of the Presidential Electoral College. The first presidential election in which Indiana participated was that of 1817, when James Monroe was elected, when she cast three votes, Jesse L. Holman, Thomas H. Blake, and Joseph Bartholomew being her electors.

The public debt of the State, on the 1st of January, 1867, was $5,396,512, exclusive of certain internal improvement bonds, amounting to $353,000, on which, though not expressly repudiated, the State has made no effort to pay interest or principal for more than twentyfive years. With a sinking fund yielding $1,000,000 per annum, this indebtedness will very soon be absorbed.

CIVIL DIVISIONS.-The State is divided into 92 counties. The following table furnishes the names of the counties, the county towns, and population as per Eighth Census of the United States, 1860:

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.-—Of 2,933 churches in the State, in 1860, 475 were Baptist, 27 Tunkard Baptist, 347 Christian, 11 Congregational, 29 Episcopal, 93 Friends, 9 German Reformed, 150 Lutheran, 1,256 Methodist, 275 Presbyterian, 27 Cumberland Prosbyterian, 8 Reformed Presbyterian, 18 United Presbyterian, 127 Roman Catholic, 44 Unionist, 28 Universalist, and 9 minor sects-affording one church to every 460 persons. The church property was valued at $4,065,274.

CITIES AND TOWNS.-The following are the principal cities and towns of the State, and their respective population in 1860, namely:

and

Indianapolis, the most populous city, and capital of the State, seat of justice of Marion County, is centrally located, and keeps pace with the rapid advance of the State in wealth, population, and improvement. The numerous railways radiating in all directions from that point, place her in immediate connection with Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Columbus, and Pittsburgh, on the north and east, and with Madison, New Albany, Evansville, and St. Louis, on the south and west, constituting the place one of the principal railway centers in the country. It is situate in an extensive and fertile plane, surrounded for several miles by well-stocked and well-cultivated farms. When, in 1820, this spot was selected for the capital of the State, the whole region for forty miles in every direction was covered with a dense forest. On the first of January, 1825, the public offices and archives of the State were removed from Corydon, and the seat of government permanently fixed here. The streets generally cross each other at right angles, except four diagonal streets, or, avenues, which converge to a circular area in the center of the town plat. The principal public buildings are on Washington street, which is 120 feet wide. Several of the other streets are 90 feet wide. The State-house, erected at an expense of $60,000, was in its day an elegant structure of the Grecian order of architecture, surmounted by a dome, and having 10 Doric columns on each front. Its dimensions are 180 feet long by 80 wide. Among the other public buildings are an Executive Mansion, Court-house, a large Masonic Hall, the Bates House, (the largest hotel in the State,) and several other hotels, two market-houses, and the station-house of the Madison and

Indianapolis Railway, 350 feet long by 56 wide, and some 30 churches. A State Lunatic Asylum was established here in 1848, and has rising of 200 patients. The Indiana Central Medical College, founded in 1849, is also located here. Great attention is paid to education, and the public schools are in a flourishing condition. Several banks and seven or eight newspapers are located here, three of the latter dailies. The city contains several iron foundries, flouring-mills, and manufactories of steam engines, paper, window-sash, and other articles. Population in 1840, 2,692; in 1850, 8,090; in 1860, 18,388.

Madison is a flourishing city, river port, and seat of justice of Jefferson County, on the Ohio River, 90 miles below Cincinnati, 44 miles above Louisville, and 86 miles south-south-east of Indianapolis, latitude 38° 46′ north, longitude 85° 21' west. It is advantageously situated for trade, and is equal if not superior to any town of the State in wealth and importance. Steamboats make regular trips between this port and other towns of the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys. Navigation is usually open during the winter season, or if obstructed at all, but for a very brief period only. Here is the south terminus of the Madison and Indianapolis Railway, completed in 1848, and doing a large business. The city is beautifully situated in a valley near three miles long, which is flanked on the north by steep and rugged hills four hundred feet above the level of the river. The plane on which the town is situate is elevated 30 or 40 feet above high water. Madison is well built, containing a larger proportion of brick houses than is usual in Indiana

It has a court-house, jail, two market-houses, two large public schools, a bank, and about twenty churches. There are five newspapers published here. The streets are mostly paved and lighted with gas. Manufactures of cotton, wool, iron, machinery, and oil, are carried on here pretty extensively, giving employment to numerous laborers and a large amount of capital. There are, also, several very extensive establishments for packing pork. The town was first settled in 1808. Population in 1840, 3,798; in 1850, (including North Madison village,) 8,681; in 1860, 14,130.

