WILLIAM PENN.

ware, in that part of Philadelphia now called Kensington, he met the Indian Chiefs, and formed an honest and satisfactory treaty with them, giving a fair equivalent for their lands; the first, and nearly the only treaty of that character ever made between the white man and the Indian. Its policy was evinced in the firm and steady friendship of the Indians to the colony. Penn never had occasion to arm his followers against Indian hostilities. The city of Philadelphia was laid out, and in the course of two years, fifty vessels arrived, with settlers from England, Ireland, Holland, and Germany. Penn made use of his influence at court, to procure a suspension of the penal laws against dissenters, and the release of fifteen hundred of his per secuted brethren from the various prisons of England, who immediately took refuge in this asylum. Penn died in England in 1718, at the age of seventy-four. Of his ability as a politician and legislator, the rapid growth and continued prosperity of his colony, is a lasting monument.

CHAPTER XVIII.

Delaware. Number of inhabitants. Representation in Congress. Commerce. Canal. Rail Roads. Brandywine River. Maryland. Its constitution. Colleges. Chesapeake and Ohio canal. Its progress and estimated cost. Controversy with the rail road company. Decision of the court; compromise. Baltimore and Ohio rail road; its object; progress and estimated cost. Virginia. Number and character of its population. Eastern and western sections. Its constitution. Education. Colleges. Internal improvements. First settlement; price of wives sold to the first settlers. Chief towns. North Carolina. Its constitution. Education. College. Gold region. Internal improvements. South Carolina. Its constitution; provision for calling a convention. Colleges. Internal Improvements. First settlement. Locke's constitution. Commerce and chief towns. Georgia. Its constitution. Education in the south. Rice and cotton. Invention of the cotton gin. Eli Whitney; anecdotes of him; his patroness, Mrs. Miller. Law suits respecting the patent. Georgia western lands. Alabama. Its constitution. Appropriation of lands for education and internal improvement. Massacre at Fort Mimms. Creek war of 1813. Speech of the Indian chief, Witherford. Rapid settlement. Mississippi. Its constitution. Internal improvements and education. Mississippi river. Its true source first discovered in 1832. Lands on its upper waters. Controversy relative to its navigation. Valley of the Mississippi. Its extent, fertility, and means of inland navigation. Louisiana. Its laws. New Orleans. Constitutional questions. Education. Production of sugar. Boundaries of the territory. Governor Clairborne's description of the inhabitants in 1803. Its rapid growth. Tennessee. Its constitution. Definition of executive power. Education. Colleges. Division into eastern and western sections. Kentucky. Its first settlement. Anecdotes of Daniel Boone. Ohio. The North West territory. Its cession by Virginia. Constitution. Canals. Colleges and education. William Henry Harrison. Indiana. Its constitution. Prohibition regarding banks. Education. Canals and rail roads. Illinois. Cumberland road. Education. Mammoth. Tumuli. Missouri. Debate on slavery. Constitution of Missouri. Colleges. Lead mines. Missouri river. Steam navigation. Arkansas. Its constitution. Michigan. Its constitution. Education. Internal improvements. Missouri Territory. Oregon. Its extent. District of Columbia. Florida. Wisconsin Territory.

Constitution of Illinois.

DELAWARE.

DELAWARE. Delaware, the smallest of the United States in numbers, and the least in territory, except Rhode Island, lies on the Delaware bay to the south of Philadelphia, and is bordered on the west and south by Maryland. Length, ninety-two, and breadth, twenty-eight, miles; superfices, two thousand one hundred and twenty square miles; number of inhabitants, seventyeight thousand and eighty-five; thirty-six to the square mile; militia, nine thousand two hundred and twenty-nine.

The state was originally embraced in the grant to William Penn, and constituted a part of Pennsylvania, under the name of the three lower counties on the Delaware, until 1711. Its constitution, as revised and amended in 1831, has nothing in principle, and little in its details, to distinguish it from those of modern date in the other states. The governor and senators are chosen for four years, the representatives for two, and the stated sessions of the legislature are biennial. The whole civil list, embracing the salaries of the executive and judiciary, and the legislative expenses, are estimated at $13,000 annually.

The state has been constantly losing its numerical influence in the house of representatives of the Congress of the United States.

Slavery has always been tolerated in Delaware; the number of slaves in 1790, was eight thousand eight hundred and eightyseven, or about one slave to six white persons. In 1830, the number of slaves was three thousand three hundred and five, being one to twenty-two whites. In 1840, the number was reduced to two thousand six hundred and five, being one to thirty whites. The result being a practical demonstration, so far as that state is concerned, that free labor is preferable to that of slaves.

