In July, 1917, the National Board for Historical Service projected a bibliography similar to this, but on a somewhat more inclusive plan and with more extended comment. On behalf of the Board, Professor Charles H. Hull, of Cornell University, assumed oversight of the project in Washington, and he and the present compiler, with some assistance from Professor Edward R. Turner, of the University of Michigan, and Professor Albert H. Lybyer, of the University of Illinois, had practically completed the work for the press by August, when the expected channel for publication proved unavailable.

The postponed date and the changed method of publication have made necessary an entire change in the organization of the work, in the extent of critical comment, and in the content of the list which had to be modified to permit the inclusion of later publications. Some titles have been omitted from the earlier list, and many new ones added. The critical notes on the older titles retained have in nearly every case been rewritten in much briefer form, so that judgments are more summary and less qualified and critical. So little has been left of the work in its earlier form that it is not just to place any responsibility upon any one except the present compiler, though he most heartily expresses his gratitude to the three persons mentioned, especially to Professor Hull, for the helpfulness of the work they did in making possible this publication, and for their fuller notes on some books which he has not himself had in hand.

As far as possible the compiler has made his notes directly from the books concerned, but it has not always been possible, especially for the more recent publications to inspect the book at first-hand. In such cases he has had to rely upon the consensus of available book reviews. In nearly all cases where the critical comment has been prepared with the book in hand, it has been checked with several published reviews to verify the general fairness and correctness of the estimate.

The purpose of the list is to include books on the causes, problems, and issues of the war, on the question of war and peace; and on the several countries, their conditions, problems, and relations.

The list omits, with only a few outstanding exceptions, periodicals and periodical articles; pamphlets, that is, volumes of less than one hundred pages; collections of illustrations and cartoons; official publications; technical or specialized works; memoirs,

diaries, and accounts of campaigns; histories of the war, unless valuable for inclusion of other than military material; poetry, literary appreciations, and philosophical speculations. No work is listed under more than one classification heading, though many relate to several topics. Usually such a book is listed under the heading to which its content or character mainly relates. mainly relates. No attempt has been made to include histories of the period before 1914, but a few of the most convenient ones have been mentioned because they furnish good brief accounts and adequate bibliographical guidance to their respective fields. Only books of unusual interest or value published earlier than 1914 are included, and no attempt has been made to include volumes issued since November, 1917, of which supplementary lists may, perhaps, be published from time to time.

The compiler will welcome, for use in a supplementary list, suggestion of any volume of such character and importance as should have entitled it to place in this list; and also corrections of any errors of material importance. Errors of oversight or of judgment are only too easy in such a compilation. Some titles are retained, though better works have appeared, because of the influence the books exercised in moulding public opinion.

The place of publication, unless otherwise indicated, is New York. Many of the publications are English, but in such cases the American importer and the American price are given, wherever known, instead of the English publisher and price. The prices quoted were the prices at publication. For many books published before 1917, the price has been increased from ten to twenty-five per cent. The prices are for the cheapest bound edition, except in case of a few pamphlets, and are in almost all cases net prices. All critical comments are conditioned by date of publication, the heading under which the title appears, and by the title itself.

Space forbids an alphabetical index, but under the several topics, the entries are alphabetically arranged, so that the presence of a particular title should be readily determined. An asterisk indicates a book of more than average value, or one of the better works available on the subject; a double asterisk indicates one of the most useful books, usually a book to be heartily commended. The bibliography contains about 600 titles, of which 132 are marked with a single asterisk and 24 with double asterisk. The latter group is listed at $37.80, and the two selected groups together at $331.90. Small libraries should possess the double asterisked books; good, larger libraries should contain at least the asterisked books as well.

1. BIBLIOGRAPHY.

*Lange, Frederick William Theodore, and Berry, W. T. Books on the Great War, an Annotated Bibliography of Literature Issued During the European Conflict. White Plains, N. Y., Wilson, 1915-16, vols. 1-4. $4.50. First three volumes bound in one cover to July, 1915, the fourth to April, 1916. Arranged topically; thorough for books and pamphlets issued in England, with increasing attention in later parts to American and foreign publications. Good indexes, some annotations.

2. HANDBOOKS.

Davis, Muriel O. The Great War and What It Means for Europe. Oxford Press, 1915, p. vii, 110. $.40. Designed for English elementary schools.

Gibson, Charles R. War Inventions and How They Were Invented. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1917, p. 255. $1. Clear information and explanation for general reader.

Magnus, Leonard A. Pros and Cons in the Great War, a Record of Foreign Opinion, with a Register of Fact. Dutton, 1917, p. viii, 396. $2. A cyclopedic arrangement of quoted opinions on causes and phases of the war; convenient as handbook.

