b. Wars with Sweden. (1) Territorial ambitions of Peter I. (3) Loss of territory to Russia and Prussia. c. Internal reforms of Peter I. (1) Opening the door westward; Petrograd. (2) Attempts toward modernization of Russia. References: Harding, pp. 431-437. Myers, chap. 19. Robinson and Beard, pp. 53-58. Hazen, Modern European History, pp. 17-27. Problems: Compare the rise of Russia and France. Account for the difference. Was Russia "entitled" to a western seaport, as Peter claimed? Ought Russia's late entrance into European affairs be an argument for or against rapid development? Why? Note that Russia came into existence as a civilized state at the expense of other powers. How might that affect her future? 5. Rise of Prussia: Poland Partitioned. a. Origin of Prussia. (1) Growth of Brandenburg. (2) Addition of Prussia. (3) Further gains of the early Hohenzollerns. b. Acquisitions of Frederick II. (1) Seizure of Silesia. (2) War on the Austrian Succession (King George's War). (a) Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. (3) The Seven Years' War (French and Indian War). (a) Treaties of Hubertsburg and Paris. (b) Importance of the territorial changes. (4) Constructive work of Frederick. c. Fate of Poland. (1) Review of independent Poland. (2) Three partitions to Prussia, Russia and Austria. References: Harding, pp. 437-453, 462-465. Myers, chap. 30. West, pp. 415-420. Robinson and Beard, pp. 58-72. Hazen, pp. 10-17, 29. Problems: What have ever been some of the most striking traits of the Hohenzollern family? In what rulers of the line have these been most pronounced? When and why was a policy of Prussian military supremacy undertaken? Why is Frederick's statue to be removed from Washington? What were the objects in the partitions of Poland? Why is Germany proposing to re-establish Poland as an independent state? Would Poland be independent? Note the far-reaching results of the Seven Years' War. III. THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD IN EUROPE. 1. The French Revolution and Napoleon. a. Course of the French Revolution. (1) Causes of the Revolution. (a) Causes inherent in France and Europe. (b) Increasing enlightenment. (2) Attempts at popular government. (a) Failure of the monarchy. (b) Successive national bodies. (c) Reasons for the failure of popular government. (3) Foreign complications. (a) French revolutionary propaganda abroad. (b) The interference of Austria and Prussia. (c) Effect on the course of the Revolution. References: Harding, chaps. 24, 25. West, chaps. 31, 32, 33, 34. Robinson and Beard, chaps. 5, 6, 7. Hazen, chaps. 1-8. Problems: What old principles led the Austrians and Prussians to Why were the French unable to find a working form of Note the feeling of the reactionary governments toward anything like liberalism. b. Napoleon: His campaigns. (1) Napoleon's early career. (a) Napoleon's characteristics and ambitions. (b) Qualities of leadership. (c) Early services to France. (2) The Empire. (a) Successive steps in the rise to power. (b) The creation of the Empire. (c) Napoleon's war policy. (3) The military campaigns. (a) Campaigns during the Directory and Consulate. i. Italian campaign. ii. Expedition to Egypt. (b) Campaigns as Emperor. i. The struggle against coalitions. ii. Wars resulting from the Continental System. iii. The Hundred Days. (c) Napoleon's rank as a military genius. References: Harding, chap. 26, pp. 527-530, 534-541. West, chaps. 35, 36, pp. 489-493, 497-500. Was the French Revolution a failure? How do you account for Napoleon? Would the same kind of situation produce such another? Did Napoleon discredit or create friends for the Revolution? What feeling have his crushing victories and harsh terms caused toward France on the part of her neighbors? Study Napoleon's military principles. How do those of the present German Empire compare with them! c. Napoleon's reconstruction of Europe. (a) Reform of the administration. (2) Changes elsewhere in Europe. (a) Creation of new governments and states. (b) The reorganization of Germany. (c) Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. (3) Summary of achievements. (a) Napoleon's permanent works. (b) Their effect on recent Europe. References: Harding, pp. 530-534. Myers, pp. 555-557, 568-573. West, pp. 493-497. Robinson and Beard, pp. 193-197. Hazen, pp. 186-191, 205-208, 212-213. Problems: In what respects does Napoleon deserve to rank among the few great men of history? Was Metternich's attitude toward revolution to be wondered at? Did the Holy Alliance and similar organizations postpone the liberation of Europe seriously? Where seemed to be the hotbed of revolutionary activity? Why? What stand did England take on interference to maintain absolutism? Of what importance was her attitude? b. The French Revolution of 1848. (1) Downfall of Louis Philippe. (a) Unpopular ministers. (b) Rise of socialism. i. National workshops. (2) Second French Republic. (a) Election of Louis Napoleon. (3) Second French Empire. (a) Napoleon's coup d'etat. (b) Aggressive foreign policy. (c) Disastrous results. References: Harding, pp. 578-587. West, chaps. 45, 46. Robinson and Beard, chap. 13. Problems: Note the causes of the rapid growth of the socialistic party in France. What part did this party take in the Revolution of 1848? Must we account for the rapid transition from republic to empire in French psychology or in circumstances likely to occur anywhere? Why, in a time of peace and prosperity, did Napoleon III deliberately choose a policy of war? Did he attain his object at any time? Sum up the evils now being faced by the French people for which they, as a people, are not to blame. c. 1848 in Austria and Germany. (1) Condition of the Austrian Empire. (a) Agitation of Liberals. (b) Movements of various races for autonomy. (2) Progress of the Revolution. (a) Revolution in Hungary: Kossuth. i. Flight of Metternich. ii. Lack of unity among the revolutionists. (3) Risings in Germany. (a) Constitution granted in Prussia. (b) Proposals of the Frankfort Parliament. (c) Hostile attitude taken by Austria. (d) Virtual failure of the Revolution. References: Harding, pp. 601-607. *Hazen, chap. 16. West, pp. 566-571. *Robinson and Beard, chap. 14. 