1835; died in Brussels, Belgium, July 21, 1898. He studied law at the University of Lausanne and in Berlin, and from 1863 to 1867 was a professor in the University of Berne. Since 1868 he had been professor at the University of Brussels. He was a high authority on matters of international law and was the editor-in-chief of the "Revue de Droit International" and of the first six volumes of the Annuaire de l'Institut de Droit International." The most important of his original works are " Introduction Historique au Droit Romain" (1872); "Traité Elementaire des Successions à Cause de Mort en Droit Romain" (1878); "Revue Littéraire et Historique des Systèmes et Theories du Droit des Gens Depuis Grotius (1885).

Rops, Félicien, a Belgian artist, born in Namur in 1833; died in Corbeil, France, Aug. 23, 1898. He was of Hungarian parentage. Having studied art in Belgium, he contributed greatly to the success of the humorous journal "Ulenspiegel" by fanciful sketches of his friends and contemporaries. He produced also caricatures of the art exhibitions in pen drawings and lithographs, the intense drollery of which reflected the soundest principles of art criticism. He was ambitious as a painter, but, except in some aquarelles, the pictures betrayed processes of his own branch by their dark, smoky coloring. When he took up the lithographer's crayon or the needle of the aquafortist he marked his slightest prints with an accent distinct and original. He was not a moralist, as innumerable erotic skits show, yet his Absinthe Drinker," a marvel of observation and frank realism, was a sermon that many took to heart. As an illustrator also Rops was a master. He enriched with engravings as exquisite for their interpretation as for their drawing the works of the Belgian authors De Coster, Hannon, and De Molder, and, among French writers, those of Gautier, Baudelaire, Barbey, and Mendès. His later life was passed in France.

Rossi, Cesare, an Italian actor, born in Fano, in the Marches of Ancona, Italy, in 1828; died in Bari, Italy, Nov. 2, 1898. He was as celebrated and popular as a comedian in his own country as was his brother Ernesto Rossi as a tragedian. Against the wishes of his family he became an actor in his twentieth year and was continuously engaged therein for some time as a member of local stock companies, but for more than thirty years as the principal actor and director of his own company, traveling in Italy and Sicily. His work was confined to comic and eccentric rôles, and therein he was regarded as the best representative of the plays of Goldoni and other standard comedies of his country. As a member of his company the famous Eleanora Duse first obtained an opportunity to show her ability. The love and respect in which he was held by his comrades and the public is testified by the fact that tokens of condolence were sent on the occasion of his funeral from all parts of Italy, and a representative of the state attended his body to

the grave.

Stansfeld, Sir James, an English statesman, born in Halifax, March 5, 1820; died in Rotherfield, Sussex, Feb. 17, 1898. He was graduated at London University in 1840, and called to the bar in 1849. Through his father-in-law, William Henry Ashurst, he became a friend of Mazzini and an ardent advocate of the liberation of Italy, as well as of the enfranchisement of women, the co-operative movement, the abolition of American slavery, and radical principles in British politics. He was elected to Parliament in 1859 and represented Halifax till 1895. He acted with the Nonconformist Radicals, and wrote and lectured in defense of the Italian national movement. In 1863 Lord Palmerston appointed him a Junior Lord of the Admiralty.

This office he resigned when attacked for allowing Italian conspirators to address Mazzini at his house, as appeared from evidence given in the French courts in relation to a conspiracy against the life of Napoleon III. In 1866 Lord John Russell made him Under Secretary for War, and in 1868 he was made a Lord of the Treasury in Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet. He was made a member of the Privy Council in 1869. In March, 1871, he entered the Cabinet as President of the Poor Law Board, and in August of that year, when his office was absorbed in the Local Government Board, he became its first president and displayed much ability in organizing the new department. After the retirement of the Liberal Cabinet in January, 1874. he risked his political future by taking the lead in the movement for the repeal of the contagious diseases acts. He was not included in the Gladstone Government of 1880. After many rebuffs, he ultimately witnessed the triumph of the cause he had fathered when in 1886 his motion for the repeal of the obnoxious acts was carried, and a bill framed on it was passed without serious opposition. He eagerly and heartily accepted the policy of home rule for Ireland, and when Joseph Chamberlain left the Cabinet in 1886 on the production of Mr. Gladstone's Irish bills, Stansfeld succeeded him as president of the Local Government Board. He was one of the most ardent Liberal Home Rulers during the six years' opposition, but was not included in Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet of 1892. He was knighted in 1895, when he had retired

