At his entrance before the King, all the people gave a great shout. The queen of Appamatuck was appointed to bring him water to wash his hands, and another brought him a bunch of feathers, instead of a towel to dry them: having feasted him after their best barbarous manner they could, a long consultation was held, but the conclusion was, two great stones were brought before Powhatan; then as many as could laid hand on him, dragged him to them, and thereon laid his head, and being ready with their clubs to beat out his brains, Pocahontas, the king's dearest daughter, when no entreaty could prevail, got his head in her arms, and laid her own upon his to save him from death: whereat the emperor was contented he should live to make him hatchets, and her bells, beads, and copper: for they thought him as well of all occupations as themselves. For the king himself will make his own robes, shoes, bows, arrows, pots; plaut, hunt, or do anything so well as the rest.

"They say he bore a pleasant show,
But sure his heart was sad,

For who can pleasant be, and rest,
That lives in fear and dread:

And having life suspected, doth
It still suspected lead."

In spite of which, it is generally agreed among historians that no such incident ever occurred. One can only remark that Smith seems to have had a genius for imaginative detail worthy of Defoe.

Page 40. Richard Rich was a soldier and adventurer who accompanied Captain Newport in the Sea Venture, and experienced all the dangers and hardships of that remarkable voyage. He finally got back to England in 1610, and on the first day of October, published this poem, his object being, as he says in a brief and broadly humorous preface, to "spread the truth" about the new colony, whose attractions had so impressed him that he was resolved to return thither with Captain Newport in the following year. He speaks of another book of his soon to be issued, also devoted to a description of the colony, but no copy of it has ever been discovered, nor is anything known concerning Rich's subsequent adventures. A copy of his "Newes from Virginia" was found in 1864 in Lord Charlemont's collection, and is now in the Huth Library.

Page 40. Gates. Sir Thomas Gates, lieutenant-general of the new company.

Page 40. Newport. Christopher Newport (1565?-1617) had had an adventurous career as a corsair in the West Indies, where he sacked four Spanish towns, and destroyed no less than twenty Spanish vessels.

Page 40. Eleaven months. June 2, 1609-May 24, 1610.

Page 40. Inhabited by hogges. The descendants, presumably, of those left by the Spaniards.

Page 40. Two only. Six of the company died on the island.

Page 40. A son and daughter. These details

are confirmed in "A True Repertory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates upon and from the Islands of the Bermudas," or from Silas Jourdan's “Discovery of the Barmudas by Sir T. Gates . . . with divers others" (1610); to both of which Shakespeare is said to have been indebted for the groundwork of "The Tempest."

Page 43. THE MARRIAGE OF POCAHONTAS. There is some doubt as to whether the marriage occurred in 1613 or 1614. The former has been the more generally accepted date, but the compiler has adopted the latter on the authority of Mr. Wyndham Robertson, who has made an exhaustive study of the question, the results of which were embodied in a paper read before the Virginia Historical Society in 1860. Mr. Robertson proves pretty conclusively that April 5, 1614, is the correct date.

Page 43. Sparkling-Water. The English meaning of Pocahontas.

Page 45. The town shall not rise from its ashes again. Jamestown, at the time it was burned, consisted of a church, statehouse, and about eighteen dwellings, mostly of brick. Only the tower of the church and a few chimneys were left standing.

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Page 45. BACON'S EPITAPH. This remarkable poem has been preserved in an anonymous History of Bacon's and Ingram's Rebellion," known as The Burwell Papers," and printed by the Massachusetts Historical Society in 1814. The Burwell Papers" have been attributed to a planter named Cotton of Acquia Creek, but this is only conjecture, and there seems to be absolutely no clue to the authorship of the elegy, which will probably always remain one of the literary mysteries of America.

Page 48. THE DOWNFALL OF PIRACY. This is thought to be one of the ballads referred to by Benjamin Franklin in his autobiography. He says: "I now took a fancy to poetry, and made some little pieces. My brother, thinking it might turn to account, encouraged me, and put me on composing occasional ballads. One was called 'The Lighthouse Tragedy,' and contained an account of the drowning of Captain Worthilake, with his two daughters; the other was a sailor song on the taking of Teach (or Blackbeard) the pirate."

