A character of socialness may be found in animals,

too

The socialness of man follows in part from his animal

nature. It increases in consequence of his cir-

cumstances; the social instinct in man is greater

than is absolutely demanded by his needs

Two groups of social phenomena; those concerning

society with reference to the mass of undefined

interests, and those of organic society with

regard to recognized aims of life

SECTION.

. 55-248

PAGE

99

55-113 99

55-67 101-118

55

101

. 58-59

103

Organic society draws its matter from society in

general

Its formation develops corresponding sentiments

The mutual interdependence of men in a society

develops egotism into public sentiment; the

gradual organization of the society takes place

in conformity with this evolution

. 60

105

It is a sphere of vital interests alone that may con-

stitute a permanent society

. 63

108

Every society is organic.

. 64

108

Comparison between it and individual organic beings 65
The individuality of a society, the formation of

111

public consciousness and public will .

The dependence of the destiny of single individual
members upon the life of a society

The separate course of life of a society

Its rise from the consciousness and initiative of

single individuals with regard to some want

generally felt

Its growth by the introduction into its sphere of a

new mass of individuals

The organization and struggle of a rising society

in opposition to indifferent and strange elements 66

Its formation into a state; the establishment of its

law

Social classes in consequence of the various degrees

of participation in the fulfilment of social tasks 66

The decline of a society and the disintegration of its

organization in consequence of the public interest

--which forms the connecting bond of its ele-

117

ments-becoming completely identified with the
private interests of its members

CHAPTER VII. THE MUTUAL RELATIONS OF THE SO-

CIETIES

SECTION. PAGE

. 67

118

68-78 119-136

The co-existence of vital interests of various orders,

and of societies of various orders, in the same

sphere

.

. 68

119

The order of the vital interest and the order of the

corresponding society depend upon their con-

nection with the prevailing individual interests 69

A society of a higher order comprehends within its

sphere the possibility of satisfying the vital

interests of societies of a lower order

Collision between the societies; the one of a re-

latively superior order becomes the dominant

society

Twofold subordinate societies; those in course of
development and those whose dominion has
declined

119

ΤΟ

120

70

120

Their forms and relations with regard to the domi-

nant society

The struggle of individuals within the society itself 73

The unequal division of social consciousness and

social power amongst the members of a society 74

The consciousness of a society upon its becoming

dominant does not keep pace relatively to the

mass of its members.

The development of aristocracies

The aristocracy of a developing society is composed

of a class of persons different from those com-

posing the aristocracy of the dominant society

preceding it

Existing aristocracies, however, manage to perpetuate

their influence

The continuity of aristocracies

Hostile factors .

The connection between social structures and periods

of development .

Every society is of a democratic character at the

time of its formation, aristocratic during the

period of its struggles for development, and

monarchial at the moment of its becoming

dominant

A society which has been dominant for a long time

becomes in peace democratic

When attacked by a new society it invariably

becomes despotic

131

. 76

Forms of government in societies and states.

No regular cycle of sequence can be established as

to the forms of government in states, because

the proper development and sequence of the

societies are disturbed by external struggles

The contentions of societies with two kinds of

societies, standing outside their spheres; with

those resting on an identical principle, and

those of a different nature

The natural limits of society .

The struggles of ruling societies and international

law

. 77

132

བྲ

.77

The influence of the struggles of states upon the

structure of societies

77

133

134

Twofold tasks of a society: productive or industrial,

and defensive or military

78

.

134

The structure of a military character and its con-

sequences

79

137

The central interests of the great societies in history

are not isolated single interests, but groups of

interests

They afford the spectacle of a combination similar to

that of groups of feelings in psychology. Every

group of interest of a great society corresponds

with some special conception of the world

Its connection with the prevailing degree of culture 79

The tie of consanguinity; the bonds of local con-

tiguity; the interest of amassing wealth for

consumption; the interest of religion; the

interest of nationality; the interest of a wide-

spreading economical system; the humani-

tarian interest

Cognate societies and states: of kinship, of tribes

and communes, of conquest for plunder, of

Church, of nationality, of economical interest,

and of humanity

The sequence of these vital interests in universal

history

Complications arising in consequence of their inter-
mingling in the course of their contentions . 81
The sphere of the interest of kinship and its cognate
consanguineous society is the most primitive

The independent development of civil law, facilities

of intercourse and communication

The centralization of the structure of government 89

The formation of large capital and of the proletariate

Incessant wars

Oppression, the feeling of the vanity of worldly life 90

Religious indifference and toleration

160

162

163

163

.

. 89

164

165

89

165

. 89

166

166

90

169

The national society and the national state

Its development under the Church, and in opposi-

98

188

tion to it

The sphere of the national society is wider than that

of the preceding ones.

CONTENTS.

The course of its formation

The limits of the national state

Kinship of the national interest with that of local

contiguity.

The difference between them

The bearing of the national interest upon the general

ends of humanity.

The parallelism between the development of national
states and of international law.

The interest of a wide-spread economical system

and its society.

Universal intercourse; manufacturing industry em-

99

.

192

. 99

.

193

ploying large capital.

.

. 100

194

The international assertion of economical interests

International treaties; international private law

The question of the international division of labour. 101

The sphere of humanitarian interests

The ideal of international public law, universal peace 102
The settling down of subordinate societies within the

sphere of dominant societies of a superior order 102

The universal and natural character of this sequence

of the societies .

Its support by historical proofs; the development of

European civilization

The course of development of the societies of Egypt
and Asia Minor; tribal society with the Celtic,
the Slavonic, and the Teutonic races
The antecedents and the course of the development
of the communal societies with the Greeks and
the Romans, and during the Middle Ages.
The societies of conquest for plunder

The ecclesiastical society and state; early theo-

cracies

CHAPTER IX.-THE STATE AND ITS CONSTITUENT ELE-

MENTS

114-123 216-235

The state as the independent form of the social or-
ganism, and as the dominant law-creating and