Stirling, Arthur, an English actor, born in London in 1827; died there, Dec. 3, 1898. He made his first appearance on the stage at Plymouth, England, in 1846, and after a short season of subordinate work became a member of the stock company of the Theater Royal, Edinburgh. He was very successful in Scotland, and in 1848-'49 was engaged as stage manager and heavy man for the Queen's Theater, Dublin, then managed by Henry Webb. While Stirling was at the Queen's Theater a strong and life-enduring friendship began between him and Charles Wyndham, who was at the same time a student of medicine in Trinity College, Dublin. Mr. Stirling soon left Dublin to become the principal actor of the Bristol Theater. He was associated there with Madge Robertson (Mrs. Kendal), Henrietta Hodson (Mrs. Labouchere), and George and William Rignold. On Nov. 10, 1852, he made his first appearance in London in a melodrama called "The Surgeon of Paris; or, The Massacre of St. Bartholomew," which was produced at Marylebone Theater. When his season at this theater was ended he became the principal actor in the support of William Creswick, the popular Shakespearean actor, at the Surrey Theater, Southwark. He was greatly liked by Mr. Creswick and by the audiences of the theater, and filled the arduous place of leading man in the legitimate drama at this theater with great distinction for many years. On Jan. 3, 1863, he entered upon his first engagement at a London west side theater, appearing at St. James's Theater as Philip Austin in "The Dark Cloud," in support of Miss Herbert. After that season he was stage manager for a time of the Adelphi Theater, London, which was then being managed by Benjamin Webster. He married about this time, and retired from the stage for several years. On the death of his wife he returned to the drama, and on May 29, 1865, appeared at the Adelphi as Dick Thornton in an adaptation by Wilkie Collins and Charles Fechter of "Black and White." He also played Robert Audley in the original production of the dramatization of Miss Braddon's novel Lady Audley's Secret." On March 29, 1869, he married the widow of Charles

Vyner, an actor and manager of Melbourne, Australia. Mr. Stirling continued for many years to be associated with the Adelphi Theater and the numerous melodramatic productions at that playhouse. When "The Ticket-of-Leave Man" was revived at her Majesty's Theater, April 14, 1884, Stirling played the part of Hawkshaw for the run of the piece. He then became associated with Henry Irving and the Lyceum Theater. In Miss Mary Anderson's presentation of · Romeo and Juliet," at the Lyceum, Nov. 1, 1884, Stirling was Friar Laurence. Subsequently he played Colonel Damas in "The Lady of Lyons and Master Walter in "The Hunchback," in support of Miss Anderson during the same engagement. On the opening of the Shaftesbury Theater, Oct. 16, 1888, by Miss Helen Wallis as Rosalind in As You Like It," Mr. Stirling played Jaques. When Mrs. Langtry produced "Antony and Cleopatra" at the Princess's Theater with Charles Coghlan as Antony to her Cleopatra, Mr. Stirling was the principal actor in their support. Having a sufficient competence and a good home in London, and being a popular member of the Garrick and other clubs and a social favorite, Mr. Stirling did not care to leave London, and he therefore continued as a subordinate member of Sir Henry Irving's company at the Lyceum. His last appearance was in the part of Cranmer in the production of "Henry VIII” at

that theater.

