sponse to a demonstration, the inhabitants of that place offered to surrender, but he was too prudent to take possession with his feeble force. Gen. Henry followed with his column of troops to occupy the places that had been willingly surrendered to the reconnoitering party from which the Spaniards ran away. Gen. Ö. H. Ernst's brigade of Gen. Wilson's division encountered opposition in its advance by the main military road. Leaving Juan Diaz, 13 miles from Ponce, on Aug. 4, it took Coamo on Aug. 9 after a short but sharp engagement, in which the Spaniards lost their commander and many soldiers and the Americans had 6 men wounded. Near Aybonito the enemy was found intrenched on the hills commanding the pass through the mountains. Gen. Wilson brought up re-enforcements, and after Capt. Potts had shelled the position of the Spaniards, who replied with artillery and musketry fire, killing 1 man and wounding 1 officer and 4 men, more advantageous ground was gained for the artillery, which was about to resume the battle on the following day, Aug. 13, when news of the armistice reached the front and hostilities ceased. A simultaneous advance was made from Arroyo by Gen. Brooke, who marched on Aug. 12 with the main body of his troops to Guayama and moved up the enemy's intrenched position in the hills near Cayey in the afternoon of the same day. Just as the dispositions for the attack were completed and the guns were about to open fire orders came to stop all operations. Not one of the movements in Gen. Miles's wellconceived strategic plan was brought to completion, yet every manœuvre as far as it had gone had been carried out swiftly, smoothly, and harmoniously, precisely as was intended. Gen. Miles had kept the Spaniards in a state of uncertainty, and while they were withdrawing along the line of the great military road, destroying bridges behind them to obstruct the road and fortifying strong positions in the mountain passes, they were surprised to see one column of the Americans sweeping round to the west and capturing the principal towns, while another made its way over a mountain trail that was believed to be impassable. Suddenly a strong brigade of Americans appeared near the northern coast at the terminus of the railroad connecting San Juan and Arecibo. The brilliant campaign was already virtually won, and in a few days more all the columns would have been closing in upon San Juan. The positions gained by the United States forces in less than three weeks had rendered every Spanish post untenable outside of San Juan. The Spaniards had been defeated in six engagements, leaving a large part of the island in the control of the United States troops, who by skillful tactics and good generalship had achieved this with a loss of 3 killed and 40 wounded, about a tenth of the enemy's loss in killed, wounded, and captured.

66

66

Actions at Manzanillo and Nipe.-After the destruction of Cervera's squadron and the surrender of Santiago, the blockading vessels were at liberty to push the war at other points of the coast with less restraint. Admiral Sampson ordered the flotilla blockading Manzanillo to go in and destroy the shipping there. Under the command of Commander Chapman C. Todd the gunboats "Wilmington' and "Osceola" and the auxiliary vessels Scorpion," "Hist," "Hornet," Wompatuck," and "Osceola" steamed boldly into the harbor on the morning of July 18 and opened fire upon the Spanish shipping. Several Spanish gunboats came out to meet them, firing briskly but without accurate aim. After two hours and a half the American vessels withdrew, having sunk 3 Spanish gunboats and driven 2 ashore in a disabled state, and destroyed 3 transports without a single casualty on their side nor any injury to the vessels.

