lisagreement. When Mr. Loewe referred to his affection for the employes wwho had been with him for many years, the union president told him not to trust them and then went to the union meeting and told the employes not to trust Mr. Loewe. Not a single man in the factory had a grievance against him and not a single man asked to have the factory unionized. This was the situation when, five days after the union had unionized a Philadelphia manufacturer by a ruinous boycott of fourteen months, it turned its boycotting machinery against D. E. Loewe. Spies were employed Spies were employed to ascertain where his hats were shipped and the numerous state federations, hundreds of city central labor unions, and thousands of local unions were stirred to activity against all customers in any part of the United States who persisted in their patronage. Organized labor on the Pacific coast would be advised of ship ments to their district before the customers heard of them, and thereupon demanded a cancellation of the order or a rejection of the goods under penalty of business ruin. Retailers who continued to patronize recalcitrant jobbers were alike assailed by this powerful machinery until Mr. Loewe saw the savings and work of a lifetime. completely demolished. There This case is an illustration given from personal knowledge and could be fortified with many others. comes to my mind a manufacturer of refrigerating machinery who closed down his factory early one afternoon in order that the union might have. an opportunity to organize his men, but when his men expressed an unwillingness to join the union, he refused to force them to do so. As a result of his refusal, the Building Trades Department of the American Federation of Labor, with a membership of 500,000, and the Metal Trades Department with a membership of 250,000, set upon his business to ruin it and strikes were called on buildings from the Atlantic to the Pacific because his products were being used in connection therewith. ENFORCEMENT OF ANTI-TRUST LAW, NOT EXEMPTION, IS NEEDED. If there is any human being in God's world who believes that such attacks are right and just, I cannot follow him. If there is any legislator who believes that organized armies of civilians should be endowed with the right so to persecute and ruin any employer or employe with whom they disagree, that legislator has gone astray. If there is any school of economists who believes that the interests of society can best be subserved by permitting. these combinations to commit such crying injustice, that school must go. If there are those who do not believe in competition, individual liberty and private property, which this government was designed primarily to protect, let them go about their work of correction like law-abiding citizens, seeking changes at the polls rather than murdering businesses. But why should labor unions feel restive under the Sherman law when these most flagrant combinations are allowed to go unpunished? The most notable feature of this situation today is the practical exemption from the law which organized labor has enjoyed because of its unequal enforcement by While the various administrations. hundreds of cases have been instituted against employers by indictment or injunction proceedings, the number commenced against labor unions is negligible. Most of these, moreover, have been started, in spite of the policy of the national administration, by local district attorneys without consulting the attorney general, and in no case have these district attorneys ever received any encouragement to commence further proceedings of a like nature. The most palpable and destructive monopolies and restraints of trade in existence today are those maintained by labor unions against which no action has been taken by the government. Instead of exemption of labor unions from the anti-trust law, we need the enforcement of that law against them, or the "new freedom" of our President will become a hollow mockery. HIS OBJECTIONS Former President Elio! of Harvard Criticises Unionism From a report in Manufacturers' News, of Chicago, it appears that Charles F. Pender, a member of the New Haven Trolleymen's union, of that city, wrote to former President Eliot, of Harvard University, to find out, as Mr. Pender expressed it, why the distinguished scholar manifested such a dislike for trade unions. He asked Mr. Eliot whether he was aware of the fact that trade unionism had brought happiness to the worker be cause of shorter hours and increased pay. He also asked about profit shar- This Cambridge, Mass., Feb. 5, 1914. "Dear Sir:-I agree with you that trade unions have raised wages and shortened hours, and that collective bargaining in some industries has been decidedly advantageous to the working people. There can be no question that the factory system has been greatly improved in the course of the last hundred years through the war waged by the trade unions against employers and managers, and that it needed and still needs improvement. it probable that he will do no hearty, zealous, faithful work. Under those conditions it is impossible to be happy in the life work; for there is no happy. contented work except that done with good will, generous zeal and loyalty "I cannot agree with you that the trades unions have brought happiness to any workingmen. Higher wages. shortened hours, better clothes and more meat do not necessarily contrib ute to genuine happiness, any more than the luxuries of the rich do. Happiness and content are states of mind "Is it not perfectly plain that in our country the trade unionists are not really happy as a matter of fact? To my thinking they never will be, so long as they get no satisfaction in their daily work. It is the grudging spirit in which they work which prevents them from getting any content out of their work for a livelihood. "All well read, thinking people be lieve that the progress of civilization depends on universal, steady, productive labor; the unions seem to believe that the less one