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Taillade, Paul Felix (Tailliade), a French actor, born in Paris, Jan. 15, 1827; died in Brussels, Belgium, Jan. 26, 1898. He was a protégé of Mlle. Mars, through whose interest he was admitted to the Conservatoire in Paris in 1845. Previous to that Taillade had been a teacher in a private school. After studying fifteen months under Prevost he made his début at the Théâtre Français. For some unknown reason he was not able to keep himself in the ranks of those selected for the first theater of France, but in 1850 at the Gaieté he created the rôle of Bonaparte in "Les Premières Pages d'une Grande Histoire," a part which brought him into popular favor at once and established him in a very successful career as the best romantic and melodramatic actor of his time. He played a great number of parts and was associated with almost all the Parisian theaters except the Théâtre Français. In 1852 he was playing the leading rôles at the Ambigu, in 1853 again at the Gaieté, and then for many years at the Odeon and the Porte Saint-Martin, of which he was an associate manager. In 1863 he played Macbeth at the Odeon and created much admiration by his virile and intense rendition. In 1868 he repeated this effect in his performance of King Lear. In order to present more fully the English idea of these parts Taillade studied the English language and read Shakespeare in his own tongue. Taillade was the author of some indifferent plays and was the original representative of a great number of parts, among which was that of Pierre in "The Two Orphans." His death occurred suddenly while he was leaving the theater in Brussels after a performance.

Tai-Wen-Kun, ex-Regent of Korea, died in Seoul, Feb. 22, 1898. As the father of the present King he acted as regent from the time that he came to the throne in 1863 till he reached his majority in 1874. During this critical period, when forces were pressing from every side to open the Hermit Kingdom to foreign intercourse, the regent with an iron will preserved its isolation and independence. In spite of his cruel tyranny he enjoyed extraordinary prestige in Korea and several times after his downfall he partially regained his former power. When his son shook off his influence he intrigued against him and was the instigator of some of the sangui

nary crimes that have marked the recent history of Korea. Although he was the chief instigator of the anti-Japanese outbreak of 1882, he afterward joined hands with Japan. His share in the conspiracy of 1896 which resulted in the murder of the Queen has not been fully revealed.

Taschereau, Elziar Alexandre, a French prelate, born in Sainte-Marie-de-la-Beauce, Feb. 17, 1820; died in Quebec, April 12, 1898. He was the great-grandson of the first Seigneur de Sainte Marie, was educated in Quebec and in Rome, where he received the tonsure at the age of eighteen, was ordained priest in 1842, and was immediately appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy in the Seminary of Quebec, holding that post till 1854, when he was delegated to obtain the Pope's ratification for the decrees of the Provincial Council. While in Rome he received the degree of doctor of canon law, and on his return to Quebec in 1856 he was made director of the minor seminary, and in 1859 of the great seminary, becoming superior of the latter in 1860 and at the same time rector of Laval University. After a third visit to Rome in 1862, this time in company with the archbishop, he was made vicar general of the diocese. He took part in the Ecumenical Council at Rome in 1870, and on March 19, 1871, was consecrated Archbishop of Quebec, succeeding Monsignor Baillargeon. On July 21, 1886, he received a cardinal's hat, the first ever conferred upon a Canadian.

Tavaststjerna, Carl August, a Finnish poet and novelist, born in Annila, near St. Michel, Finland, May 13, 1860; died in March, 1898. He at first adopted architecture as his profession and went to Paris to continue his studies, but in the Scandinavian colony there he met Björnson and Lie, who persuaded him to devote himself to literature. In 1883 a selection from his juvenile poems was published, entitled "För Morgonbris," which brought him at once into notice by its originality as well as beauty. "Nya Vers," containing three long poems, appeared in 1885, and in 1886 Barndomsvänner," a prose romance somewhat autobiographic. Among his subsequent works are "En Inföding," a novel (1887); "I Forbindelser," a collection of novelettes;

Dikter i Väntan "; and "Marin och Genre (1890). He was as popular a dramatist as he was poet and novelist, Affärer," the best of his plays, being very successfully produced at the theater in Helsingfors in 1890.

