that the liability of a surety is strictissimi juris. But that does not mean that a different rule must be applied in the construction of contracts of suretyship than that which is to be applied in the construction of contracts in general. Like all other contract, the undertaking of a surety must be construed fairly and reasonably, and according to the intention of the parties. If the surety has used ambiguous language, and the party secured has advanced his money on the faith of the interpretation most favorable to his rights, that will, ordinarily, prevail, if the instrument is open, reasonably, to such interpretation. It means that a surety shall not be held beyond the precise stipulations of his contract. He is not liable on any implied engagement, where a party contracting for his own interest might be, and he has the right to insist on the strict performance of any condition for which he has stipulated, whether others would consider it material or not. But where the ques

tion is as to the meaning of the written language in which he has contracted, there is no difference, and there ought not to be any, between the contract of a surety and that of any other party. In this respect they are ordinary commercial obligations standing upon the same footing as other contracts. Gates v. McKee, 13 N. Y. 232, Bennett v. Draper, 139 N. Y. 266, 34 N. E. 791. When the terms of the contract guarantied have been changed, or the contract, as finally made, is not the one upon which the surety agreed to become bound, he will be released. Page v. Krekey, 137, N. Y. 307; 33 N. E. 311. But in this case there is no claim that the terms of the building contract, to which the defendant's bond related, have in any respect been changed by the parties to it. The most that is claimed is that, in its performance, the parties have so far departed from its terms as to change the defendant's condition, to her prejudice, and to deprive her of rights and benefits under the contract, which, otherwise, she would be entitled to by subrogation. Where the party secured does some act which changes the position of the surety to his injury or prejudice, the latter is no longer bound. Phelps v. Borland, 103 N. Y. 406, 9 N. E. 307; Bank v. Streeter, 106 N. Y. 186, 12 N. E. 706; Lynch v. Reynolds, 16 Johns. 40; Brown v. Williams, 4 Wend. 360; Navigation Co. v. Rolt, 6 C. B. (N. S.) 550; Calbert v. Dock Co. 2 Keen 638; Warre v. Calvert, 7 Adol. & E. 143.

The learned counsel for the defendant insists, upon his construction of the contract, that the plaintiff paid or advanced to the contractors a larger portion of the contract price than he was required to by the contract, and that it was so paid without any certificate. The contention rests upon the defendant's construction of the building contract, which, in substance, is that the provision for "monthly payments, not to

exceed 80 per cent. of the estimated value of the work performed on the building," required the estimate to be based only upon the work when actually set in the building, whereas it was in fact based upon the work actually done under or in pursuance of the contract, whether the granite was actually placed in the building or not. This is the alleged departure from the terms of the contract, which constitutes the principal ground of the defense. Before the conclusion of the learned counsel for the defendant can be adopted, we must assent to the premise from which it is sought to be deduced, and that requires us to ascertain and determine the true meaning and intention of the clause of the contract above quoted. It must be given a fair and reasonable construction, and the general situation will throw some light upon the meaning of the written words. It appears that the granite required was to be quarried in Nova Scotia, transported from the quarry to a place in Connecticut, where it was to be dressed, and then transported to New York, and set in the building. The work involved in the preparation and carriage of the material was by far the most expensive part of the contract, and it appears that the contractors had no means to meet this outlay, except the monthly payments, so that if they could realize nothing until the stone was placed in the building, they would be practically unable to perform the contract at all. This would be an unreasonable construction, and would, if acted upon, operate so oppressively as to place the contractors at the mercy of the owner, a view that is always to be avoided when possible. Russell v. Allerton, 108 N. Y. 292, 15 N. E. 391. It would deprive them of all the right to monthly payments except when and to the extent that granite had actually been placed in the walls, however large their outlay for procuring and preparing the material may have been during the month. The parties had the right to give to the expression, "work performed on the building," a broader meaning, which could very properly include the value of any work done or materials procured under the contract towards its erection, although the granite procured and prepared had not yet been placed. Since no payments were made in excess of 80 per cent. of the value of the work performed in setting the stone, and in procuring and preparing them, and as all the materials so procured and prepared actually went into the building, no advances were made by the plaintiff to the contractors beyond the fair requirements of the contract. It is said that it cannot be supposed that the plaintiff contracted to pay any part of the contract price for material at the quarry, and at the place where it was to be prepared, or for the work performed in preparing the same for use, before it could be known that it would ever actually reach the building. But since the monthly payments

were stipulated for purpose of enabling the contractors to prosecute the work, and as the operation of placing the granite in place when prepared was the least part of it, we do not think that this view would be unreasonable or improbable. It gave to the plaintiff reasonable assurance and protection against loss, and at the same time enabled the contractors to prosecute the work. While the plaintiff is described in the contract as owner, he in fact had no interest whatever in the building, but was the general and immediate contractor from the city for the erection of the whole building, and the defendant's principals were his subcontractors for a particular and specific part of the work, namely, the granite work. The plaintiff was not entitled to his contract price from the city until the building was completed, though the officers representing it had discretion to make advances. Moreover, by a clause in the contract, the plaintiff, in case the subcontractors abandoned the work or failed to perform, could terminate the contract and go on with the work himself, and in that event the material in process of preparation should belong to him for the purpose of completing the work, whether such material was at the building, at the quarry, or at some other place. So that the plaintiff, in stipulating for monthly payments, estimated upon the work actually performed, whether in the building or not, assumed nothing more than the ordinary and usual risks incident to all contracts of that character. We do not think, therefore, that the meaning of the contract should be made to depend upon the use of the words, "on the building," when we can see, from the situation of the parties, the nature of the work, and other provisions of the instrument, that the intention was to make the advances as the work progressed. To give to it the other construction would, in practice, disable the contractors at the very outset from performance, and impose upon the defendant a liability, inevitable from the beginning, and possibly in a much larger amount than has followed the construction adopted by the parties themselves.