Scheip, Stanley S., and Bingham, Alfred, editors. Handbook of the European War. White Plains, N. Y., Wilson, vols. 1 and 2, 1914-16, p. x, 334; xi, 304. Each $1. Conveniently arranged compilations, largely documentary. Second volume covers November, 1914, to November, 1915, and gives special attention to relations of United States to the war.

White, James William. A Textbook of the War for Americans, Written and Compiled by an American, being the Fourth Edition of a Primer of the War for Americans, Revised and Enlarged. Philadelphia, Winston, 1915, p. xiii, 551. $1. Much documentary material compiled and abstracted in answer to twenty questions. Well indexed; useful compendium for speakers.

3. HISTORY OF THE WAR.

Allen, George Henry; Whitehead, Henry C., and Chadwick, French Ensor. The Great War. Philadelphia, Barrie, 1915-16, vols. 1-3, p. xxx, 377; xxii, 494; xx, 500. Each $5. First volume deals with causes; second with outbreak of war, organization and strength of the military and naval forces, and financial resources of the contending powers; third with earlier campaigns. Full, clear account for general reader.

Arnoux, Anthony. The European War. Steiger, 1915 ff., each $1.50. Third volume carries account to March, 1916; professedly neutral narrative.

Belloc, Hilaire. Elements of the Great War; The First Phase (1915, p. 374); The Second Phase (1916, p. 382). Nelson. Each $1.50. First volume sketches causes and outbreak of war, forces opposed, and invasion of Belgium and France; second is devoted to battle of the Marne. Sets forth clearly, often vividly, the movement of events; descriptions of strategic movements seem convincing to all except military experts.

Battine, Captain Cecil. A Military History of the War from the Declaration of War to the Close of the Campaign of August, 1914. London, Hodder, 1916, p. 307. 5s. Personal observations of Daily Telegraph correspondent supplemented by careful study. Account prefaced by study of strength and equipment of contending armies.

Buchan, John. Nelson's History of the War. Nelson, 1914 ff., volumes each $.60. Annalistic method; compiled largely from newspapers; documentary appendix in each

volume; many simple maps, chiefly of battles. Tends to become military history, but is consequently hampered by censorship. Volume 16 appeared in July, 1917.

Current History, A Monthly Magazine of the New York Times. 1914 ff. $6 a year. Documents, special articles, illustrations and other material compiled in useful form, not a narrative history in proper sense. Seventh volume current at beginning of 1918.

Dillon, Emile Joseph. England and Germany; with an Introduction by the Hon. W. M. Hughes, M.P., Prime Minister of Australia. Brentano, 1915, p. xii, 312. $3. Survey of European situation made at end of first year of war comprising international politics of the year and of preceding years as a whole under numerous topics. Indicts Germany; indicates lessons for England.

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. History of the Great War. Doran, 1916-17; vols. 1-2, p. xiii, 349; ix, 257. Each $2. Careful, accurate, detailed record devoted chiefly to British participation and operations.

Gardiner, Alfred G. The War Lords. Dutton, 1915, p. viii, 319. $2.50 (reprint, $.40). Editor of London Daily News writes pleasing sketches of prominent men and their relation to events of the war; in style of his earlier work, Prophets, Priests, and Kings.

Illustrated War News. London, 1914 ff. Pictures reprinted from Illustrated London News with explanatory text. Successive volumes cover four to six months.

Mumby, Frank A., editor. The Great War. London, Gresham, 1915 ff. Rather casual, illustrated account for British consumption. Volumes cover about two months each; fifteenth part issued in March, 1917.

Murray, Arthur Mordaunt. The Fortnightly History of the War. New York, Stokes, 1917, p. 403. $3. Collection of Colonel Murray's series of monthly contributions to Fortnightly Review from beginning of the war to July, 1916. Good survey of military events.

Simonds, Frank Herbert. The Great War, the First Phase; the Second Phase. Kennerley, 1914-15, 2 vols. p. 256; xi, 284. Each $1.25. They Shall Not Pass. Garden City, Doubleday, 1916, p. viii, 142. $1. First volume covered from assassination of archduke to fall of Antwerp; second concludes with second battle of Ypres; third describes French resistance at Verdun in 1916. First is little more than reprint of editorials in New York Sun; second is revised from articles in Review of Reviews, New Republic, etc.; third is reprint of five articles from New York Tribune. Based partly on personal observations. Author is recognized as probably foremost American critical writer on the war.

