Paragraph 2.-Of the vices of the thing sold, which occasion a reduc-
tion of the price,

Paragraph 3.-Of the vices of the thing sold, which the seller has con-

cealed from the buyer,.

Chapter 7-Of the obligations of the buyer,

Chapter 8. Of the resolution and of the rescission of the sale,
Section 1. Of the power or right of redemption,

Section 2. Of the rescission of sales on account of lesion,
Chapter 9.-Of sales by auction, or public sales,
Of judicial sales,

Chapter 10.

Section 1. Of sales on seizures or execution,

Section 2.

Chapter 11. Of the compulsory transfer of property, .

Of the judicial sale of the property of successions,

473

474

Chapter 12. Of the assignment or transfer of credits and other in-

Chapter 1.-Of the nature of the contract of lease, and its several kinds, 481

Chapter 2.-Of letting out things,

482

Section 1.-General provisions,

482

Section 2.-Of the obligations and rights of the lessor,

Section 3.-Of the obligations and rights of the lessee,

Section 4. Of the dissolution of leases,

Chapter 3.-Of the letting out of labor or industry,

492

Section 1. Of the hiring of servants and laborers,

492

Section 2.-Of carriers and watermen,

493

Section 3. Of constructing buildings according to plots and other

Chapter 2.-Rules relating to the different kinds of partnerships,.

Chapter 3.-Of the obligations of partners towards each other and

towards third persons,

510

Section 1.-Of the obligations of partners towards each other,

Section 2. Of the obligations of partners towards third persons,

Chapter 4. Of the different manners in which partnerships end,

Section 2. Of the engagements of the borrower for use,

517

Section 3.-Of the obligations of the lender for use,

518

Chapter 2. Of the loan for consumption, or mutuum,

Section 1.-Of the nature of the loan for consumption,

519

519

Section 2. Of the obligations of the lender for consumption, .

Section 3. Of the engagements of the borrower for consumption,

520

520

PAGE

Chapter 3.—Of loan on interest,

TITLE XIII.-OF DEPOSIT AND SEQUESTRATION,

Chapter 1. Of deposit in general, and of its divers kinds,

Chapter 2. Of the deposit properly so called,

Section 1.-Of the nature and essence of the contract of deposit,

Section 2.-Of voluntary deposit,

521

522

522

522

522

523

Section 3. Of the obligations of the depositary,

523

Section 4. Of the obligations and rights of him by whom the de-

Section 3. Of the judicial sequestration or of deposit,

Chapter 1.-Of the nature and form of mandates,

531

Chapter 2.—Of the obligations of a person acting under a power of

attorney,

533

Chapter 3.-Of the mandatary or agent of both parties,

535

Chapter 4.

Of the obligations of the principal who acts by his attor-

Chapter 1.--Of the nature and extent of suretyship,

Section 1. Of the effects of suretyship between the creditor and the

surety,

540

Section 2.Of the effects of suretyship between the debtor and the

surety,

541

Section 3. Of the effects of suretyship between the sureties,

542

Chapter 3.—Of the extinction of suretyship,

Chapter 4.- -Of the legal and judicial sureties,

--

TITLE XVII.-OF TRANSACTION OR COMPROMISE,

TITLE XVIII.-OF RESPITE,

TITLE XIX.-OF ARBITRATION,

TITLE XX. -OF PLEDGE,

Chapter 1.-General provisions,

Chapter 2.-Of pawn,.

Chapter 3.-Of antichresis,

TITLE XXI.-Of Privileges,

Chapter 1.-General provisions,

Chapter 2.-Of the several kinds of privileges,

Chapter 3.-Of privileges on movables,

542

543

545

547

550

553

554

556

559

561

561

561

562

Paragraph 3.-Of expenses during the last sickness,

564

Paragraph 6.-Of the privilege of clerks, and that of wives for their

dower,

566

PAGE

.

. 566

Section 2-Of the privileges on particular movables,

Paragraph 1.-Of the privilege of the lessor,

Paragraph 2.-Of the privilege of the creditor on the thing pledged,.

Paragraph 3.-Of the privilege of a depositor,

Paragraph 4.-Of the expenses incurred for the preservation of the thing,

Paragraph 5.-Of the privilege of the vendor of movable effects,

Paragraph 6.—Of the privilege of the innkeeper on the effects of the

traveler,

Section 3. Of the privilege on ships and merchandise,

Chapter 4.-Of privileges on immovables,

Chapter 5.

ables,

Of privileges which embrace both movables and immov-

Chapter 6. Of the order in which privileged creditors are to be paid,

Chapter 7.--How privileges are preserved and recorded,

Chapter 8.-Of the manner in which privileges are extinguished,

567

568

568

569

569

570

571

574

575

576

579

580

Section 4.-Of the rank in which mortgages stand with respect to each

other,

Chapter 2. Of inscriptions of mortgages,

588

590

Section 1. Of the mode and effect of recording mortgages,

590

Section 2.