On July 21 the "Annapolis," "Topeka," "Wasp." and "Leyden," under the orders of Commander John J. Hunker, entered the harbor of Nipe on the northeast coast of Cuba for the purpose of capturing it as a base of operations for the Puerto Rican campaign. As the result of a lively bombardment for an hour the three forts were silenced, the Spanish gunboat “Jorge Juan" was sunk, the Spanish infantry who fired upon the vessels from various points of vantage were driven away, and the Americans were left in possession of the harbor. The ships received no damage, and not a man was hurt. The Taking of Manila.-The United States Government, after Commodore Dewey's victory, decided to carry on an aggressive military campaign in the Philippines, and to send 12,000 troops to occupy Manila. Major-Gen. Wesley Merritt was assigned to the command of the expedition and appointed Military Governor of the Philippines.. The troops of his command, consisting of volunteers from States and Territories west of the Mississippi, and regulars stationed on the Pacific coast, were ordered to a training camp at San Francisco. Gen. Merritt asked for a larger force and one consisting to a great extent of regulars. The first expedition under Brig.-Gen. Francis V. Greene, numbering 158 officers and 3,428 men, sailed from San Francisco on May 25 and arrived at Manila on June 30. Brig.Gen. T. H. Anderson followed with another force on June 3. The United States troops occupied a line of intrenchments in front of Malate, the center of the Spanish position, with their left flank resting on the sea and their right covered by the insurgent forces, who infested the eastern and northern sides of the city completely, and were armed with the weapons they had taken from Cavité arsenal and some that they had imported, in addition to those that the volunteer regiments organized among the natives by Gen. Augustin had taken over to the insurgents when they deserted. The American commanders never had recognized them as allies, and were anxious to have a sufficient force on the spot, not only to compel the surrender of Manila, which the ships might have accomplished by a bombardment, but to oppose Aguinaldo's forces if necessary and prevent them from taking and sacking the city. Gen. Merritt arrived with the third expeditionary force under Brig.-Gen. Arthur McArthur on July 31, and on Aug. 4 the monitor "Monterey" joined the fleet, having heavier guns than the 10-inch Krupps that the Spaniards had mounted on the sea front. While waiting behind the breast works the Americans had repeatedly been subjected to harassing night attacks. Immediately after the American troops occupied the trenches on the sea side, which the insurgents had been induced by clever negotiation to yield up, and found themselves for the first time immediately in front of the Spanish lines, an assault was made on July 28 upon both flanks and in front by 3,000 Spanish, who demoralized the Tenth Pennsylvania by a cross fire and had begun to throw into confusion a battery of Utah volunteer artillery, when a battery of the Third Regular Artillery was brought up by Lieut. Krayenbuhl and Lieut. Kessler, which checked the Spaniards as they were sweeping before them a battalion of the Pennsylvanians that was moving across an open space to re-enforce the right flank. Gen. Greene hastened to the scene, and with another battery of artillery turned the tide of battle and drove the Spaniards to cover. Capt.-Gen. Augustin who had frequently declared that he would resist to the death, when he saw that he could not save the Philippines for Spain, resigned his authority on July 24 into the hands of Gen. Fermin Jaudenes, and with the permission of Admiral Dewey sailed away on a German man-of-war. With Gen. McArthur's division the

American troops numbered more than 11,000. The Filipinos had been restrained from assailing the city with great difficulty by the able diplomacy of Admiral Dewey. This danger and the impatience and uncomfortable situation of his own troops rendered imperative the speedy action of Gen. Merritt, now that his force was strong enough to police the city as well as to capture it. On Aug. 7 Gen. Merritt and Admiral Dewey gave notice to Capt.-Gen. Jaudenes that they might begin operations within forty-eight hours, and when in his reply he expressed solicitude for the sick, wounded, women, and children, they appealed to him to surrender as a course as honorable as it was humane in view of the hopelessness of the military situation. He asked for time to consult his Government, but such delay they declined to grant. In the meantime both sides were making every preparation for battle. The commanders had no knowledge that the two governments had concluded a truce. The attack was delayed beyond the time set in the ultimatum to give Gen. Merritt time to extend his line around to the east so as to save and guard the bridges against the insurgents who were bent on plunder and vengeance against the Spaniards. The intended attack was carefully kept from their knowledge. The Spaniards were unwilling to yield up the defenses of the city without a contest and yet were anxious to have the Americans in possession before the insurgents on the other side could force their lines. They understood that Admiral Dewey would not shell the city itself if the forts of the walled town kept silent, and they intended to capitulate after the Americans broke through the outer line of defenses, having a circumference of 10 miles around the city. In the morning of Aug. 13 the fleet, consisting of the "Charleston,' Baltimore," Boston," Concord," Monterey," "Olympia,' "Raleigh," "Petrel," and the captured "Callao and "Barcelo," bombarded the fortifications of Malate, and after many shells had fallen in the water found the range in spite of a heavy mist and rain. Shells exploded inside of Fort San Antonio de Abad, setting fire to ammunition and stores. Simultaneously the Utah battery played on the breast works. The Colorado regiment advanced before the bombardment had ceased, firing volleys, which were answered by the noiseless Mausers, and an hour and a half after the first shot they had possession of the fort. Followed by the California troops they drove the Spanish infantry out of their intrenchments, rushed the Malate barricades, fought from house to house, and reached the Luneta and esplanade, when a white flag was raised. The insurgents had opened fire before the Americans and were advancing upon the town from the opposite side passing by Gen. McArthur's troops, which had been extended far to the right to hold them in check. When Gen. Greene found bodies of insurgents entering the city he drove them back. In the confusion some of the Spaniards continued to fire upon the Americans after the signal of surrender was displayed. On the right the Astor Battery, eager for the fight, attacked the Spanish blockhouses, and when Gen. McArthur ordered an advance the Spaniards were driven from their barricades, but not without inflicting some losses. The total losses of the Americans in the engagement were 5 killed

66

and 45 wounded.