Tchernaieff, Michael Gregorovich, a Russian soldier, born in 1828; died in Mohileff, Aug. 17, 1898. He was descended from an ancient noble family, and was educated for the army in the staff college at Nikolaieff. He served through the Crimean War, and afterward on the staff in Poland. In 1858 he was sent to Orenburg and was intrusted with the command of an expedition against the Kirghiz tribes on Lake Aral. He carried on continuous operations against the tribes of Tashkend and Khokand, and in 1864 accomplished a famous march across the steppes to join a Russian force from eastern Siberia, capturing with the combined forces the fortress of Tchemkend, held by Khokand tribesmen. After this he attacked Tashkend, and overcoming in the end the resistance of the tribes, extended Russian dominion over all this part of Asia. He was hailed as a conquering hero on his return to St. Petersburg. Retiring from active service in 1874, he became one of the most prominent leaders in the Panslavist movement, arousing by his jour nal, the "Russki," the sympathy of the Russian people for the Bosnian insurgents and the Servians and stirring up the agitation that led to the RussoTurkish war. After obtaining by private subscription large quantities of arms and supplies for the Servians he entered their country in 1876 at the

head of a volunteer army, and was appointed general-in-chief of the Servian forces, which he organized in four corps. When war was declared on July 3, 1876, he advanced across the Turkish frontier. He received a check at Novi Bazar, and at Ak Palanka he was finally defeated and driven back over the border which he had crossed three weeks before. The campaign was continued in Servian territory with equally disastrous results. In the midst of his defeats Tchernaieff, on Sept. 15, proclaimed Milan Obrenovich King of Servia, but on Oct. 30 the Turks broke through his last line of defense by the capture of Deligrad, and were able to march on Belgrade. When an armistice was concluded Gen. Tehernaieff resigned his command. The Panslavist committees attributed the reverses to his incapacity, and in the Russo-Turkish war of 1877 he had no command, but notwithstanding their charges he continued to labor for the cause, endeavoring to foment an agitation among the Austrian slavs, for which he was expelled from Prague. He then took up his residence in Paris, and was implicated in anti-German demonstrations there. In 1879 he went to Roumelia to stir up a Bulgarian insurrection, but was arrested at Adrianople and sent back to Russia. He was then restored to favor, and in 1882 was nominated Governor General of Turkestan and commander of the military district of Tashkend. He instituted an aggressive policy in Asia, almost resulting in a war with Bokhara and causing tension in the relations between Russia and England. Hence he was recalled in 1884, and was appointed a member of the Council of War, but lost his seat two years later through his opposition to Gen. Annenkoff and the Transcaspian Railroad. Although disliked and neglected by Alexander III, he remained, next to Skobeleff, the popular hero of the Panslavists.

Tchouhadjan, Dicran, an Armenian composer, died in Smyrna in April, 1898. Oriental music owes to him a great development and a large number of melodies that became popular even in Europe, where they were freely adapted without recognition of their author. He composed several operas, two of which, Horhor" and "Zehmire," have been very successful in Eastern cities.

Tennyson, Frederick, an English poet, born in Louth, Lincolnshire, June 5, 1807; died in London, Feb. 26, 1898. He was the second son of the Rev. George Clayton Tennyson, rector of Somersby, Lincolnshire, and was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, being graduated in 1832. In 1839 he married in Florence Maria Giuliotti, daughter of the chief magistrate of Siena, and he continued to make Florence his home until 1859, when he removed to St. Ewold's, in the island of Jersey. In 1896 he left St. Ewold's in order to live with his only son, Capt. Julius Tennyson, in whose house he died. His earliest writing consisted of four pieces contributed to the "Poems by Two Brothers," which his younger brothers, Charles and Alfred, published in 1826. His first volume of verse, Days and Hours," was published in 1854 and attracted but little attention by reason, to some extent no doubt, of the overshadowing reputation of his brother Alfred. The circumstance seems to have kept him from attempting further till 1890, when he put forth "The Isles of Greece," an epic Daphne" appeared in 1891, and "Poems of the Day and Year," in which a portion of his earlier book, "Days and Hours," was included, was issued in 1895. He possessed lyric gifts of no mean order, as well as admirable technique, while all his work breathes an atmosphere of purity and refined feeling. But his poems have failed to touch the popular taste, and appeal to the few rather than to the many, although it is probable that but for be

poem.