The Times Documentary History of the War. London, The Times, 1917 ff. Two volumes (p. 549, 583) of diplo matic and one (p. 534) of naval documents have been issued with brief explanatory, not argumentative notes.

The Times History of the War. London, The Times, 1914 ff. Weekly parts issued since September, 1914; fourteen volumes have appeared; a compilation of information and pictures rather than a history.

4. FORECASTS OF THE WAR.

Chesney, Sir George Tomkyms. The Battle of Dorking, being an Account of the German Invasion of England, with the Occupation of London and the Fall of the British Empire. London, Richards, 1914. 6d. First published, 1871.

Delaisi, Francis. The Inevitable War. Boston, Small, 1915, p. 120. $1. Translation of La Guerre Qui Vient (Paris, 1911); interesting on social and economic matters.

Ford, Edward, and Home, Gordon Cochrane. England Invaded. Macmillan, 1913, p. xii, 371. $2. Forecasts German invasion. Compare contemporary English play, An Englishman's Home.

The Great War of 189-, a Forecast. London, Heinemann, 1893; 2d ed., 1895. 6s. Co-operative work by leading English military writers.

*Sarolea, Charles. The Anglo-German Problem. American edition with new introduction. Putnam, 1915, p. xx, 288. $1. First printed in England, December, 1912. Remarkable discussion of Anglo-German relations and forecast of the war and its issues. Author, a Belgian professor at Edinburgh.

A Second Franco-German War and Its Consequences for England. London, Simpkin, 1907, p. 154. ls. Includes German invasion of Belgium.

5. THE BACKGROUND OF THE WAR.

Adkins, Frank James. Historical Backgrounds of the Great War, the War, its Origins and Warnings. McBride, 1915, p. 227. $1. Informative lectures delivered in England shortly after outbreak of war, on Germany, France, the Slavs, and England and Sea Power. Clear outline of situation which produced the war. Within the comprehension of young readers.

Barclay, Sir Thomas. Thirty Years, Anglo-French Reminiscences, 1876-1906. Boston, Houghton, 1914, p. viii, 389. $3.50. Detached jottings of an Englishman long resident in Paris, which throw some light on Fashoda affair and formation of Anglo-French entente in 1904.

Barry, William. The World's Debate, an Historical Defence of the Allies. Doran, 1917. $1.25. Hodge-podge of facts from modern history against absolutism and favoring democracy; hence favoring France and England against Germany.

Bevan, Edwyn Robert. Method in the Madness, a Fresh Consideration of the Case between Germany and Ourselves. Longmans, 1917, p. vii, 309. $1.50. An Englishman's attempt at a judicial statement of case between England and Germany, rather England's case against Germany.

Beveridge, Albert Jeremiah. What is Back of the War. Indianapolis, Bobbs, 1915, p. 430. $2. Journalistic observations in Germany, France, and England, chiefly important for reports of conversations with leaders of public opinion. Misuse of this quoted material by pro-Germans discredited the book, which is really blissfully impartial.

**Bullard, Arthur. The Diplomacy of the Great War. Macmillan, 1916, p. xii, 344. $1.50. American journalist surveys events since 1878, discusses new elements in diplomacy, problems of the war, and relations of United States and Europe. Style sprightly; views advanced, but not out of touch with realities. One of best all-around books.

The Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 12, The Latest Age. Macmillan, 1910, p. xxxiv, 1033. $4. Helpful surveys of developments in several nations, but fails to treat adequately international affairs. Chapters on extra-European matters are particularly useful. To be consulted for information, rather than read for enlightenment.

Cook, Sir Edward Tyas. Britain and Turkey, the Causes of the Rupture Set Out in Brief Form from the Diplomatic Correspondence (p. 31, $.10). How Britain Strove for Peace, a Record of Anglo-German Negotiations, 1898-1914 (p. 40, $.20). Why Britain is at War, the Causes and the Issues Set out in Brief Form from the Diplomatic Correspondence and Speeches of Ministers (p. 24, $.10). Macmillan, 1914. Three pamphlets widely circulated in early days of the war.

*Coolidge, Archibald Cary. The Origins of the Triple Alliance. Scribner, 1917, p. vi, 236. $1.25. These three lectures by Professor Coolidge of Harvard are the best account of the subject; clear, scholarly, and impartial.

**Dickinson, Goldsworthy Lowes. The European Anarchy. Macmillan, 1916, p. 144. $1. Not a narrative but an essay of only 30,000 words on forces which produced the Blame rests not upon one nation alone, but upon the anarchy in which European nations struggled without common law. Notable book, and by far best brief discussion of underlying causes of the war.

war.