It had been thought for many years that both of these ballads were lost, but "The Downfall of Piracy" was discovered by Dr. Edward Everett Hale in a volume entitled "Some Real Sea-Songs," edited by Mr. John Ashton, and published in London. There is, in Dr. Hale's opinion, no doubt that it is one of the Franklin ballads. The news of the fight probably reached Boston about the first of January, 1719, and the ballad was no doubt written soon after. Of "The Lighthouse Tragedy" no trace has been found.

Page 50. 'Twas Juet spoke. Robert Juet accompanied Hudson as mate on his previous voyage, and on this one acted as clerk. He kept a curious journal of the voyage, which has been preserved in Purchas's third volume.

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Page 52. THE PRAISE OF NEW NETHERLAND. The full title, in English, is The Praise of New Netherland: wherein are briefly and truly shown the excellent qualities which it possesses in the purity of the air, fertility of the soil, production of the cattle, abundance of game and fish, with its advantages for navigation and commerce." It was printed at Amsterdam "for Jacobus Van Der Fuyk, bookseller in the Still-Alley, Anno 1661." Steendam had returned to Amsterdam, it is thought only on a visit, at the time of the publication of this poem. It is dedicated to "The Honorable Cornelis van Ruyven, councillor and secretary of the Hon. West India Company there. Faithful and very upright Promoter of New Netherland."

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Page 54. Noch vaster. A play upon words, a whimsical device adopted by Steendam. Steendam means stone dam," and noch vaster, "still firmer." Notwithstanding which he seems to have been " a man of very unsettled purposes of life."

Page 58. Bartholomew Gosnold's 'headlands.' Gosnold commanded an expedition which, in 1602, discovered Cape Cod and Martha's Vineyard, both of which were named by him.

Page 63. THE EXPEDITION TO WESSAGUSSET. Mr. Longfellow has followed the account of this expedition given in Winslow's Relation of "Standish's Expedition against the Indians of Weymouth." He has, however, turned the incident of Standish's killing of the chiefs, Pecksuot and Wituwamat, into a much more open and heroic piece of conduct than the chronicle admits. The killing really occurred in a room into which Standish and a few of his men had enticed them. This was the first Indian blood shed by the Pilgrims. A general battle followed in the open field, from which the Indians fled and in which no lives were lost.

Concerning the killing of those poor Indians," wrote Robinson of Leyden (December 16, 1623), "of which we heard first by report and since by more certain relation, O how happy a thing had it been, if you had converted some before you had killed any!"

Page 65. NEW ENGLAND'S ANNOYANCES. These verses are undoubtedly of a very early date, probably about 1630. Rufus W. Griswold, in his introduction to "The Poets and Poetry of America" (Philadelphia, 1854), calls them "the first verses by a colonist," a statement which is, of course, impossible of proof. They appeared originally in the Massachusetts Historical Collections, with the statement that they were "taken memoriter, in 1785, from the lips of an old lady at the advanced age of 96."

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trines Mrs. Hutchinson attached so much importance that she undertook the public ministration of them. Sir Harry Vane, the young governor of the colony, was one of her converts, but in May, 1637, Winthrop was chosen governor instead of Vane, and at once took steps to suppress the Antinomians, which resulted in the banishment of the more prominent among them.

Page 73. The father. William Hutchinson, who had accompanied his family from England.

Page 73. The boys and girls. There were fifteen children, so that Portsmouth, which they founded, started off with a larger population than most towns of the period.

Page 75. In the ruler's seat. Underhill was chosen governor of the "Passataquack men in October, 1638.

Page 83. Pettaquamscut town. South Kingston, Rhode Island. The Narragansett stronghold lay sixteen miles away, in what is now the town of North Kingston.

Page 83. George Fox. Founder of the Society of Friends, who visited America in 1671

72.

Page 84. Connecticut had sent her men. Of the army of a thousand, five hundred and twentyseven were furnished by Massachusetts, and the remainder by Connecticut and Plymouth.