ing cast in the shade by his brother's fame he would have won a more general acceptance among cultivated readers, and would thus have been stimulated to greater effort and fuller achievement. Topelius, Zachris, a Finnish poet and novelist, born in Kuddnäs, near Nykarleby, Finland, Jan. 14, 1818; died in Helsingfors, March 12, 1898. He was educated at the University of Helsingfors, where he obtained the master's degree in 1840. From 1841 to 1860 he edited the" Helsingfors Tidningar." in which many of his novels and poems made their first appearance. In 1854 he was appointed Professor Extraordinary of Finnish History at the University of Helsingfors, in 1863 Professor of the History of Finland and the Northern Regions, and in 1876 Professor of General History, which latter chair he held until 1878. His most important collections of verse are Ljungblommor " ("Flowers of the Heath") (1845-53): "Sånger" (1860); and “Nya Blad" ("New Leaves") (1870). As a poet he is at his best in his patriotic and religious lyrics. The best known of his dramatic works are Titians första kärlek" ("Titian's First Love"); "Efter femtio år" ("After Fifty Years") (1851); "Regina von Emmertz" (1854); and "Princessan of Cypern (1861). His "Fältskärus Berättelser" ("A Surgeon's Stories") (1853-'67) is a series of romantic sketches of the history of Finland and Sweden from the time of Gustavus Adolphus to that of Gustavus III, which has been very popular, and his "Läsning för Barn" ("Stories for Children ") (1864-'84) has been many times translated.

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Upington, Sir Thomas, a South-African statesman, born in the County Cork, Ireland, in 1844; died in Cape Town, Dec. 10, 1898. He was the son of a Roman Catholic country gentleman, and was admitted to the Irish bar in 1867, becoming soon afterward secretary to Lord O'Hagan, Lord Chancellor of Ireland. After he relinquished this office in 1874 he settled in Cape Colony, where he was elected a member of the Legislature in 1878, and was at once made Attorney General in Sir Bartle Fere's Administration. In 1881 he resigned that office and was elected leader of the Opposition in the Cape Parliament. When the Government was changed in 1884 he became Prime Minister. He held this office two years, and then resigned it to become Attorney General again, keeping that post till 1890. After taking a judgeship in 1892, he once more became Attorney General in 1896. He was knighted in 1887 while in England as a delegate to the Colonial Conference.

Vautier, Benjamin, a Swiss painter, born in Morges, Vaud, April 24, 1829; died in Düsseldorf, Germany, April 25, 1898. He studied art in Geneva, Düsseldorf, and Paris, and settled in Düsseldorf, becoming one of the ablest representatives of the methods developed there and a master of the story-telling style. His compositions were mostly drawn from peasant life in Switzerland, Alsace, and the Black Forest, portrayed with fidelity and humor and with finished execution, lacking somewhat in color. In the universal exposition of 1867 he obtained a medal, and in that of 1878 a first medal and the cross of the Legion of Honor. He illustrated Immermann's "Oberhoff," Auerbach's "Barfüssle," and Göthe's Hermann und Dorothea."

Villiers, Charles Pelham, an English statesman, born on Jan. 3, 1802; died in London, Jan. 16, 1898. He was a brother of the Earl of Clarendon. After studying at Haileybury College for the Indian civil service, he concluded that he lacked the physical vigor for a life in India, and entered St. John's College, Cambridge, where he took his bachelor's degree in 1824. He then inscribed himself a student of Lincoln's Inn, and, having had for his masters and friends the most advanced social econo