Fullerton, William Morton. Problems of Power. Scribner, 1913, second, revised edition, 1915, p. xxiv, 390. $2.25. Former newspaper correspondent discusses international problems from Sedan to Agadir with great cleverness, but assumes such familiarity with the facts, that few readers will find themselves sufficiently equipped to peruse it intelligently.

**Gibbons, Herbert Adams. The New Map of Europe, 1911-1914, the Story of the Recent European Diplomatic Crises and Wars and of Europe's Present Catastrophe. Century, 1914, p. xi, 412. $2. Well written account of events of four years preceding the war, by American especially familiar with Balkan affairs. Clear, informing, generally reliable and fair, though inclinations are anti-German. Minor changes in later editions.

**Guyot, Yves. The Causes and Consequences of the War; translated by F. A. Holt. Brentano, 1916, p. xxxvi, 359. $3. One of ablest French authorities discusses political, economic, and historical causes of the war, and its probable consequences. Original is probably best all-around book in French.

Hart, Albert Bushnell. The War in Europe, its Causes and Results. Appleton, 1914, p. ix, 254. $1. Hurried compilation published in October, 1914, for American general reader; superseded by later works.

Hayes, Carlton Joseph Huntley. Political and Social History of Modern Europe. Macmillan, 1916, vol. 1, p. xvi, 582, $2; vol. 2, p. xii, 726, $2.25. First volume summarizes three centuries ending 1815; second volume treats more fully the century since with special attention to economic and social factors and the antecedents of the war. able and generally reliable.

Read

Hazen, Charles Downer. Modern European History. Holt, 1917, p. xiv, 650. $1.75. Condensed from his French Revolution and Napoleon and his Europe since 1815. Admirable brief survey since 1789.

*Holt, Lucius Hudson, and Chilton, Alexander Wheeler. The History of Europe from 1862 to 1914, from the Accession of Bismark to the Outbreak of the Great War. Macmillan, 1917, p. xv, 611. $2.60. By professors of history at West Point; deals mainly with diplomatic and military events; with considerable quotations from primary sources; clear, vigorous style; excellent maps.

Hovelaque, Emile. The Deeper Causes of the War, with an Introduction by Sir Walter Raleigh. Dutton, 1916, p. 158. $1.25. Vehement and able indictment of Germany's theories of race, the state, and war, and of her application of them in her policy toward England.

Lipson, Ephraim. Europe in the Nineteenth Century, an Outline History. Macmillan, 1917, p. 298. $2. Neglects international affairs except as leading to the war. Best chapters on internal affairs of leading countries, especially prior to 1870. Treatment unusual and uneven.

Morel, Edmund Deville. Ten Years of Secret Diplomacy, an Unheeded Warning, Being a Reprint of Morocco in Diplomacy. London, National Labour Press, 1915, p. xxix,

198. 2s. Reprint of 1912 original with slight changes and omission of appendix of documents. New prefaces are added, especially to third edition of reprint. Bitter indictment of whole Morocco affair and of Sir Edward Grey.

Morris, Charles, and Dawson, Lawrence H. Why the Nations Are at War, the Causes and Issues of the Great Conflict. London, Harrap, 1915, p. 414. 5s. A British survey of 19th century history as antecedent to the war.

Muir, Ramsay. Britain's Case against Germany, an Examination of the Historical Background of the German Action in 1914. Longmans, 1914, p. ix, 196. $1. Study of German political theories in action in last generation; argues that Germany had long intended and prepared for the war.

*Muir, Ramsay. The Expansion of Europe, the Culmination of Modern History. Boston, Houghton, 1917, p. xii, 243. $2. An historical survey of modern imperialism, with an attempt to appraise the achievements of the several colonizing powers. Glorifies England. Part on last forty years inferior.

Why We Are at War, Great Britain's Case, by Members of the Oxford Faculty of Modern History. Oxford Press, 1914, third edition, p. 264. $.85. First effort of English historians to explain situation; widely circulated; rather well done, in circumstances; but now valuable as evidence of state of mind following outbreak of war. Appendixes contain documents.

Rose, John Holland. The Development of the European Nations, 1870-1900. Putnam, 1905, 2 vols., p. xi, 376; v, 363; fifth edition, 1914, p. xvii, 376, 410. $2.75. Devoted mainly to international relations of the period; with additional chapters in later editions. Gives little attention to some forces that would now command attention in a history of the period.

Rose, John Holland. The Origins of the War, 1871-1914. Putnam, 1915, p. 201. $1. Hastily prepared by competent English scholar; was one of best books available in first year of the war. Written with emphasis on Germany and with strong convictions against Germany, but with tone of fairness.

*Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly. England and Germany, 1740-1914. Princeton University Press, 1916, p. ix, 524. $2. Period prior to 1904 treated in series of topical chapters; decade, 1904-1914, is given thorough chronological treatment; outbreak of war is covered by use of colored books. Written before the war, rewritten and enlarged after war started. Places responsibility clearly on Germany. Well written, one of most useful books.

**Seymour, Charles. The Diplomatic Background of the War. New Haven, Yale Press, 1916, p. xv, 311. $2. Admirable, concise, scholarly survey of events since 1871, furnishing adequate background for understanding the war and its issues. Written clearly, without passion, but gives verdict explicitly against Germany. Best book available for background of the war.

*Tardieu, André. France and the Alliances, the Struggle for the Balance of Power. Macmillan, 1908, p. x, 314. $1.50. Most useful account of international situation in 1904-7, covering Anglo-French and Anglo-Russian agreements and first Moroccan crisis. Author is recognized authority on international questions and is at present French High Commissioner in United States.

Whitman, Sidney. Things I Remember, Recollections of a Political Writer in the Capitals of Europe. New York, Stokes, 1917, p. viii, 268. $2.50. Reminiscences of a European correspondent of New York Herald covering events of last quarter-century, especially Balkan and German affairs and problems. Good.

6. THE DIPLOMATIC RUPTURE. Andriulli, Giuseppe A., editor. Documents relating to the Great War; with an Introduction by Guglielmo Ferrero, translated by Thomas Okey. London, Unwin, 1915, p. 128. 1s. Brief selection supporting Ferrero's conclusion that Germany decided for war, July 29, 1914.

Baldwin, Elbert Francis. The World War, How It Looks to the Nations Involved. Macmillan, 1914, p. vii, 267. $1.25. Judicial, impartial effort soon after opening of hostilities to summarize immediate causes and portray conditions and states of mind in several European countries.

Beck, James Montgomery. The Evidence in the Case, in the Supreme Court of Civilization, as to the Moral Responsibility for the War. Putnam, 1914, p. 200. $1. Revised edition, 1915. The War and Humanity, a Further Discussion of the Ethics of the World War and the Attitude and Duty of the United States. Putnam, 1916, p. xi, 322. $1.50. The first is not so much a judicial statement as a prosecutor's plea for conviction of Germany. Widely distributed but to be used only when more thorough and dispassionate works are not available. The second deals in same manner with episodes such as submarine controversy, case of Miss Cavell, and relations of America with Allies.

**Chitwood, Oliver Perry. The Immediate Causes of the Great War. Crowell, 1917, p. xii, 196. $1.35. By professor in University of West Virginia. Impartial narrative of events from the assassination of the Archduke to Italy's declaration of war, based on the published official docu

ments.

Davenport, Briggs. A History of the Great War, 1914-, Vol. I. The Genesis of the War, June, 1914, to August, 1915. Putnam, 1916, p. viii, 545. $2. Clear, simple, but uncritical; commends itself to those for whom better books are too complex and heavy. Also useful for account of entrance of Italy and Bulgaria into the war.

Dillon, Emile Joseph. A Scrap of Paper, the Inner History of German Diplomacy and her Scheme of Worldwide Conquest. Doran, 1914, third edition, p. xxvii, 220. $.50. Summary account of the events which precipitated war, by well-known English authority on international affairs. Widely circulated in early months of war but now replaced by later works.

Ferrero, Guglielmo. Who Wanted the European War? Translated by P. E. Matheson. Oxford Press, 1915, p. 39. $.25. Interpretation of events of diplomatic rupture based on the colored books by leading Italian historian.

Great Britain, Foreign Office. Collected Diplomatic Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the European War. Doran, 1915, p. xix, 561. $1. Contains British Diplomatic Correspondence, French Yellow Book, Russian Orange Book, Belgian Gray Book, Serbian Blue Book, German White Book, Austro-Hungarian Red Book, and some supplementary documents, with explanatory introduction and index, but no comparative chronological table. Confined mainly to last days of July and early days of August, 1914.

*Headlam, James Wycliffe. The History of Twelve Days, July 24th to August 4th, 1914, being an Account of the Negotiations Preceding the Outbreak of War, Based on the Official Publications. Scribner, 1915, p. xxiv, 412. $3. The English historical writer has based his account with assiduous care upon official documents and utterances. Tone restrained, dispassionate, and fair, but obviously not absolutely impartial. Style not popular, but clear, direct, and closely reasoned. Best account of diplomatic rupture in English.

Headlam, James Wycliffe. The German Chancellor and the Outbreak of War. London, Unwin, 1917, p. 127. 3s. 6d.