Page 85. ON A FORTIFICATION AT BOSTON BEGUN BY WOMEN. This poem occurs on pages 30-31 of "New England's Crisis," and not, as Duyckinck states, at the beginning. The author, Benjamin Tompson, "learned schoolmaster and physician, and y renowned poet of New England," as the epitaph upon his tombstone puts it, was born at Braintree, Massachusetts, July 14, 1642, graduated from Harvard in 1662, and after serving as master of the Boston Latin School and Cambridge Preparatory School, died at Cambridge in 1675.

Page 85. Sudbury's battle. The Indian attack was made early in the morning of April 21, and lasted practically all the day. News of it soon reached the neighboring towns, and relief parties were started forward. The Indians were on the lookout for them. A party of eleven men from Concord walked into an ambush and only one escaped; eighteen troopers from Boston finally got into the town with a loss of four; and a party of fifty from Marlboro, under Captain Samuel Wadsworth, were caught in an adroitly prepared trap, out of which but thirteen came alive.

Page 99. Charles of Estienne. Charles de St. Estienne was a son of Claude de la Tour, a nobleman who, in 1610, had been forced by poverty to seek his fortune in the New World. They came to Port Royal, shared in the vicissitudes of the little settlement, and were among those who took to the woods after its destruction by the English. Among the fugitives was the Sieur de Biencourt, who held a grant to the country about Port Royal. They built some rude cabins, cultivated little patches of ground, and raised a fort of logs and earth near Cape Sable, which they called Fort St. Louis. Bien

court died in 1623, and Charles de la Tour took cominand of the fort and assumed control of Biencourt's property, claiming that Biencourt had so willed it. Another fort was built on the River St. John, and La Tour was appointed by the king lieutenant-governor over Fort Louis, Port la Tour, and dependencies.

At about the same time, Richelieu sent out an expedition to take formal possession of New France, and named Isaac de Launay de Razilly governor of all Acadia. He made his settlement at La Hève, on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, but died in 1635, and his deputy, Charles de Menou, Chevalier D'Aulnay, asserted his right to command in the colony. Thereupon began between him and Charles de la Tour that famous struggle for the possession of Acadia which forms so romantic a passage in American history.

Page 101. Pentagoet shall rue. La Tour was unable to avenge himself, but time did it for him. D'Aulnay was drowned in 1650, and La Tour was appointed governor of Acadia. In 1653 he married D'Aulnay's widow, Jeanne de Motin.

Page 105. PENTUCKET. The Indian name for Haverhill.

Page 106. LOVEWELL'S FIGHT. This ballad, which is of extraordinary interest as the oldest American war ballad extant, was preserved in "The History of the Wars of New England with the Eastern Indians, or a | Narrative of their continued perfidy and cruelty, | from the 10th of August, 1703, | to the Peace renewed 13th of July, 1713, | and from the 25th of July, 1722, to their Submission 15th December, 1725, which was Ratified August 5th, 1726. By Samuel Penhallow, Esqr. Boston, 1726." This was reprinted at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1859, and the ballad occurs on page 129.

Page 106. Of worthy Captain Lovewell. Not much is known of Lovewell. He was a son of Zaccheus Lovewell, an ensign in the army of Oliver Cromwell, who had come to America and settled at Dunstable, where he died at the great age of one hundred and twenty years,

the oldest white man who ever died in New Hampshire." He left three sons, the youngest of whom was John, the hero of Pigwacket. At the time of the fight, he was about thirtythree years of age, and had a wife and two or three children. After the Indian attack on Dunstable in 1624, he and some others petitioned the House of Representatives at Boston to make some provision for a force to be sent against the savages. The Representatives voted that all such volunteers should be paid two shillings and sixpence a day, and promised large rewards for the scalps of male Indians old enough to fight. A company of thirty was raised, with Lovewell as captain, and captured one prisoner and took one scalp. A second expedition brought back ten scalps and some other booty, and the third expedition culminated in the battle at Pigwacket.

Page 106. 'Twas nigh unto Pigwacket. The old name for Fryeburg. Pigwacket was at the

time the principal village of the Ossipe tribe. Also spelled Pequawket.

Page 108. They killed Lieutenant Robbins. Robbins was a native of Chelmsford. He was so badly wounded that he had to be left on the ground. He desired his companions to charge his gun and leave it with him, saying, “As the Indians will come in the morning to scalp me, I will kill one more of them if I can."