works the better. "Although profit sharing is not ap plicable in all industries, I see in sound methods of profit sharing one mode of escape from the deplorable effects of trades union teachings; for just prot sharing will present to employer and employed alike precisely the same mo tive for faithful, generous, co-operative ness. No profit sharing method will work which does not turn out to be in the long run profitable alike to em The first of these objectionable ployer and employed, to owner and wage earner, to capital and labor. "Very truly yours. CHARLES W. ELIOT. "My objections to the trade unions are altogether educational and moral. They seem to me to have a bad effect industry and for successful productiveon the character and happiness of their members because of certain methods which they have used and are still using. methods is the habitual use of violence against persons and property to gain their ends. The second is the limited output. The third is the uniform wage alike for all journeymen without regard to age or skill. The fourth is the disregard of contracts-their own contracts and the contracts which employers or managers have entered into with owners consumers but have not yet fulfilled. or "The first and last of these practices are grave violations of the universal moral sense. The second and third rob the workingman of strong motives for self-improvement and make They were talking of the vanity of women, and one of the few ladies present undertook a defense. "Of course," she said, "I admit that women are vain and men are not Why," Ishe added, with a glance around, "the necktie of the handsom est man in the room is even now up the back of his collar." And then she smiled-for every man present had put his hand up behind his neck!--The Labor Clarion. For Restriction of Immigration The Bill to Establish a Literacy Test as Passed by the Written for The American Employer By OLIVER D. STEWART, Managing Editor of the Associated Editorial Bureau, of Cleveland, Ohio The bill (H. R. 6060) "to regulate the immigration of aliens to, and the residence of aliens in, the United States," which was passed by the national House of Representatives on the 30th of January, is regarded as essentially the same as the one that was passed by both the House and Senate in the last Congress and vetoed by President Taft. In outlining its provisions, Mr. Burnett, of Alabama, chairman of the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, explained that "the only material difference is the exclusion of a class not embraced in the other bill". "This bill," Mr. Burnett went on to say, "after providing for the exclusion of anarchists and others who are also deportable if they should come in, adds to the excludable and deportable class those who advocate or teach the unlawful destruction of property. That is to keep out a class of people who come teaching and preaching a species of anarchy that probably is not embraced under the law as it now stands." Mr. Burnett also pointed out that under the existing law the head tax is $4, and that it is proposed by this bill to increase it to $5; that the Bureau of Immigration has ruled that, under existing law, "stowaways" can steal in and cannot always be deported; that these are, therefore, specifically embraced in the general class of persons who are excludable. The bill, he de clared, is also designed considerably to enlarge and strengthen the provisions of the present law intended to exclude those who are induced to come into the country by advertisements, and adds to the excluded classes persons who cannot become eligible, under existing law, to citizenship by naturalization, unless otherwise provided for by treaty,etc. "We think," he continued, "that will reach a class of those who are coming. in to the Pacific coast-Hindus and other Asiatics who ought to be kept out. (No specific provision is made for their exclusion, however, because of the embarrassment it was thought this might occasion in the maintenance of friendly relations with Japan.) And proceeding, Mr. Burnett had this to say of the main purpose of the meas ure: "We have also the literary test, which is the real bone of contention in the bill. In fact, I have had intimations from gentlemen opposing the bill that, with that left out, they would be willing to take the rest of the bill. In my judgment that is the best part of the bill and is really essential and necessary. The rest of the bill is more administrative than anything else; and I want to say that, while it is a long bill, yet, except as to the essentials I have mentioned, and a few more to which I will call attention, it is mainly a codification of the existing law, with some amendments." For instance, an, amendment is proposed respecting the admission of skilled labor. The law as it now stands provides that skilled workmen shall be admitted, if otherwise entitled, when unemployed labor of like character cannot be found in this country. This bill makes the same exceptions, but provides for previous investigation and trial of the question of the necessity of importing the skilled workmen in any particular instance. The bill also proposes to admit the foreign-born wives. and children of naturalized citizens. It further provides for the imposition or increase of penalties to transportation companies for assisting immigrants. "We had rules and laws against the assisting of immigrants before," Mr. Burnett explained, "but in some cases there were no penalties and in other cases the penalties were not regarded as high enough." In this respect the provision of the existing law as to the exclusion of alien insane is also proposed to be amended by the addition of a penalty for bringing them in. It is proposed to increase the penalty for bringing in certain other classes from $100 to $200. Penalties are also provided for harboring inadmissibles and for bringing in aliens whose afflictions are such as to affect their ability to earn their living, also those who are unable to earn their