66

99 66

The city and the Spanish troops capitulated with the honors of war, and the Americans placed a strong guard in all parts of the city to protect them and the citizens from the insurgents. Gen. Merritt, as Military Governor, issued a proclamation in which he assured the people of the islands that he had not come to wage war upon them nor upon any faction among them, but to protect them in

their homes, their employments, and their personal and religious rights; that the municipal laws, so far as they were compatible with military government, would remain in force; that the port of Manila would be open to the people of all neutral nations, as well as to the American people, upon the payment of the established rates of duty; and that no persons would be disturbed in their persons or their property so long as they preserve the peace and perform their duties toward the representatives of the United States.

Additional re-enforcements were sent to the Philippines in the middle of August. Major-Gen. Elwell S. Otis took the chief military command, allowing Gen. Merritt to devote all his attention to political and administrative problems. The total force numbered 641 officers and 15,058 enlisted men. It comprised the Fourteenth, Eighteenth, snd Twenty-third Infantry, First California, First Nebraska, Tenth Pennsylvania, First Wyoming, First Idaho, Thirteenth Minnesota, First Colorado, First Washington, First South Dakota, First Tennessee, Twentieth Kansas, Fourth Cavalry, first troop of Nevada cavalry, four heavy batteries of the Third Artillery, two light batteries of the Sixth, the Astor Battery, four companies of California Artillery, two batteries of Utah Artillery, one company and one detachment of United States Engineers, and detachments of the Signal and Hospital Corps.

Gen. Merritt appointed Gen. McArthur Military Commandant of Manila, Gen. Greene Provost Marshal, Col. Smith (who was succeeded later by Brig.Gen. C. A. Whittier), Director of Fiscal Affairs, and Capt. Glasspert Collector of Customs. Gen. Anderson was appointed commandant at Cavité. Gen. Elwell S, Otis was assigned to the command of the United States troops in the Philippines.

Peace Negotiations.-On July 26 Jules Cambon, French ambassador, to whom the interests of Spain had been committed when diplomatic relations were broken off, was instructed to inquire if peace negotiations could be opened. The President replied to the French note on July 30, with a statement of the preliminary conditions that the United States would insist upon as a basis of negotiations. The President did not for the moment put forward any claim for a pecuniary indemnity, but required the relinquishment of all claim of sovereignty over or title to the island of Cuba, as well as the immediate evacuation of that island; the cession to the United States and immediate evacuation of Puerto Rico and other islands under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and the like cession of an island in the Ladrones. The United States would occupy and hold the city, bay, and harbor of Manila pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace, which should determine the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines. If these terms were accepted by Spain in their entirety, the United States would name commissioners empowered to meet commissioners appointed on the part of Spain for the purpose of concluding a treaty of peace on this basis.

A protocol of agreement was signed by Secretary Day and Ambassador Cambon on Aug. 12, containing the following articles embodying a basis for the establishment of peace between the two countries.

ARTICLE I-Spain will relinquish all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba.

ART. II.-Spain will cede to the United States the island of Puerto Rico and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and also an island in the Ladrones, to be selected by the United States.

ART. III.-The United States will occupy and hold the city, bay, and harbor of Manila pending

the conclusion of the treaty of peace, which shall determine the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines.

ART. IV. Spain will immediately evacuate Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies; and to this end each Government will, within ten days after the signing of this protocol, appoint commissioners, and the commissioners so appointed shall, within thirty days after the signing of this protocol, meet at Havana for the purpose of arranging and carrying out the details of the aforesaid evacuation of Cuba and the adjacent Spanish islands, and each Government will, within ten days after the signing of this protocol, appoint other commissioners who shall within thirty days after the signing of this protocol, meet at San Juan, in Puerto Rico, for the purpose of arranging and carrying out the details of the aforesaid evacuation of Puerto Rico and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies.

ART. V. The United States and Spain will each appoint not more than five commissioners to treat of peace, and the commissioners so appointed shall meet at Paris not later than Oct. 1, 1898, and proceed to the negotiation and conclusion of a treaty of peace, which treaty shall be subject to ratification according to the respective constitutional forms of the two countries.