mists of the time, he announced himself a candidate for Parliament at Kingston-upon-Hull in 1826 with the cry of cheap bread. He was defeated then, and, after being called to the bar in 1827, he filled an office in the Court of Rolls and one under the poor lav when the new Administration was organized in 1832. He was elected to Parliament as a Free Trade Liberal in one of the divisions of Wolverhampton in 1834, and represented the same constituency for sixty-three years. While Cobden and his Anti-Corn-Law Association were carrying on the agitation for the abolition of the corn laws, Mr. Villiers at the head of the 38 Free Traders in Parliament pressed in 1838 for a parliamentary inquiry and led the debates in favor of immediate repeal with terse and vigorous eloquence. He first moved the repeal of the corn laws in 1840, and continued to raise the question year after year until the repeal act was passed in 1846 and the last vestiges of the protectionist system were swept away in 1849. Richard Cobden, who entered Parliament in 1843, John Bright, and others active in the AntiCorn-Law League took precedence of the pioneer of the cause in Parliament, but always acknowledged the magnitude of his services. He was transferred in 1852 from the office of examiner of witnesses in the Court of Chancery, which he had held for nearly twenty years, to that of judge advocate general. He brought forward in Parliament the question of postal reform. In 1853 he was elected chairman of the Committee on Public Houses and opposed the principle of vested rights in licenses. From 1859 till 1866 he was president of the Poor Law Board, and in 1865 carried through Parliament a bill making unions chargeable for all the poor within their districts and prohibiting parishes from driving out paupers who came originally from other places in the same union. In 1886 he separated himself from the Gladstonians and was returned as a Liberal Unionist. He declined a peerage in 1885. preferring to remain the "Father of the House of Commons." His "Free Trade Speeches" were published in 1884.

Walpole, Spencer, an English statesman, born in September, 1806; died in London, May 22, 1898. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, was called to the bar in 1831, and obtained a successful Chancery practice, becoming a Queen's counsel in 1846. In the same year he was elected to Parliament from Midhurst as a Conservative, and made himself conspicuous as an opponent of the emancipation of the Roman Catholics and the Jews and as an advocate of religious education. He was appointed Home Secretary by Lord Derby in 1852. From 1856 till 1882 he represented Cambridge University in Parliament. He accepted the Home Office from Lord Derby again in 1858, but retired after a few months when the Cabinet decided to extend the county franchise. He was ap pointed Home Secretary in Lord Derby's third Administration, and was obliged to resign when the alternate bluster and weakness that he had shown in dealing with the Reform League in 1867 had resulted in the Hyde Park riot. He retained a seat in the Cabinet till the session of 1868, and from that time till he lost his seat in Parliament he scarcely ever raised his voice in the House.

White, Gleeson, an English littérateur, born in Christ Church, Hampshire, England, March 5, 1851: died in London, Oct. 19, 1898. He was widely known as one of the later school of art critics and exercised not a little influence for good upon his generation in matters of decoration and allied themes. For several years he was art editor for the London publishing house of George Bell & Son, and he was editor of the "Ex Libris Series" of books; of "Bell's Cathedral Series" (with E. F. Strange), and of

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one or two other series as well. He was the first editor of "The Studio" (1893-'94), and was associate editor of "The Art Amateur" during his residence in New York city in 1891-'92. Among the various books edited by him are " Ballades and Rondeaus " (1887); "Garde Joyeuse," a collection of American verse (1890); and "Practical Designing" (1893). His original work comprises "Letters to Living Artists," "Letters by Eminent Hands," both of which appeared anonymously, the latter being a clever imitation of the styles of several contemporary novelists; "Salisbury Cathedral" (1896); "English Illusration in the Sixties" (1897); and "Master Painters of Great Britain," his most important work (1897-'98). Mr. White was very popular among London literary workers, none of whom possessed a more generous and kindly nature than he, and all his various undertakings were well and conscientiously performed. During his brief residence in New York he made many warm friends.

Willems, Pierre, a Belgian historian, died at Louvian in March, 1898. He entered the University of Louvain in 1865, lectured on Roman antiquities, on Latin literature and palæography, and on philology, and published, besides numerous brochures and articles in French and Flemish, a book in 1870 treating of Roman antiquities from the point of view of political institutions, one in 1889 on Roman law before the period of Justinian, and in 1885 a learned history of the Roman Senate.