The objection that the payments were made without the certificate may be answered in the same way. The owner could dispense with it if he so elected, under the terms of the contract, if not upon general principles, and since the payments made without it were not greater in amount than, upon the true construction of the contract, they should have been if it had been exacted, the omission of the owner to insist upon it did not prejudice the surety. We are not dealing, now, with any actual change in the terms of the contract, but with acts or omissions of the plaintiff in the performance, which, in order to operate to release the surety, must be of such a character that it can be said that her position was changed to her prejudice. It should also be observed

that there is a clause in the contract the material part of which reads as follows: "Should the owner, at any time during the progress of the said work, request any alterations, deviations, additions, or omissions from the said contract, he shall be at liberty to do so, and the same shall in no way affect or make void the contract. The defendant, having, by reference, in effect made the contract a part of the bond, must be deemed to have assented to this provision, and to any changes or deviations in performance from the building contract made under it. She has, in effect, guarantied the performance of a written contract between other parties, which, by its terms, permitted the parties to change it or deviate from it. While it is not important to consider the real scope of this clause, since we prefer to dispose of the questions in the case upon the ground that there was no material departure from the contract, when properly construed, it should be noted that she consented in advance to changes of some character which are permitted by the contract in language quite brcad and comprehensive. It would not be difficult to show that the plaintiff might, under this provision at least, dispense with the formality of a certificate when called upon by the contractors, from time to time, for some portion of the contract price, without discharging the surety, even though it was more important to the defendant's interest and protection than it appears to be. It is manifest that the provision was intended for the benefit of the owner alone, and he could waive it without affecting the defendant's liability.

The contractors having failed to complete the work, the plaintiff gave the notice required by the contract in order to terminate it. The contract provides when and upon what contingencies the plaintiff could terminate, and the manner of proceeding for that purpose. The final act which was to put an end to the contract was taking possession of the premises by the plaintiff. The notice may have been a necessary step, or formality in that direction, but, of itself, it did not operate to bring the contract to an end. It was clearly within the power of the plaintiff to recall it, after given, if not upon general principles, then under the permission contained in the contract. It appears that he was induced, subsequently, to allow the contractors to go on, and they again attempted to complete the work, and again failed. It is said that the loss which the plaintiff sustained, and for which the recovery was had, occurred under this permission, and the defendant's counsel treats this last effort at performance as a new contract in regard to which the surety was not bound. It was manifestly nothing more than a mere waiver or recall of the notice for the termination of the contract, and the work was performed and payment made, not upon a new contract,

but upon the old one, up to the time that the final notice was given, when the plaintiff was obliged to take possession of the work. The case was very fully considered in the court below, and, as we have sufficiently indicated the ground of our concurrence in the decision upon points that are controlling, it is unnecessary to notice other and minor questions in the case. The judgment should therefore be affirmed, with costs. All concur. Judgment affirmed.

CONSIDERATION NECESSARY TO BIND A CONTRACT OF SURETY MAY CONSIST OF A BENEFIT TO THE PRINCIPAL DEBTOR OR HARM OR INCONVENIENCE TO THE CREDITOR

THE PENNSYLVANIA COAL Co. v. BLAKE

85 N. Y. 226 (1881)

Appeal from judgment of the General Term of the Superior Court of the city of Buffalo, entered upon an order made April 1, 1879, which affirmed a judgment in favor of plaintiff, entered upon a decision of the court on trial at Special Term.

FOLGER, CH. J. The first point made by the appellant is, that the mortgage given by her was without consideration and is void.

It is so, that the appellant took no money consideration, nor any strictly personal benefit, for the giving of the mortgage by her. It was made for the benefit of others than her, entirely as a security for debts owing by them, and to precure for them further credit and favor in business. In other words, the lands of the appellant became the surety for the liabilities of the business firm of which her husband was a member. It is so, also, that the contract of surety needs a consideration to sustain it, as well as any other contract. (Bailey v. Freeman, 4 Johns. 280; Leonard v. Vredenburgh, 8 Id. 29.) But that need not be something passing from the creditor to the surety. Benefit to the principal debtor, or harm or inconvenience to the creditor, is enough to form a consideration for the guaranty; and the consideration in that shape may be executory as well as executed at the time. (McNaught v. McClaughry, 42 N. Y. 22; 8 Johns., supra.) Now, here was an agreement by the plaintiff to extend the payment of part of the debt owing by the principal debtor for a definite time, if the debtor would procure the mortgage of the appellant as a security for the ultimate payment of the amount of the debt thus extended. (Sage v. Wilcox, 6 Conn. 81; Breed v. Hillhouse, 7 Id. 523.) Though the actual execu