Delaware, in common with the other middle States, is a grain growing country. According to its size, it produces its full proportion of wheat. The celebrated flour mills, on the Brandy

EDUCATION. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.

wine river manufacture all the wheat of this state, and much from the neighboring States. The flour is principally shipped at Philadelphia. The most important town in the state is Wilmington, containing a population of 8,367. Dover, the seat of government, contains 3,740 inhabitants.

EDUCATION. A college was opened at Newark, in 1834; the number of students in the August following, was sixty. The institution has a fund of $45,000. The school fund amounts to $173.000. The expenses of the state for schools, in 1840, were over $30,000.

The state, bordering on Delaware bay and river, for upwards of one hundred miles, has no port of any distinction; vessels sometimes touch at Wilmington, but Philadelphia is the port for the state.

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. The principal part of the state bordering upon navigable water, its citizens have had little occasion to embark in enterprizes of internal improvement. In the upper section of the state, the Delaware and Chesapeake bays approach within thirteen miles of each other; and it became a matter of deep interest to the citizens of Philadelphia and Baltimore, to open an inland navigation between them. For this purpose, the Delaware and Chesapeake canal was commenced in 1824, and opened for navigation in 1829, at an expense of upwards of $2,000,000. The canal is thirteen and a half miles in length, sixty-six feet in width at the surface, with a depth of ten feet of water, designed for sloop navigation, and the bay craft of both waters. It leaves the river at Delaware city, forty-five miles below Philadelphia, and enters the waters of the Chesapeake at Back creek. The extraordinary expense of this canal, averaging more than $160,000 a mile, is to be attributed to a deep cut through a ridge of highlands, dividing the waters of the two bays, and to the difficulty of making a canal and tow path through the St. George's pond and marsh. Vessels navigating the bays are drawn through this canal by horses in four hours, and passenger canal boats, in two.

The canal had been in operation but a short time, before the Newcastle and Frenchtown rail road was set up in opposition to it, commencing at Newcastle, and terminating at Frenchtown in Maryland, sixteen miles in length. The distance is passed with locomotive engines, with any number of cars attached to them, in fifty minutes. The time of passing between the two cities is shortened by this route, about two hours. This, in the present state of feeling, in regard to rapid motion, is deemed a great acquisition, and is sufficient to take most of the passengers from the canal line. The rail road was completed in 1832, at an expense of $400,000, including damages for the lands, and the expenses of a wharf, depots, and locomotives.

BRANDYWINE RIVER. MARYLAND. ITS CONSTITUTION.

EDUCATION.

The Wilmington and Susquehanna rail road is thirty-three miles long; it was completed in 1837, and cost $1,200,000.

BRANDYWINE RIVER. The only river of any note in the state, is the Brandywine, distinguished only for giving name to a battle fought near its banks on the 11th of September, 1777, which, decided the fate of the city of Philadelphia. In this battle, General Lafayette first distinguished himself, and was wounded. The American loss in killed and wounded was a thousand, and a road was thereby opened for the British to the city, which was entered by them on the 20th of September.

MARYLAND. The state of Maryland lies on both sides of the Chesapeake bay, bounded on the north by Pennsylvania, and separated from Virginia on the west, by the Potomac river, between 38° and 40° north latitude, containing thirteen thousand nine hundred and fifty square miles, and a population of four hundred and sixty-nine thousand two hundred and thirty-two, including eighty-nine thousand four hundred and ninety-five slaves, and sixty-two thousand and twenty free persons of color, the whole population averaging thirty-three to the square mile. Militia, forty-six thousand eight hundred and sixty-four. The state has chartered twenty-eight banks.

ITS CONSTITUTION. The constitution of Maryland as formed in 1776, with sundry amendments, the most recent of which were adopted in 1:38, vests the legislative power in a senate and house of delegates; the senate consists of one from each county, and one from the city of Baltimore; one third of the senators are elected every second year. Members of the house of delegates are elected annually. The governor is elected by the people for three years, but is ineligible for the next succeeding term. The state is divided into three districts, and the governor is to be taken from each of the districts alternately. The general assembly meets annually on the last Monday in December, at Annapolis. Every white male citizen who has resided in the state one year, has the right of suffrage.

EDUCATION. A patent was granted for Maryland to Cecilius Lord Baltimore, a Roman catholic, in 1632; and the settlement commenced at the town of St. Mary's, on the peninsula between the Potomac and Pautuxent rivers, in 1634, by persons of that religious denomination fleeing from protestant persecution. They established a free toleration to all sects, and continued for a long period to be the most numerous denomination. Their cathedral in the city of Baltimore, is one of the most elegant houses of public worship in the United States. They have two colleges, one called St. Mary's, pleasantly situated near the confines of the city of Baltimore, founded in 1799. Number of students, seventy-three. The other, Mount St. Mary's, founded in 1830, at Emmettsburg, at the foot of a branch of the blue