in 1594.

of 70.

operas.

ARNOBIUS was professor of rhetoric at Sicca, in Numidia, to wards the end of the gd century.

He died at about the ageing pieces: "Artaxerxes," 1762; "The Guardian Outwitted," 1764; ARNAUD D'ANDILLI (RO." The Rose," 1778: all of them BERT) eldest son of the preceding, born at Paris in 1589. Though bred in a court and in offices of state, he passed the latter part of his days in a continual application to works of piety and devotion. His works have been printed in eight volumes folio. Mr. Arnaud died at Port Royal 1674.

ARNAUD (ANTHONY) doctor of the Sorbonne, and brother of the preceding, was born at Paris the 6th of February 1612. A catalogue of his works may be seen in Moreri: they consist of grammar, geometry, logic, metaphysics, and theology. He died Aug. 9, 1694.

ARNOLD, a famous heretic of the 12th century, born at Brescia in Italy; whence he went to France, where he studied under the cele brated Peter Abelard. Upon his return to Italy, he put on the habit of a monk, and began to preach several new and uncommon doctrines; particularly that the pope ought not to enjoy any temporal estate; that those ecclesiastics who had any estates of their own, or held any lands, were entirely cut off from the least hope of salvation: that the clergy ought to subsist upon the alms and voluntary contributions of christians; and that all other revenues belonged to princes and states, in order to be disposed of among the laity as they thought proper. He was hanged at Rome in the year 1155.

ARNOLD (JOHN) eminent for his improvements in the mechanism of time-keepers. He was the in

ARNDT (JOHN) a famous protestant divine of Germany, born at Ballenstad, in the duchy of Anhalt, 1555. At first be applied himself to physic; but, falling into a dan gerous sickness, he made a vow to change that for divinity if he should be restored to health. He wrote many religious works; the most famous of which is, his "Treatise of Free Christianity," in High Dutch. This writer died at Zell in 1621. ARNE (DR. THOMAS AU-ventor of the Expansion Balance GUSTINE) was son of Mr. Arne, (an upholsterer in Covent Garden, whom Addison is supposed to have characterized in No. 155, and No. 160, of " The Tatler ;") and brother of Mrs. Cibber the player. He was early devoted to music, and soon I became eminent in his profession. July 6, 1759, he had the degree of doctor of music conferred on him at Oxford. His compositions are universally applauded, and he was particularly skilful in instructing vocal performers. He died March 5, 1778, having written the follow

and the Detached Escapement; and was the first artist that ever applied the gold cylindrical spring to the balance of a time-piece. Died at Well-hall, near Eltham, in Kent, Aug. 25, 1799.

ARNOLD (DR. SAMUEL), an excellent composer of music, whose works are too numerous to be here detailed, and so well known as not to require it. Of his various dra matic compositions, we may mention particularly The Maid of the Mill; The Castle of Andalusia; The Agreeable Surprise; The Son in

Arrian is said to have written several other works. ARTEMIDORUS, famous for his Treatise upon Dreams," was born

at Ephesus, but took the surname of Daldianus in this book, out of respect to the country of his mother; for he stiled himself the Ephesian in his other performances. He lived under the emperor Antoninus Pius.

and Peeping Tom. In the higher style of composition also his success was great. The Oratorio (by Dr. Brown) of the Cure of Saul, composed in 1767, was considered to be the best production since the time of Handel; and his Shunamite Woman, one of his latter pieces, possesses all the genius of his earlier compositions, with that additional shire, about the year 1515. He

science which study and experience had given him. He died Oct. 29, 1802, in his 63d year, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, between the monuments of Croft and Purcell.

ARNULPH, or ERNULPH, bishop of Rochester, born 1040, died 1124. He wrote a work in Latin, concerning the foundation, endowment, charters, laws, and other things relating to the church of Rochester; which is generally known by the title of " Textus Roffensis," and is preserved in the archives of the cathedral church of that place.

ARPINAS, or ARPINO (JOSEPH CÆSAR) a famous Italian painter, born 1560, died 1640.

ASCHAM (ROGER) an eminent English writer, born at Kirkby Wiske, near Northallerton, inYork

applied himself particularly to the Greek language; in which he attained to an excellence peculiar to himself, and read it publickly in the university of Cambridge with universal applause. In order to relax his mind after severer studies, he thought some diversion necessary; and shooting with the bow was his favourite amusement, as appears by his "Treatise on Archery," which he dedicated to King Henry VIII. who settled a pension upon him, at the recommendation of sir William Paget. Mr. Ascham being remarkable for writing a fine hand, was employed to teach this art to prince Edward, the lady Elizabeth, and the two brothers, Henry and Charles, dukes of Suffolk. In Feb. 1548, he was sent for to court, to instruct the lady Elizabeth in the learned languages, and had the honour of assisting this lady in her studies for two years; when he de sired leave to return to Cambridge, where he resumed his office of pub

ARRIAN, a famous historian and philosopher, who lived under the emperor Adrian and the two Antonines, was born at Nicomedia in Bithynia. He was styled the second Xenophon, and raised to the most considerable dignities of Rome. He is, indeed, said to have been pre-lic orator. He was afterwards Laceptor to the famous philosopher tin secretary to king Edward, queen and emperor Marcus Antoninus. The most celebrated of his works is his "History (in Greek) of Alexander the Great," in 7 books; a perform ance much esteemed by the best