ART. VI.-Upon the conclusion and signing of this protocol hostilities between the two countries shall be suspended, and notice to that effect shall be given as soon as possible by each Government to the commanders of its military and naval forces.

The naval and military commanders on both sides were ordered to cease hostilities, and the blockade of Cuba was discontinued.

66

raised by Commander McCalla. The steel gunboat 'Alvarado" was captured at Santiago. The other vessels taken in Cuban waters were the gunboats Hernan Cortez," Pizarro," Vasco Nuñez,"

66

66

66

Diego Velasquez," "Alerta," Ardilla," "Tradera," Flecha," Ligera," "Satellite," "Margarit," "Vigia," "General Blanco," "Intrepida,” and "Canto." each of about 300 tons.

Administration of the Army.-The condition of the United States troops became pitiful after the surrender of Santiago. Several cases of yellow fever had developed in camp during the investment. The endemic malarial fever, frequently mistaken for yellow fever, spread rapidly through the ranks while the men were in the trenches, finding them in an extremely susceptible condition, owing to their privations and fatigues, their lack of proper and sufficient food, of preventive medicines, and of clothing and shelter sufficient in the tropical rains. The refugees who came out of Santiago when the place was threatened with bombardment numbered nearly 20,000 persons, and carried infection into the camps. When Gen. Miles reached the front he ordered the town of Siboney, where a general hospital had been established, into which the sick refugees, some of them infected with yellow fever, were admitted, to be burned to the ground. From the refugees the fever spread to the army camps, and the swamp fever and typhoid caused even more mortality among the soldiers. Secretary Alger had given instructions to have the troops moved back into the mountains, to remain in camp there until the yellow fever had run its course among them. Some of them began the toilsome march, though the conditions were found to be fully as unsanitary in the hills as near the coast, and Col. Roosevelt, of the Rough Riders, assumed the responsibility of protesting against the policy of the War Department. He informed Gen. Shafter that not ten per cent. of the troops were fit for service, and that the army was likely to perish if it was kept in camp in Cuba after the privations and exposure it had undergone. All the division and brigade commanders united in signing a round robin saying that the army must be moved to save the lives of the soldiers, and this document was given to the press. Gen. Miles also urged the return of the army to the United States as quickly as possible. Secretary Alger thereupon issued orders to have the troops taken to a camp prepared for them at Montauk Point, Long Island, instructing Gen. Shafter at the same time that no more reports must be divulged without the authorization of the War Department. The regiments of immunes alone were left to garrison the surren dered territory. Camp Wikoff, on Montauk Point, near the eastern extremity of Long Island, was naturally salubrious, but was not ready for the recep tion of the soldiers, either sick or well, when they were hurried up from Cuba, crowded on 32 transports, insufficiently provisioned and lacking medical supplies. Most of the men were broken in health in consequence of the fatigues, exposure, and privations endured in Cuba; many were suffering from climatic and camp diseases. The first transport arrived on Sept. 21. Not until the last one came was a true case of yellow fever discovered. The number of men who died on the voyage from Cuba to Montauk Point was 37. In the camps in Cuba 427 deaths from disease occurred. In Puerto Rico there were 137 deaths, and in camp near Manila 63 men died. The mortality at Camp Wikoff during the brief period of its existence was 257.

The expenditures for the army during the war were estimated at $78,500,000; for the navy, $36,000,000; total, $114,500,000. The army lost 33 officers and 257 men killed in battle; 4 officers and 61 men died from wounds, and 80 officers and 2,485 men from disease; total, 2.910 out of 274,717 officers and men in the service. The casualties in the navy were 18 killed in battle, 29 from injuries received, 1 drowned, and 56 from disease.

66

66

..

