As the terrace on which we lodged had an eastern exposure, it was necessary for us as soon as the sun was up, to find some shelter from the heat. Spreading one of our beds under a tree on the other side of the house, we seated ourselves there to read. No Frank had ever visited that valley before; and the villagers began to gather around us with a very excusable euriosity. Soon our worthy host came leading one of his sons, a sickly, bloated boy, and asking if we could give him any medicine. I happened to have in my pocket a few pills which Mr. Williams had given me before leaving Mosul, recommending them as a simple and safe cathartic; and after some examination of the symptoms, I administered such a dose as I thought would afford at least a temporary relief. This was my introduction to an extensive medical practice. A report that one of the Franks was a great hakim seems to have run through the mountains like wild fire; and the sick of various diseases came flocking around us in greater numbers than ordinarily honor the debut of the most thoroughly educated medical practitioner. My good friend and parishioner, who on the day of my departure from New Haven, sent me a small tin case containing six little vials of medicine, could have had no foresight of how much they would be worth to me. The vial of camphor had been long ago broken; and its place was supplied by a vial of rhubarb. The laudanum, the brandy, the essence of peppermint, the tincture of rhubarb, and the cologne water, remained-some of them unopened. Such, with a few pills aforementioned, was the entire stock of medicines with which I was to sustain the new character so unexpectedly imposed upon me. I was surprised at the variety of diseases in my patients, and still more at the variety of prescriptions which, with the aid of hints from my companions, I was able to make out. I found that they had sulphur, or could get it, and for several cutaneous diseases I prescribed the use of it, internally and externally. By signs and descriptions I succeeded in making Khudr identify the dandelion, and prescribed a decoction of the root for a case of jaundice. But I will not prolong this part of the story. I trust I may yet have the pleasure of reporting this part of my proceedings more in detail to some of my learned medical friends at home.

On Friday, May 30, our stolen animals having been restored, we started before sunrise. Mullah Mustafa accompanied us on one of our mules, his brother, Abd er Rahman, on foot. After four or five hours we came to the village or summer encampment of another agha of Shenoan-colleague as it were, and rival of Melul agha. Our faithful protector rode a little in advance of us and led the way to a tree somewhat aside from the village. Persian carpets were brought and spread in the shade upon a bed of pebbles under which a little rill of water constantly flowed without rising to the surface. The Mullah took a somewhat elevated seat, and at a sign from him we seated ourselves in oriental fashion (first taking off our boots), upon one of the carpets. We were surrounded indeed by a circle of Khudrs with their daggers in their belts, one of whom, a young man with a scar across nis nose and upper lip, giving him a very unamiable expression, and with several precious stones (or imitations) in the hilt of his dagger, was presumed to be the agha. We saw that we were regarded by them with trucu

lent looks, and that many earnest words were passing between them and the Mullah, but we had no doubt of his fidelity, and as we knew not one word of what they were saying, we felt no alarm. After awhile another party came, and with them a still younger chief, more elegantly dressed than the first, with his silver hilted dagger in his silver sheath, with the same scar across his upper lip and the same general cast of features, but with a languid and dandified air, as if he had spent the flower of his youth in reading novels. On their arrival the discussion was renewed, and proceeded as before. At last came the agha himself, Khan Abdullah, a villainous looking old man with a gray beard dyed red-and took a seat beside our friend the Mullah. As he looked toward me I caught his eye and saluted him. With an un、 gracious look he returned the salute, and we all rose and paid our respects. After a protracted conversation between him and our friend, Khudr was called; and through him Khan Abdullah informed us that if we had come alone he would have killed us; but that the friendship and presence of Mullah Mustafa was our protection. After this private conversation had been renewed; Khudr was made a party to it; things were evidently on a confidential basis. Presently I was formally requested to exercise my medical science and skill for the benefit of the agha's son-the pensive and interesting dandy abovementioned. It proved to be a case of chronic dyspepsia, and I gave such advice and medicine as the circumstances would permit― teaching the young gentleman withal the technical name of his disease, which he pronounced with great satisfaction, though in a drawling youngEngland style. The agha regretted that we could not stay several days so that he might show us suitable honor-told us that if he had known we were Mr. Rassam's friends, he would have gone with an armed force and delivered us out of Melul agha's power-and concluded with offering us coffee, which was accepted, and which after some delay was served in elegant cups and holders.