Page 108. Good young Frye. Jonathan Frye, the chaplain of the company, was the only son of Captain James Frye, of Andover, and had graduated at Harvard only two years before. It is a curious commentary on the taste of the time that he should be commended for scalping Indians, as well as killing them; the scalping, however, was the result not of ferocity but of the large rewards offered by the Boston legislature for these trophies.

Page 108. Wymans Captain made. Ensign Seth Wymans, or Wyman, belonged in Woburn, and commanded through the day, after the fall of his superiors at the first fire. He so distinguished himself that he was given a captain's commission, and his admiring townsmen presented him with a silver-hilted sword.

Page 108. LOVEWELL'S FIGHT. From Collections, Historical and Miscellaneous; and Monthly Literary Journal: [table of contents] Edited by J. Farmer and J. B. Moore. Concord: Published by J. B. Moore. | 1824. Vol. iii, page 94.

Page 108. Anon, there eighty Indians rose. Penhallow says seventy, Hutchinson eighty, Williamson sixty-three, and Belknap forty-one.

Page 111. THE BRITISH LYON ROUSED. From Tilden's miscellaneous | Poems, on Divers Occasions; | Chiefly to Animate & Rouse the | Soldiers. | Printed 1756. The little volume from which this poem was taken is one of the most interesting published before the Revolution. For a long time nothing whatever was known of the author, not even his first name. But that was subsequently discovered by Mr. J. H. Trumbull, and communicated to the "New York Historical Magazine," iv, 72, by him. This account seems to have been overlooked by all of Tilden's biographers. Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography fails to give his first name, nor does any history or cyclopædia of American literature with which the compiler is familiar.

Page 112. THE SONG OF BRADDOCK'S MEN. This spirited song has been preserved by Mr. Winthrop Sargent in his excellent monograph upon the Braddock expedition, published by the Pennsylvania Historical Society in 1855. Mr. Sargent states that it was composed in Chester County, Pennsylvania, while the army was on the march in the early autumn of 1755, and that there is no doubt of its authenticity. He does not say where he discovered it.

Page 112. BRADDOCK'S FATE. It will be noticed that these verses were composed just six weeks after the battle which they describe, and the author must have sat down to them at once upon hearing the news of the defeat.

Page 113. Old sixty-six. The author.

Page 114. North America. It is worthy of note that in all colonial and revolutionary poetry, America is rhymed with such words as day, say, and away.

Page 114. Telesem. A name which Tilden gave to this form of verse.

Page 118. Of Wolfe's brave deeds. General James Wolfe, who commanded a brigade, and took the leading part in the assaults on the fortress, on one occasion plunging into the sea at the head of his grenadiers, and capturing a battery which commanded the beach.

Page 118. Amherst's patriot name. Jeffrey (afterwards Baron) Amherst, commander-inchief of the land forces, fourteen thousand strong. He was hotly criticised by Wolfe for his blundering conduct of the campaign.

Page 119. The tartans of Grant's Highlanders. Major Grant, of the Highlanders, had obtained permission to reconnoitre the fort, and set out with about eight hundred men. He reached the fort on September 14, but, relying on his supposed superior numbers, divided his force in such a way that the different parts could not support each other. He was defeated in detail, his force cut to pieces, and himself taken prisoner. His loss was nearly three hundred.

Page 119. Loyalhanna. Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania.

Page 121. Ned Botwood. Edward Botwood, sergeant in the grenadiers of the Forty-seventh, or Lascelles' Regiment. He was the author of the verses given here, which were written on the eve of the expedition's departure from Louisburg, and continued popular with the British troops throughout the Revolution. He was killed during an unsuccessful assault, July 31.

Page 122. Then Wolfe he took his leave. A short time before leaving for America, Wolfe had become engaged to Katherine, daughter of Robert Lowther.

Page 122. A parley. This is, of course, purely imaginary. There was no parley.

Page 122. Then instant from his horse. Wolfe was not on horseback.

