on August 1, 1914. In the Foch text this was changed to Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Roumania, and German troops then on territory which before the war belonged to Russia must leave "as soon as the Allies, taking into account the internal situation of these territories, shall decide that the time for this has come." Both texts require the renunciation of the treaties of Brest-Litovsk and Bucharest. By the Wilson text "unconditional capitulation of all German forces operating in East Africa within one month" was required. By the Foch text this became "evacuation" within "a period to be fixed by the Allies." There must be "reparation for damage done," immediate return "of the cash deposits in the national bank of Belgium, and of the Russian and Roumanian gold yielded to Germany, or taken by her, the gold to be held in trust by the Allies until the signature of peace."

Hostilities at sea must cease at once, all naval and mercantile marine prisoners in German hands must be returned without reciprocity, and according to the Wilson text, one hundred and sixty submarines, all cruisers and mine layers included, were to be surrendered. All other submarines were "to be paid off and completely disarmed and placed under the supervision of the Allied Powers and of the United States of America." Foch required that all submarines "now existing" be surrendered with full armament and equipment in ports to be designated; that such as could not go to the ports be stripped of crew and armament and left under supervision of the Allies; that submarines ready for sea leave German ports as soon as notified of the port of delivery, and the remainder at the earliest possible moment. All to be delivered within fourteen days after the signing of the armistice. Six battle cruisers, ten battle

ships, eight light cruisers, including two mine layers, and fifty destroyers of the most modern types were to be disarmed and interned in neutral ports or, for want of them, in ports to be designated by the Allies and the United States. All other surface warships must be disarmed and placed under supervision of the Allies and the United States. By the Foch text vessels to be interned must be ready to leave German ports seven days after the signing of the armistice, and take such routes as might be given by wireless.

The Allies and the United States might sweep up all mine fields laid by Germany outside her territorial waters, and where they were Germany must indicate. Naval and mercantile vessels of the Allies and Associated Powers were to have free access to and from the Baltic, and to secure this all German forts, batteries and defensive works in all the entrances from the Cattegat into the Baltic were to be occupied by the forces of the Allies and the United States, and all mines and obstructions within and without the waters of Germany swept up "without any question of neutrality being raised." The blockade set up by the Allies was to remain unchanged, all naval aircraft was to be gathered and immobilized at designated bases, and in evacuating the Belgian coast all merchant ships, tugs and lighters, material for inland navigation, aircraft, arms, armaments and stores of every sort must be abandoned by Germany. Black Sea ports were to be evacuated, Russian warships seized by Germany delivered to the Allies, neutral ships released, and all merchant ships belonging to the Allies and Associated Powers restored in ports to be designated.

Though the armistice was now in force, fighting was not ended for all our troops. The war waged by the armies of Trotsky and Lenine, and the help given them by Germany made it necessary in 1918 for us to join the Allies in sending troops to Archangel and Vladivostok. In each city were great stores of supplies made by the labor, and bought with the money of the people of Great Britain, France and the United States, and sent thither when Russia was fighting on the side of the Allies.

To protect these supplies owned by the Allies, to prevent their capture by the Bolsheviki, to check the Germans advancing through Finland to occupy the Murman coast, to keep open a way of escape for our diplomatic representatives, were the reasons why a few thousand American soldiers were sent to Murmansk, to Archangel and Vladivostok. Some five thousand with twice as many French and British occupied a front of four hundred miles drawn south of Archangel for its defense. One point on this line, held by the Americans, was Kadish, from which in November they were driven by the Bolsheviki to the Emstu River. But just after Christmas our men, dressed in furs covered by a white canvas robe and cowl, to render them indistinguishable in the snow at a distance of a few hundred yards, attacked and surprised the Bolsheviki at Kadish, retook the place and held it.

Ten thousand two hundred Americans were landed at Vladivostok to help the British, French and Japanese forces protect the stores sent from the United States, and keep open the line of communication with the Ural Mountains, a line some five thousand miles in length. Complaint was made in the Senate was "an invasion of Russia" quite as bad as "the German invasion of Belgium." "Was not Russia a neutral nation," it was asked, "when we invaded it? What complaint have we against Germany for invading helpless Belgium? Both acts are equally inexcusable." In 1919 the troops were withdrawn from Archangel and in the early months of 1920 from Vladivostok.

CHAPTER VI

THE PRESIDENT GOES ABROAD

NEWS that the armistice had been signed was immediately followed by appeals to the President from Germany for sup plies of food; by preparations for the speedy return of such of our warships and troops as were not needed abroad; by the demobilization of training camps at home, and the return of the men to the pursuits and occupations from which they had been called; by a revision of the war revenue bill; by the removal of many of the restrictions imposed on the people by our entrance into the war; by the return of our industries from a war to a peace basis; and by the announcement that the President would go abroad and sit at the table of the Peace Conference.

In the course of his speech to Congress on November 11 the President said that the Supreme War Council at Versailles had promised the peoples of Central Europe that the Allied nations would do everything in their power to supply them with food, and that steps would at once be taken to organize these efforts for relief in the same systematic manner in which they were organized in the case of Belgium. Germany was the first to call for food.

From the National Council of Women of Germany, November 12, came an appeal to Mrs. Wilson. The terms of the armistice, the Council said, called for the surrender of a very large part of the rolling stock of German railways, and at the same time required her to feed the troops of her late enemies in the occupied territory. Should these requirements remain unchanged the women and children of Germany would die of hunger. Rolling stock was needed to bring food from the farms

to the cities. Food for the occupying troops must come from overseas. The world over women and children had been innocent sufferers of the terrible war, "but nowhere more than in Germany. Let it be through you, Madam, to implore our sisters in the United States of America, who are mothers like ourselves, to ask their government and Allied Governments to change the terms of the armistice so that the long suffering of the women and children of Germany may not end in unspeakable disaster."

According to a wireless message, picked up at London, Dr. Solf, Foreign Secretary, appealed to President Wilson to intervene to mitigate "the fearful conditions existing" in Germany.

Convinced of the common aims and ideals of democracy the German Government has addressed itself to the President of the United States with the request to reestablish peace. This peace was meant to correspond with the principles the President always has maintained. The aim was to be a just solution of all questions in dispute, followed by a permanent reconciliation of all nations.

Furthermore, the President declared he did not wish to make war on the German people, and did not wish to impede its peaceful development. The German Government has received the conditions of the armistice.

After the blockade, those conditions, especially the surrender of means of transport and the sustenance of the troops of occupation, would make it impossible to provide Germany with food and would cause the starvation of millions of men, women and children, all the more as the blockade is to continue.

We had to accept the conditions, but feel it is our duty to draw the President's attention, most solemnly and in all earnestness, to the fact that enforcement of the conditions must produce among the German people feelings contrary to those upon which alone the reconstruction of the community of nations can rest, guaranteeing a just and durable peace.

The German people, therefore, in this fateful hour, address themselves again to the President with the request that he use his influence with the Allied Powers in order to mitigate these fearful conditions.