The arms surrendered at Santiago included 16,902 Mauser, 872 Argent, and 6,118 Remington rifles, 1,247 carbines, 4,651,000 rounds of small-arm ammunition, 30 bronze, 10 iron, and 8 steel rifled cannon, 5 mortars, 44 smooth-bore cannon, 3,551 solid shot, 437 shrapnel, and 2,577 shells. The vessels sunk by Admiral Sampson's squadron off Santiago were the armored cruisers "Cristobal Colón," Vizcaya," "Maria Teresa," and "Almirante Oquendo," and the destroyers "Furor" and "Pluton." The gunboats "Maria Ponton," "Delgado Perado," "José Garcia," Cuba," and "Española were burned, and the transport "Gloria sunk, at Manzanillo on July 18. Admiral Dewey's squadron sunk in the battle of Cavité the cruisers "Reina Christina,' 'Castilla," Ulloa," Isla de Cuba," "Isla de Luzon," and General Lezo," the gunboats "Duero," "Correo," and "Velasco," and one transport. Of the ships sunk at Manila the "Isla de Luzon," "Isla de Cuba." and "Don Juan de Austria" were raised and repaired by the skill of Naval Constructor G. W. Capps, and now belong to the American navy. The naval vessels captured in the Philippines were the torpedo boat "Barcelo," the iron gunboats "Leyte and Callao," the wooden gunboat "Mindanao," the iron transport Manila," and the tugs" Rapido" and "Hercules." Lieut. Hobson raised the "María Teresa," but she was driven in a storm upon a reef off Cat island while being towed to the United States. The gunboat "Sandoval," sunk in Guantanamo harbor, was

46

The first of the 12 main army camps in the United States was established on April 14 at Chickamauga Park, in Georgia, and was called Camp Thomas. Here the regulars were concentrated and

encamped until they were ordered to Cuba. Later, volunteer regiments, out of which the First and Third Corps were organized, were drilled here, and troops kept coming until nearly 60,000 were collected in this spot, which became a nursery of typhoid fever. After 425 men had died the War Department broke up the camp, sending the troops to other quarters. On May 2 a camp was established at Tampa, Fla., which was the port of embarkation for troops sent to Cuba. Gen. Shafter's Fifth Army Corps was organized and trained here, and though there was congestion of men and material and much confusion and lack of proper supplies and camp equipment, epidemic disease did not break out and only 56 deaths occurred. Camp Cuba Libre, at Jacksonville, Fla., first established on May 26 and commanded by Major-Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, was the best managed and kept of all the camps. There the Seventh Corps was organized and trained in brigade evolutions, and the camp

ect of quartering soldiers in the cities having been vetoed by Secretary Alger, it was decided to establish small camps in the vicinity of Southern cities, as Camp Wheeler at Huntsville, Ala., Camp Hamilton at Lexington, Ky., Camp Poland at Knoxville, Tenn., Camp Shipp at Anniston, Ala., and others at Athens, Macon, Atlanta, Huntsville, Greenboro, and other towns in North and South Carolina and Georgia. At Camp Poland 23 men died; at Camp Shipp, 12; at Camp Hamilton, 29; at Camp Wheeler, 35. At other minor camps and posts in the east the number of deaths was 373. As the months went on, better supplies were furnished, sanitary precautions were taken, and better care was given to the sick, so that the health of the troops was much improved, even before the cool weather came to diminish the chances of infection. The number of deaths in the camps at San Francisco was 139, making the total number of deaths from disease and accidents 2,435. The sickness and debility of

was always full from the time of its establishment until Gen. Lee took his soldiers to Havana in December, they having been selected as the ones most fit for relieving the Spanish garrisons in Cuba. There never was any lack of proper food or water, as at Tampa and other camps. Drainage, bathing facilities, and other sanitary arrangements were provided here alone, and no epidemic was developed. The total number of deaths was 246. Camp Alger, established at Dunn Loring, near Falls Church, Va., on May 18, had a deficient water supply, and very soon typhoid fever broke out in epidemic form. The hospitals were filled with patients, and after 107 deaths had occurred the camp was condemned and the troops sent in August to Camp Meade, at Middletown, Pa., where 64 more deaths resulted from fever contracted at Camp Alger. The War Department at this time concluded that large camps were fatal places for soldiers and dangerous to the health of the country. The proj

VOL. XXXVIII.-49 A

the men in the trenches before Santiago was aggravated by the lack of ambulances, which Gen. Shafter in his eagerness to shorten the campaign, had omitted to take along, of medical supplies, which were left on the ships for lack of method in packing and discharging the cargoes, and for want of a sufficiency and variety of food, due to defects in the commissary and transport services. Many of the staff officers appointed from civil life were unacquainted with or neglectful of their duties.

The Government attempted to supply the troops with refrigerated beef; but through some oversight the contracts provided that it should keep only twenty-four hours after delivery, instead of seventytwo hours as was intended. Much of it was said to be spoiled before it reached the camps, and some of it had the odor and appearance of having been injected with boracic or salicylic acid or some such preservative fluid. Much of the canned roast beef was so low in quality and so deficient in nutritive