Page 129. THE VIRGINIA SONG. When David Garrick wrote "Hearts of Oak" as an expression of English patriotism, he little dreamed that he was furnishing ammunition for England's enemies. It was to the air of that song that the most popular of the colonial patriotic songs were written, and it was probably better known than any of our national songs are to us to-day. Such versions as "The Virginia Song," "The Patriot's Appeal,' "The Massachusetts Song," and "The Liberty Song "were printed on broadside sheets and in newspaper columns and sung in village meeting and city street throughout the land, awakening immense enthusiasm.

Page 131. THE LIBERTY POLE. From "The Procession with the Standard of Faction, a Cantata," a four-page folio preserved in the Du Simitière collection of broadsides.

Page 132. Who carry caps and pouches.

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"Pouches," perhaps a survival of the days of the hand-grenade.

Page 132. CRISPUS ATTUCKS. Attucks was a resident of Framingham, and there is some difference of opinion as to whether he was a mulatto or half-breed Indian. His only claim to remembrance is that he happened to be in the path of a British bullet on that March day in Boston.

Page 135. A NEW SONG CALLED THE GASPEE. The author of this old ballad is unknown. It was rescued from oblivion by Mr. John S. Taylor, who printed it in his "Sketches of Newport and its Vicinity," New York, 1842.

Page 138. Tremble! for know, I, Thomas Gage. Gage was the last royal governor of Massachusetts, and the best hated.

Page 139. Against Virginia's hostile land. Patrick Henry's famous speech, delivered in 1764 before the House of Burgesses, had never ceased to ring in the ears of royalty, and the people of Virginia had long been regarded as a rebellious band that must be broken."

Page 139. Hail, Middlesex! A small number of the people of Middlesex County, Virginia, early in 1774, had adopted some Royalist resolves," an event which gave rise to the following epigram by a "Lady of Pennsylvania"

To manhood he makes a vain pretence
Who wants both manly form and sense;
"T is but the form and not the matter,
According to the schoolmen's clatter;
From such a creature, Heaven defend her!
Each lady cries, no neuter gender!
But when a number of such creatures,
With women's hearts and manly features,
Their country's generous schemes perplex,
I own I hate this Middle-sex.

Page 139. To Murray bend the humble knee. John Murray, Earl of Dunmore, royal governor of Virginia, 1770-1775.

Page 139. Mesech Weare. Weare was president of the state of New Hampshire in 1776. His verses were set to a psalm tune and widely

sung.

Page 140. In spite of Rice. This refers to the extensive donations sent from the other colonies to the people of Boston.

Page 140. Rivington's New York Gazetteer. This paper, the principal vehicle of Royalist poetry during the Revolution, was established by James Rivington, a bookseller, in 1773, and printed at his ever open and uninfluenced press." In the autumn of 1775 his printing outfit was destroyed by a patriot mob; but he was soon afterwards appointed King's Printer for the colony, furnished with a new outfit, and started "Rivington's New York Loyal Gazette. At the close of the war he changed its title to Rivington's Gazette and Universal Advertiser," but it died of starvation in 1783.

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Page 141. LIBERTY TREE. On August 14, 1765, an effigy representing Andrew Oliver, distributer of stamps for Boston, was found hang ing from a great elm opposite the Boylston Market. A mob gathered when the sheriff tried

to take down the effigy, the stamp office was demolished, and Oliver himself was compelled to repair to the tree and resign his commission. It was thenceforward called the Liberty Tree. Liberty trees were afterwards consecrated in many other New England towns.

Page 143. Since mad Lee now commands us. Major-General Charles Lee, that eccentric, morose, and ill-fated genius, characterized by Thomas Paine as "above all monarchs and below all scum."

Page 143. MASSACHUSETTS SONG OF LIBERTY. This song, to the air "Hearts of Oak," became almost as popular as "Adams and Liberty" did at a later day. Mrs. Mercy Warren, to whom it is attributed, published a volume of "Poems, Dramatic and Miscellaneous" (Boston, 1790), dedicated to Washington.

Page 144. TO THE BOSTON WOMEN. From Upcott, iv, 339.

Page 144. PAUL REVERE'S RIDE. It is possible that Mr. Longfellow derived the story, as told in the poem, from Revere's account of the adventure in a letter to Dr. Jeremy Belknap, printed in Mass. Hist. Coll. v. The publication of the poem called out a long controversy as to the accuracy of its details.