Winchelsea, Finch-Hatton, Earl of, an English politician, born in Kent in 1851; died near Sleaford, Sept. 7, 1898. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, took honors in modern history, and was elected a fellow of Hertford College. He tried to manage the family estate of Eastwell Park until the agricultural depression compelled him to part with it. After an unsuccessful candidacy in 1880 at Newark, he was elected to Parliament in 1884 as representative of an agricultural constituency of Lincolnshire, and sat in the House of Commons until after a long legal contest he established his right to a peerage in 1887 as successor to his halfbrother, the eleventh earl. The interest that he had shown in agricultural affairs led him to organize in 1894 the National Agricultural Union, representing landlords, tenants, and laborers, which put forth a programme including the reduction of local taxation, the abolition of preferential railroad rates which operated in favor of foreign against British producers, the amendment of the adulteration act and of the agricultural holdings act, old age pensions for working men, and increased facilities for enabling working men to obtain small holdings. A majority of the members of Parliament, belonging to both parties, approved the aims of the associa tion, most of whose demands have been conceded. The railroad companies were induced to revise their rates for carrying freight, to the advantage of the farmers, after Lord Winchelsea had organized a co-operative company for the direct sale of agricultural produce to the consumers in London and other large cities.

Xiquena, José Alvarez de Toledo y Acuna, Conde de, a Spanish statesman, died in Madrid in August, 1898. After the restoration of the Spanish monarchy with Alfonso XII, he returned from Naples, where the Duke of Bivona, his father, had taken up his residence, and entered political life, becoming Deputy for Logrono, minister at Brussels, Senator from the Canaries, civil governor of Madrid, and twice Minister of Fomento. He was at first an adherent of Canovas, but parted from the Conservatives and became one of the leaders of the Liberal party of Sagasta. As an eloquent speaker and a clever man of action, he always enjoyed great popularity.

OHIO, a Central Western State, admitted to the Union in 1803; population, according to the last census (1890), 3,666,719, it being the fourth in rank of the States; area, according to the United States Geological Survey, 41,060 square miles, of which 40,760 is land surface and 300 water surface. Capital, Columbus.

Government.-The State officers during 1898 were: Governor, Asa S. Bushnell; Lieutenant Governor, Asahel W. Jones; Secretary of State, Charles Kinney; Auditor of State, Walter D. Guilbert; Treasurer of State, Samuel B. Campbell; AttorneyGeneral, Frank S. Monnett; Judges of the Supreme Court, William T. Spear, Marshall J. Williams, Joseph P. Bradbury, John A. Shauck, Thad. A. Minshall, Jacob F. Burket; Clerk of the Supreme Court, Josiah B. Allen; Commissioner of Common Schools, Oscar T. Corson until July 11, after that date Lewis D. Borebrake; Dairy and Food Commissioner, Joseph E. Blackburn; Board of Public Works, Charles E. Grace until February 8, Edwin Lybarger, Frank A. Huffman, Charles A. Goddard from Feb. 8. All these officials were Republicans. Finances. The receipts for the fiscal year 1898, including balances from previous year, were: General revenue fund, $5,624,746.87; sinking fund, $690,365.57; common school fund, $1,851,168.48; university fund, $321,546.01; total, $8,487,826.93. The total disbursements were $7,658,852.98, leaving balance on hand, $828,973.95.

The public funded debt of the State, Nov. 15, 1897, was $1,291,665; at the close of the fiscal year 1898 the public funded debt was $1,241,665, at 3 per cent. interest.

Valuation. The property values returned for taxation by the assessors were: Lands, $592,274,745; real estate in cities and villages, $652,542,728; personal property, $515,439,970; total, $1,760,257,

443.