Now for the explanation of all this. These people were on the look-out for us, and were expecting to kill us. When we were seen approaching, Khan Abdullah sent one of his sons with a sufficient number of men to execute his purpose. They were hindered by their Moslem reverence for the Mullah, and by his strenuously insisting that they should observe the laws of hospitality. Perceiving that the thing was not done, he sent a younger son with another party of men to hurry the business; and afterward, quite out of patience, he came himself to see what was the reason that they were so long about so trifling a job. The Mullah, in the debate which followed, looking very craftily on his weak side-showed him that this might be made an occasion for putting down Melul agha-insisted very much on our consequence, and on the vengeance which the government would be compelled to take if any harm should come upon us, till at last the Khan showed to him and to Khudr a letter from an agha Mustafa of Zibar, residing near Akre, to Melul agha, giving information of our route, and advising him to rob and kill us. This letter was indorsed with a note from Melul agha to Khan Abdullah, informing him that he had robbed us in part, and advising him to take what was left and kill us. Messages of the same tenor had been sent in every direction.

I have now come so near the end of my story that I am sorry to abridge the rest of it. But, as from the point we hasten our retreat, so I must expedite my narration. The Mullah accompanied us for an hour or more with an escort of men commanded by one of Khan Abdullah's sons. Then sitting down and detaining the escort around him, as if he were unwilling to trust them out of his sight, he sent us forward by a most unfrequented route through far wilder scenery than any I have ever yet seen. Slowly and cautiously we climbed to the summit of a grand snowy ridge, whence we beheld, looking behind us, a stupendous sea of mountains tossed like billows of the ocean with the white caps everywhere in the distance-a view of which we were sure no American or European eye had ever before taken in. But we had no time for admiration. Pressing on, we soon observed near the very summit of the ridge extraordinary marks of violence, the limestone rocks rifted and splintered as if by some terrific explosion; and then we came to what we should have pronounced an immense volcanic crater had the rocks borne any mark of volcanic agency. The mountain-top, in some great convulsion of the earth, had fallen in, and left a great cavity open to the sky. We descended over the tip of this great crater-like basin-observed in the bottom of it other lesser cavities through which the rains and melted snows of the mountain-top descend into some subterranean channels-climbed the opposite side, and then beheld with joy which I will not attempt to express, the distant Zab at the base of the mountain. Our wild muleteers shared in the gladness of the moment. "Descend and rejoice," said one of them in such Arabic as he could command. We made haste to descend; but the day was far spent ; and when the night overtook us we lay down near a fountain and slept.

On Saturday, May 31st, we still pursued our flight, hoping to reach Akre that day. Before breakfast we came to a christian village near the Zab, where the inhabitants had heard that we were all murdered and were amazed and overjoyed to see us alive. We were strangely delayed in crossing the Zab; and at night another caravan came up and encamped near us, increasing our strength against any attack. Again we spread our beds on the ground and slept under the open sky.

The next morning, Lord's day, June 1st, we arrived in Akre about nine o'clock, and were thankful to be once more in a place of safety and of rest. By a forced march on Monday and Tuesday we succeeded in reaching Mosul on Tuesday at noon.

Here terminates the narrative of Dr. Bacon, and it remains to be stated that in the succeeding year the Turkish government sent a detachment of cavalry from Constantinople to the country of the Khoords, to demand restitution from, and the punishment of, these mountain robbers. The enterprise was successful and shows on the part of the Ottoman Porte a most commendable desire for the safety and welfare of travelers in those wild regions.