living, also those who are unable to read and who are debarred for any reason from becoming citizens by naturalization. One section provides for the detailing of United States government surgeons, inspectors and matrons on immigrant-carrying ships. (The insertion of this in the bill has already been made the subject of protest by several foreign governments.) Another section provides for more competent and thorough inspection of persons and for the searching of vessels and railroad trains for aliens. It also gives inspectors the power to require the attendance of witnesses and examine them on oath touching the right of an alien to enter the country. What are designed as more effective measures for the deportation of inadmissibles are also included and a high er penalty is provided for failure of transportation companies to take them away after in any case the authorities shall have ordered that to be done. "Another very important provision," as Mr. Burnett stated it, "is for interior immigrant stations. That amen! ment was made because we found in many cases ignorant aliens and alie girls coming here from abroad and starting on a long journey into the interior would fall into improper hands and have trouble on the way. We found that those who got in from the borders to reach interior points were often abused and defrauded and by this amendment the government protects them in a way they could not have under the law as it now exists." Several sections are devoted to alien seamen. Transportation companies are required to deliver to the immigration officer in charge of the port of arrival lists containing the names of all aliens employed on the incoming vessel and specifying those who are to be paid off and discharged in that port, also to report all desertions, with description in each case of the deserter. The bill further provides for deportation of any such alien seaman who shall desert his vessel in a port of the United States or land therein contrary to law. unless on investigation and trial before a board of special inquiry he shall be found to be entitled to admission. In explanation of this, Mr. Burnett said that "it was found and so held by our courts, that when alien seamer were employed on ships and came to this country in the ships, they could go ashore and desert those ships and get out without any kind of inspec toin and escape restrictions in tha: way. We found that some of the smaller steamship companies were en gaged in traffic of that kind, employing men on the other side in menia. positions, allowing them to come to this country as part of the crew of the ship, and, when they got here-perhaps paying a consideration to get here they were people that would have been deported, but, coming in in the way they did, and deserting and mingling with the masses of our people, escaped detection." Mr. Sabath, of Illinois, also a member of the Committee on Immigration, called attention to the omission of Mr. Burnett to mention as among the changes in existing law that are proposed the provision that the act shall apply to all aliens. Aliens are defined in the bill to be persons not nativeborn or naturalized citizens of the United States. "We have in this country," Mr. Sabath said, "thousands and thousands of honest men of foreign birth who, on account of the harsh naturalization laws, have been unable to become citizens, although residing here for many years. Frequently these men who leave in the country from which they have emigrated a father or a mother or other relative, are obliged to return abroad for a short time, possibly to see their parents for the last time and to bid them good-by before they set out on that long journey from whence none of us return. It matters not whether these people have resided in this country for five. ten, fifteen or twenty years; if this bill should become a law, upon their return, they would be subjected to the same regulations as ordinary immigrants upon their first journey to our shores." THE LITERACY TEST. The provision for the literacy test. as it passed the House of Representatives, is as follows: "That after four months from the approval of this act, in addition to the aliens who are by law now excluded from admission into the United States, the following persons shall also be excluded from admission thereto, to-wit: All aliens over sixteen years of age, physically capable of reading, who cannot read the English language, or some other language or dialect, including Hebrew or Yiddish: Provided, That any admissible or alien or any any alien heretofore or hereafter legally admitted, citizen of the United States, may bring in or send for his father or grandfather over fifty-five years of age, his wife, his mother, his grandmother, or his unmarried or widowed daughter, if otherwise admissible, whether such rel ative can read or not; and such relative shall be permitted to enter. That for the purpose of ascertaining whether aliens can read the immigrant inspectors shall be furnished with slips of uniform size, prepared under the direction of the Secretary of Labor, each containing not less than thirty nor more than forty words in ordinary use, printed in plainly legible type in the various languages and dialects of immigrants. Each alien may designate the particular language or dialect in which he desires the examination to be made, and shall be required to read the words printed on the slip in such language or dialect. OLIVER D. STUART.. No two aliens coming in the same vessel or other vehicle of carriage or transportation shall be tested with the same slip. That the following classes of persons shall be exempt from the operation of the illiteracy test, to-wit: All aliens who shall prove to the satisfaction of the proper immigration officer or to the Secretary of Labor that they emigrated from the country of which they were last permanent residents solely for the purpose of escaping from religious persecution; all aliens who have been lawfully admitted to the United States and who have resided therein |