Page 147. Then Devens looked. Richard Devens, a member of the Committee of Safety, of which Hancock and Warren were the leading spirits.

Page 147. Then haste ye, Prescott and Revere. Dr. Samuel Prescott, of Concord, joined Revere and Dawes at Lexington and started with them for Concord. They were stopped by a British patrol. Prescott escaped by leaping his horse over the roadside wall and spurred on to Concord, while his companions were taken prisoners, but soon released."

Page 147. The red-coats fire, the homespuns fall. Eight Americans were killed, four near the spot where the battle monument now stands, and four others while escaping over the fences. Their names, as recorded on the monument, were Robert Monroe, Jonas Parker, Samuel Hadley, Jonathan Harrington, Jr., Isaac Muzzy, Caleb Harrington, and John Brown, of Lexington, and Asahel Porter, of Woburn.

To

Page 148. NEW ENGLAND'S CHEVY CHASE. As Lord Percy, at the head of the relief column, marched through Roxbury, his bands playing "Yankee Doodle" in derision of the opponents he was soon to meet, he observed a boy who seemed to be exceedingly amused. He stopped and asked the boy why he was so merry. think," said the boy, "how you will dance by and by to Chevy Chase." Percy, who was very superstitious, was worried by the remark all day. Its point will be appreciated when it is remembered that Percy was a lineal descendant of the Earl Percy who was slain at Chevy Chase.

Page 149. We saw Davis fall dead. Captain Isaac Davis, of the Acton company. He and Abner Hosmer were killed as the Americans charged the British stationed at the North Bridge. I haven't a man that's afraid to

go!" he had exclaimed as he wheeled his company into line for the charge.

Page 150. We'd rather have spent it this way than to home. One of the veterans of the fight made this very remark to Edward Everett.

Page 153. Of man for man the sacrifice. The British lost 65 killed, 180 wounded, 28 captured; the Americans, 59 killed, 39 wounded, 5 missing. Page 158. King David. See 2 Samuel v, 23, 24. Page 159. Yankee Doodle. Accounts of the origin of "Yankee Doodle" are many and various. The air is very old, and nearly every country in Europe claims it. It probably reached England from Holland, and in the days of Charles I was used for some verses about Lydia Lockett and Kittie Fisher, gay ladies of the town. Afterwards, when Cromwell rode into Oxford on a pony, with his single plume fastened into a sort of knot called a "macaroni," the Cavaliers used the same air for their derisive verses. The story goes that this fact was recalled by Dr. Richard Shuckburg, of the Seventeenth Foot, when the queerly garbed provincial levies presented themselves, in June, 1755, at the camp at Albany, to take part in the campaign against the French. He wrote down the notes of the air and got the regimental band to play it. It was taken up by the Americans and became instantly popular. Verses innumerable have been attached to the air, the best known of which are "The Yankee's Return from Camp" and "The Battle of the Kegs."

Page 160. Edward Bangs. This is upon the authority of Dr. Edward Everett Hale, who states that an autograph note of Judge Dawes, of the Harvard class of 1777, addressed to my father, says that the author of the wellknown lines was Edward Bangs, who graduated with him. Mr. Bangs had, as a college boy, joined the Middlesex farmers in the pursuit of April 19, 1775. He was afterward a judge in Worcester County."

Page 160. TOM GAGE'S PROCLAMATION. General Gage's proclamation, issued June 12, 1775, was as follows:

"Whereas the infatuated multitudes, who have long suffered themselves to be conducted by certain well-known incendiaries and traitors, in a fatal progression of crimes against the constitutional authority of the state, have at length proceeded to avowed rebellion, and the good effects which were expected to arise from the patience and lenity of the king's govern ment have been often frustrated, and are now rendered hopeless by the influence of the same evil counsels, it only remains for those who are entrusted with the supreme rule, as well for the punishment of the guilty as the protection of the well-affected, to prove that they do not bear the sword in vain."

Page 162. THE BALLAD OF BUNKER HILL. This, one of the most ingenuous ballads of the Revolution, was discovered by Mr. Robert Larkin, about 1858, among some old manuscripts at Millbury, Massachusetts, and was reproduced in the "Historical Magazine," iii, 311.

Mr.