SKETCH of Scotland-Crossing the Atlantic-Liverpool-The manufacturing districts— Newcastle-Descent into a coal-mine-Berwick - Electioneering scene-English reserveEdinburgh-Ascent of Arthur's seat-Charms of the Scotch dialect-Holyrood palace-Mementoes of Queen Mary-Highland village-Gaelic song-Loch Katrine--Lady of the LakeLilliputian steamboat-Life in the Highlands-Loch Lomond-Highland scenery-Pleasing adventure-Ascent of Ben Lomond-Social condition of the Scotch-Beautiful glens-Visit to Iona and Staffa-Great Glen of Scotland-Ascent of Ben Nevis-Charming scenery-Inverness-Culloden moor-Loch Leven-Mary's castle-Royal regalia-English aristocracy

Gretna Green-Windermere.

THE greatest length of Scotland is 280, and greatest breadth 146 miles ; its area about 25,000 square miles, or about equal to that of South Carolina. Generally speaking, it is so rugged and sterile that not more than one-third of its surface is arable. It contains but a few extensive vales, its surface, even where most level, being much diversified with hill and dale. Her natural scenery, as described by Sir Walter Scott, is "a wildering scene of mountains, rocks, and woods," and her glens and mountains, lakes and streams teem with traditions of a more romantic age, and are rendered

*Abridged from "A Summer in Scotland, by Jacob Abbott;" published by Harper & Bro., 12 mo. of 881 pages.

immortal by the eloquence of his descriptions. Originally Scotland was covered in a great part by wood, as is expressed in its ancient name Caledonia, signifying, in Gaelic, a wooded, hilly country. Sixty years ago the country had become almost entirely bare of wood, but latterly extensive plantations have been formed in most districts, as a protection to the cultivated lands. Husbandry, a hundred years since, was in a very backward state; now, owing to enlightened agriculture, it is the very reverse. The chief grain is oats, the cultivation of which covers one-quarter of all the arable land; this hardy plant furnishes food for the great bulk of the people and of all classes of community.

The Scotch are of the same origin as the Norwegians, Swedes, and Danes, and are a large muscular race. The Scotch figure is not so round and soft as the English; the face in particular is long and angular, with broad cheekbones. The people are characterized by their energy, enterprise, perseverance, and habits of thrift: caution, foresight, and reflection appear to be prominent traits in them. They are noted for their love of country and for their strong sense of religion; nowhere is the Sabbath observed with more decorum than in Scotland. Education is generally diffused, and it is comparatively rare to find a native unable to read and write. Since the year 1600 the population of Scotland has increased from one to three millions. In the north, the population is very sparse, averaging in some districts not over two families to the square mile.

Scotland is noted also for her divines, novelists, and her poets. The names of Knox, Chalmers, Scott, Campbell, and Burns are as familiar, wherever our language is spoken, as household words.

This country was long one of the most barbarous in Europe. To the ancient Romans it was unknown as a distinct country, being, with England and Wales, received as one country under the general name of Albion, or Britain, and divided among a multitude of different tribes. Its original inhabitants appear to have been the Picts or Caledonians, the ancestors of the Scotch Highlanders. A few centuries after the commencement of the Christian era, the country was successively invaded and partially conquered by the Saxons and by the Scots. These two last finally occupied the southern part or the lowlands of Scotland, and from them originated the race later known as the Scotch Lowlanders. The original country of the Scots was Ireland, which, in the fourth century, was often called Scotland.

"On the extinction of the direct line of the Scottish kings, in 1290, by the death of Margaret of Norway, John Baliol and Robert Bruce, descendants of David I, appeared as competitors for the crown. The pretensions of both were supported by powerful parties, and, to avoid civil war, it was decided to refer the matter to Edward I, king of England. Edward now claimed that the kings of England were paramount in Scotland, and that the competitors should do homage to him as such. This was consented to, and Edward, finding Balio most suitable to his views, decided in his favor. The latter, however, being less subservient than was expected, was speedily set aside by Edward, who attempted to seize the kingdom on the pretense of its having escheated to him through the rebellion of his vassal.