2. The Unification of Germany. a. Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War. (1) Character of the German Confederation. (2) The Zollverein. (a) Its membership. (b) Creation of sentiment for unity. (3) Bismarck's character and policies. (a) Reorganization of Prussian military system. (b) The policy of "Blood and Iron." (c) Victory over the Prussian Parliament. (4) The war with Denmark. (a) Recovery of Schleswig-Holstein. (b) Provocation for the Austro-Prussian War. (5) Seven Weeks' War with Austria. (a) Excellent preparation of Prussia. (b) Prompt defeat of Austria. (c) Formation of the North German Confederation. References: b. The Franco-Prussian War. (1) Napoleon's demands for "compensation." (a) Rebuffs of Prussia. (2) Fear of Prussia's growing strength. (a) Dangers of German unification to France. (b) Relative increase of populations. (3) Diplomacy of Bismarck. (a) Plans for the humiliation of France. (b) Designs for further German unification. (4) Course of the war. (a) Question of Spanish succession. (b) French declaration of war. (c) Immediate Prussian victory. (5) Terms of peace. (a) Humiliation of France. (b) Creation of the German Empire. Gerard, My Four Years in Germany, chap. VII. Robinson and Beard, Readings, II, Nos. 267-273. Problems: What makes it possible for the Kaiser to control all German affairs? Compare the structure of the German government with that of the United States; with England. What are the conditions which make revolution in Germany difficult? Under what conditions is revolution deemed possible? 3. France and Britain. a. The Third French Republic. (1) Provisional government after the Franco-Prussian War. Cheyney, pp. 167, 304, 427, 439, 455, 517, 537, 593, 606-608, 637-639, 660-664. Robinson and Beard, Readings, II, Nos. 307-311. Problems: To what extent should England blame herself for the present uncertainty in Ireland? Has she done all possible to make amends for past mistakes and abuses? Account for the Ulster phenomenon. What is the nature of the most recent proposal made by England in the interests of Home Rule in Ireland? How is the disaffection in Ireland a constant thorn in the side of England? B. DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD PROBLEMS. I. SPECIAL PHASES OF TERRITORIAL EXPANSION. a. Problems of European expansion. (b) Livingstone and Stanley. (3) The scramble for territory. (a) Means used to obtain territories. (b) The Congress of Berlin. (c) Final partition of the continent. References: Harding, pp. 685-689. Hazen, pp. 507-514. West, pp. 720-722. Rose, Development of the European Nations, 18701914, chaps. 4, 5, 6, 8, in Part II. National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 26, pp. 272-274, "Growth of Europe During Forty Years of Peace." Robinson and Beard, Readings, II, Nos. 375-379. Problems: Why was the partition of Africa so long delayed? What part does Africa promise to play in future world events? Why are African colonies such expensive luxuries? b. The resulting African situation. (b) Necessity of extensive development. (c) Extent of African colonial empires. (2) Recent incidents. (a) The Fashoda incident and its outcome. (b) Disputes over Morocco. (c) Demands of Italy for African holdings. (3) Present status of Africa. (a) War operations in Africa. (b) Capture of German holdings. (c) Consolidation of previous interests. References: Harding, pp. 689-690. *Hazen, pp. 404-408, 414, 373-374, 519, 521. Cheyney, pp. 672-676. Harding, pp. 702-704 (very brief). Hazen, pp. 580-583. *West, pp. 709-713, 724-727. Robinson and Beard, Readings, II, Nos. 372-374. Problems: What was the importance to Russia of an outlet to the far east? What changes have been made in her policies since her defeat? On what ground did Japan interfere? Account for her speedy success. Estimate the results of this war on the development of both Russia and Japan. What did it mean to Korea? To China? b. The relations of Japan and China. (1) The Chino-Japanese War of 1894. (a) Causes. What appears to be the future of Japan? What of the "Yellow Peril "? 3. The Balkan Situation. a. Liberation of the Balkan States. (b) The nature of Turkish government. (2) Early wars for liberation. (a) The Greek war for independence. i. The aid of Russia. ii. Treaty of Adrianople. (b) Russo-Turkish War of 1877-8. ii. Treaty of San Stefano. (b) Success of the Balkan allies. (c) Attitude of the Great Powers. (d) The Treaty of London. Why were the Balkans so long in gaining their free- Account for Russia's interest in the freedom of the Why have the Great Powers undone so much costly Should not Europe have received the treaty of San b. Conflicting Balkan interests. (1) Wars among the Balkan states. (a) Rival claims of Servia and Bulgaria. (b) Hostility of Greece and Romania. (c) General conflict. (d) The Treaty of Bucharest. (2) Results of the conflicts. (a) New alliances among the Great Powers. (b) The changed Balkan map. (c) Unsatisfactory racial conditions. i. The crushing of "national" hopes. ii. The ignoring of economic needs. iii. Creation of Albania. iv. Disposition of Bosnia and Herzegovina. (3) Relation of the Balkans to the war. |