Be

Mary, and queen Elizabeth.
ing one day in company with per-
sons of the first distinction, there
happened to be high disputes about
the different methods of education;

is frequently quoted by Dr. John-preparing for the press a complete son in his Dictionary. He died at London, Jan. 4, 1568, and was buried in St. Sepulchre's church. ASCLEPIADES, a famous phy-taking cost him great labour and

losophy and rhetoric, was born at Miletus, but settled at Athens, where, though she exercised the calling of a courtezan, her scho

the next chamber to Mr.Ashmole's, died at his rectory of Beckenham, by which he lost a noble library, in Kent, 1711. with a collection of gooo coins an. ASPASIA, a Grecian lady celecient and modern, and a vast repobrated for her excellence in phi sitory of seals, charters, and other antiquities and curiosities; but his manuscripts, and his most valuable gold medals, were luckily at his house at South Lambeth. In 1683, lastic talents induced the virtuous the university of Oxford having Socrates and other of the greatest finished a magnificent repository men of the age to visit her house. near the Theatre, Mr. Ashmole sent She was afterwards married thither his curious collection of ra- Pericles, one of the greatest men rities; and this benefaction was that ever flourished in Greece. considerably augmented by the addition of his manuscripts and library at his death, which happened at South Lambeth, May 18, 1692.-serving marks of a promising ge. He was interred in the church of Great Lambeth, in Surrey, on the 26th of May 1692.

to

ASTELL (MARY) born at New. castle upon Tyne, about the year 1688. Her uncle, a clergyman, ob.

nius, took her under his tuition, and taught her mathematics, logic, and philosophy. She left the place ASHTON (CHARLES) one of of her nativity when she was about the most learned critics of his age, 20 years of age, and spent the rewas elected master of Jesus College, maining part of her life at London Cambridge, July 5, 1701, and in- and Chelsea, in writing for the ad. stalled in a 'prebend of Ely on the vancement of learning, religion, and 14th of the same month. His great virtue, and in the practice of those knowledge in ecclesiastical antiqui- religious duties which she so zeal. ties was excelled by none, and equal-ously and pathetically recommended led by few: as his MS. remarks to others. She was remarkably abupon the Fathers, and corrections of the mistakes of translators, sufficiently shew.

ASHTON (DR. THOMAS) rec. tor of St. Botolph Bishopsgate, a popular preacher and excellent divine, born 1716, died 1775.

stemious, and seemed to enjoy an uninterrupted state of health till a few years before her death; when having one of her breasts cut off, it so much impaired her constitution, that she died in 1731, in the 630 year of ber age, and was buried at Chelsea.

ASSHETON (DR. WILLIAM) born ar Middleton, in Lancashire, ASTLE (THOMAS), an eminent 1641, was the projector of the English antiquary, born at Yoxall, scheme for providing a maintenance Staffordshire, Dec. 22, 1735, and for clergyman's widows and others, originally bred to the law; the early by a jointure payable by the Mer pursuit of which profession led him cers Company. Dr. Assheton to give particular application to the wrote several pieces against the decyphering of ancient records; in papists and dissenters, and some which he soon excelled all his copratical and devotional tracts, and temporaries, and qualified himself

E

to be of infinite advantage to histofical literature. In 1783, he was appointed Keeper of the Rolls and Records in the Tower of London;

the 5th century, in the time of the Vandalic Arian persecution.

ATHENAGORAS, an Athenian philosopher who became a convert

ATHENÆUS, a Greek gram. marian, born at Naucrates in Egypt, flourished in the 3d century.

and in 1787 elected a Trustee of to Christianity. He lived in the 2d the British Museum. The principal century. one among his numerous works; is "On the Origin and Frogress of Writing, as well Hieroglyphic as Elementary," 4to. 1784; of which work a new edition was published just before his death, which happened Dec. 1, 1803.

ASTRUC (JOHN) a physician of France, born at Sauves, a town of Lower Languedoc, the 19th of March, 1684; died at Paris, the 5th of May, 1766. He was the author of several useful and curious works.

ATHANASIUS (ST.) was born at Alexandria, of heathen parents. He was noticed, when very young, by Alexander, bishop of that see, who took care to have him educated in all good learning; and when he was of age, ordained him deacon He took him in his company when he attended the council of Nice, where Athanasius greatly distinguished himself as an able and zealous opposer of the Arian heresy. Soon after the dissolution of the council, Alexander died, and Atha nasius was appointed to succeed him in the government of the church of Alexandria. This was in 326, when Athanasius is supposed to have been about 28 years of age. It is controverted among learned men, whether Athanasius composed the creed commonly received under his name; though the best and latest critics, who have examined the thing most exactly, make no question but that it is to be ascribed to a Latin author, Vigilius Tapsensis, an African bi shop who lived in the latter end of

ATKINS (SIR ROBERT) lord chief baron of the exchequer, born in Gloucestershire, in the year 1621, died in the beginning of the year 1709. He was a man of much probity, as well as of great skill in his profession, and a warm friend to the constitution.

ATKINS (SIR ROBERT) son of the foregoing, was born in 1646. He became very early a great proficient in the laws and antiquities of his country, which afterwards led him to write "The Ancient and Present State of Gloucestershire," printed in folio, 1712. This great and valu. able work he lived to perfect, but died the year before it was pub lished.

ATLAS, king of Mauritania, a celebrated astronomer, said to have been cotemporary with Moses.From his making astronomical ob servations on high mountains, it became a fable that he was turned into a mountain: he is likewise represented as an old man bearing the world upon his shoulders; and ge neral descriptions of the whole globe in sets of maps are to this hour called Atlasses,

ATTERBURY (FRANCIS) bishop of Rochester, was born March 6, 1669, at Middleton, or Milton Keynes, in Buckinghamshire. He had his education in grammar learn. ing at Westminster school; ; and thence, in 1680, was elected a stu dent of Christ-church College, Ox