Of the erasure of mortgages,

596

Section 3.-Of the office of mortgages, and of the duties of recorders,

Chapter 3. Of the effects of mortgages and privileges,

599

601

Section 1.-Of the effects of mortgages and privileges with regard to

the debtor,

601

Section 2.-Of the effect of mortgages against third possessors, and of

the hypothecary action,

601

Chapter 4.-How mortgages expire or are extinguished,

603

TITLE XXIII. OF OCCUPANCY, POSSESSION AND PRESCRIPTION, 604

Section 2.Of the prescription by which the ownership of property

Paragraph 2.-Of the prescription of thirty years,

616

Paragraph 3.-Of prescription of movables,

617

Paragraph 4.-Of the causes which prevent the prescription tending

to the acquisition of the ownership of property,

618

Paragraph 5.-Of the causes which interrupt prescription,

619

Paragraph 6. Of the causes which suspend the course of prescription, 620

Section 3.-Of the prescription which operates a release from debt,

Paragraph 1.-Of the prescription of one year,

621

622

Paragraph 2.-Of the prescription of three years,

623

Paragraph 3.-Of the prescription of five years,

624

Paragraph 4.-Of the prescription of ten years,

625

Paragraph 5.-Of the prescription of thirty years,

626

Paragraph 6.-Of the rules relative to the prescription operating a

·Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana, in General Assembly convened, That the Civil Code of the State of Louisiana be amended and reenacted, so as to read as follows, to wit:

ARTICLE 1. [1.]-Law is a solemn expression of legislative

will.

C. C. 1967; 8 N. S. 680; 12 L. 315; 12 A. 793.

ART. 2. [2.]-It orders and permits and forbids, it announces rewards and punishments, its provisions generally relate not to solitary or singular cases, but to what passes in the ordinary course of affairs.

ART. 3. [3.]-Customs result from a long series of actions. constantly repeated, which have by such repetition, and by uninterrupted acquiescence, acquired the force of a tacit and com

mon consent.

C. C. 21, 1953 (1948), 1966 (1961); C. N 1390; 1 N. S. 192; 4 L. 160, 211; 7 L. 211, 524; 12 L. 357; 13 L. 516; 18 L. 380; 4 R. 381; 11 A. 698; 14 A. 681; 15 A. 94, 95, 96, 268, 270, 436, 437.

CHAPTER 2.

Of the Publication of the Laws.

ART. 4. [4.]-As laws can not be obligatory without being known, they must be promulgated.

C. N. 1; 2 N. S. 455; 5 N. S. 432; 3 L. 435; 12 L. 315; D. Sec. 413, 2170.

ART. 5. [5.]-The laws shall be executed throughout every part of this State from the moment they shall be promulgated in the manner prescribed.

C. N. 1; 12 L. 315.

ART. 6. [6.]-All laws enacted by the Legislature of this State, shall be considered promulgated at the place where the State gazette is published, the day after the publication of such. laws in the State gazette, and in all other parts of the. State, thirty days after the publication.

The Secretary of State shall keep a register in which he shall write down the titles of all the laws passed by the Legislature, together with the date when they shall have been respectively published in the State paper; and the register thus kept or the certificate delivered from the same by the Secretary of State, under his official signature and seal, shall be evidence of the publication of the laws; and whenever the promulgation of any law is contested, the person contesting the same shall be held to prove the fact.

(Am'd.) C. N. 1; 12 L. 315; D. Sec. 2168, 2169; Acts 1827, p. 172, § 1-3; Acts 1855, p. 341.

ART. 7. [7.]-After the promulgation, no one can allege ignorance of the law.

C. N. 1.

CHAPTER 3.

Of the Effects of Laws.

ART. 8. [8.]-A law can prescribe only for the future; it can have no retrospective operation, nor can it impair the obligation of contracts.

C. C. 1901 (1895), 1945 (1940); C. N. 2; 8 N. S. 175; 1 L. 343; 12 L. 355, 552; 16 L. 442; 2 A. 180; 6 A. 606; 10 A. 511; 12 A. 593, 723; 14 A. 27, 833; 15 A. 17, 89, 92, 395; 20 A. 244. Consti. 1868, Art. 110; U. S. Consti. sec. 10.

ART. 9. [9.]-The law is obligatory upon all inhabitants of the State indiscriminately; the foreigner, whilst residing in the State, and his property within its limits, are subject to the laws of the State.

C. N. 3; 6. N. S. 15; 12 L. 355, 552; 16 L. 442; 1 A. 599; 22 A. 523.

ART. 10. [10.]-The form and effect of public and private