Railroads. State-Railway-Commissioner Kayler reports the railroads of the State at the close of the official year 1898 as in a much better condition, both physically and financially, than they were at the close of the preceding year. Five new State corporations were incorporated during the year. The mileage of all tracks representing capital stock was increased 167.96 miles, or 1.27 per cent. of an increase. An increased amount of $258,437.53 was paid in dividends for the entire lines and an increased amount of $71,951.08 in Ohio. An increased amount of $1,605,979.70 was expended on road and equipment in Ohio over the preceding year; the average cost per mile of road shows a decrease of $12,986.25 per mile. The total earnings of the entire lines shows an increase of $19,402,929.98, or a gain of 11.226 per cent. over the preceding year. The increase in earnings in Ohio during the year was $7,834,337.64, or a gain of 12.693 per cent. The fatal accidents to passengers were 5 as against 13 last year, 49 travelers on the highways were killed, which is 3 more than for the last year. Total number of employees killed in the State during the year was 135, against 96 last year, an increase of 39. The total number of trespassers killed was 256, against 239 last year, an increase of 17. Total number killed during the year, 445, against 394, an increase of 51. The total number of people injured during the year ending June 30, 1898, was 5,728, against 3,429 last year, an increase of 2,299. Nearly per cent. of all the street and highway crossings are now protected. Taking the rolling stock, operated as a whole, within the State, 98 per cent. of the passenger locomotives are equipped with air brakes and 85 per cent. with automatic couplers; per cent, of the freight and switching engines are equipped with air brakes and 32 per cent. with automatic couplers; 99 per cent. of the passenger

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cars are equipped with air brakes and 98 per cent. with automatic couplers; 34 per cent. of the freight cars are equipped with air brakes and 65 per cent, with automatic couplers. The dividends paid from net income was $337,608.44 greater than for the previous year, or a gain of 5.88 per cent. The net income for the year shows a net increase of 6.69 per cent.; the deficits were 4.84 per cent., showing a net increase of 1.85 per cent. over deficits.

Coal Mining. The annual report of Chief-MineInspector Haseltine, filed in September, shows that there were 1,228 mines in the State, 413 of which employed more than 10 men; 1,126 mines were in operation during the year, 37 of which are regarded as large mines. The number of active mines returned is 30 in excess of the number reported during any year of which the department has a record. The average time worked is given at one hundred and fifty and one half days, the same as during the year 1896. The number of miners employed amounted to 22,131, a loss of 14 when compared with the past year. There were 6,654 day hands, a gain of 353 as compared with 1896. The year's production of coal is given at 12,448,822 tons, a decrease of 463,786 tons as compared with the previous year. Of this total amount 4,106,124 tons were mined by machinery, which is an increase of 737,775 tons over the preceding year. Machine mining had extended to 12 counties, against 7 two years before. At the close of the year there were 166 electric machines and 67 which used compressed air distributed throughout the mines of the State. Deducting from the total output of the State the amount of machine-mined coal, it is found that 8,342,698 tons were produced by pick mining, a decrease of 1,201,561 tons compared with the former year. This makes an average yearly production to each miner of 45 tons, 1,537 pounds of run of the mine coal. During the year 89 new mines were opened, 102 remained suspended, and 97 were either exhausted or abandoned.

Military.-Nine regiments and one battalion of infantry, eight troops, of cavalry, and one battalion of artillery comprised the Ohio volunteers in the war with Spain. The total number of Ohio volunteers, including those enlisted in United States volunteer regiments, was 15,300.

Supreme Court Decisions.-The Supreme Court sustained the constitutionality of the law for the purity of elections, known as the Garfield corrupt practices act.

It also sustained the constitutionality of the Pugh election law, which requires that a party must have cast at the polls at the next preceding election at least 1 per cent. of the total vote before it can formally nominate a ticket, and the signers of nominating petitions under the law must pledge themselves to vote the ticket for which they ask a place on the ballot.

Legislative Session. The seventy-third General Assembly organized Jan. 3, and adjourned sine die April 26. The proceedings of the first few days of the session were attended with considerable excitement, owing to the peculiar action in the organization and the contest in the election of United States Senator.

At the formation of President McKinley's Cabinet, in 1897, the Hon. John Sherman resigned his seat in the Senate to become United States Secretary of State, and Gov. Bushnell appointed Marcus A. Hanna to the vacant seat in the Senate until the Legislature met in January, 1898. The senatorial question entered largely into the election of the Legislature in November, 1897, there being an election of Senator for the unexpired term ending March 3, 1899, and also for the full term of six years, beginning March 4, 1899.