New Albany, the capital of Floyd County, lies on the right bank of the Ohio River, 2 miles below the falls, 3 miles below Louisville, and 136 below Cincinnati. Latitude 38° 18' north, longitude 85° 51' west. It is the southern terminus of the New Albany and Salem Railway, which extends from Michigan City, 287 miles. It is remarkable for its rapid growth and active trade; in fact, it may be considered the most commercial town in the State except Madison, and is nearly the equal of that in population. Steamboats arrive and depart daily to all points on the Ohio and Mississippi. The streets are broad and straight, and furnished with pleasant sidewalks. The town contains 16 churches, a collegiate institute, a Presbyterian theological seminary, 3 banks, and 3 printing-offices. Steamboat building is carried on here more extensively than any other point on the Ohio River, scarcely excepting Cincinnati. There are, also, manufactories of iron, brass, bagging, etc. A plank road, twenty miles long, extends from New Albany to Corydon. The town was laid out in 1813. More than 2,000 buildings, of various de

scriptions, were erected here in the year 1866. Population in 1840, 4,226; in 1850, 8,151; in 1860, about 14,000, and in 1866, 17,647.

Fort Wayne, a flourishing town, capital of Allen County, is situate at the confluence of the St. Joseph and St. Mary Rivers, which form the Maumee, and on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 122 miles east-north-east of La Fayette, and 112 miles north-east of Indianapolis. Fort Wayne is a town of rapid growth, and is one of the most important places in the State. It is a point on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago Railway; and through it has direct connection with Philadelphia and other eastern cities, and with Chicago, and the rapidly-growing towns throughout the great North-west. Several plank roads lead to this place from different places in Ohio. It has a number of churches, banks, a Methodist female college, and two newspapers. The surrounding region is highly productive, and a large portion of the land is under cultivation. On the site of the town was the old "Twight-wee village" of the Miami tribe of Indians. Here Fort Wayne was erected in 1794, by order of Gen. Anthony Wayne, which continued to be a military post until 1819. The Miamis were removed beyond the Mississippi in 1841. Population in 1853 estimated at 6,500; in 1866, at 10,368.

La Fayette, capital of Tippecanoe County, lies on the left bank of the Wabash River, and on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 66 miles north-west of Indianapolis, and 123 miles south-east from Chicago, latitude 40° 25' north, longitude 88° 40' west. The town is pleasantly situated on gradually rising grounds, affording a delightful view of the river and neighboring hills. It is among the largest towns on the line of the canal, and among the foremost in the State in point of population. It has direct communication with Indianapolis and Crawfordsville. Its railway and canal facilities, together with the great fertility of the surrounding country, render it a place of active trade, and a principal grain market in the State. It contains a court-house, four banks, a seminary, and about 14 churches, some of which are large and handsome edifices. It has also several paper-mills, iron foundries, and large pork-packing establishments. The surrounding region consists of the richest prairie land, interspersed with oak openings, sometimes miscalled "barrens." Population in 1846, 1,700; in 1850, 6,129; in 1866, about 12,000.

HISTORY. The first white settlement within the limits of the present State of Indiana was made by a French colony, at Vincennes, in the year 1732, some thirty years before the settlement of St. Louis, and under similar auspices. The town possesses more historical interest than any other town in the State. Its first settlers were Canadian French; and for several generations they were the sole tenants of those vast solitudes, except the aboriginal savage tribes by whom they were surrounded, and with whom they maintained friendly terms. Vincennes is the capital of Knox County, on the left bank of the Wabash, 120 miles south-west of Indianapolis, and 56 miles north of Evansville. The French settlers maintained here their solitary isolation, with little accession of their numbers, till long after the close of the American Revolution. Like other French settlements, this was nearly stationary as to numbers, until the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons in the vicinity.

They enjoyed life with the characteristic cheerfulness of their race, mingling with their savage neighbors on terms of the utmost amity, sometimes forming with them matrimonial alliances. Several of the present inhabitants are descended from the colonists. On the erection of Ohio as a separate State, and her admission into the Union in 1802, the remainder of the North-west Territory, embracing the present States of Indiana and Illinois, was reorganized, which organization was maintained until 1816, when Indiana was received into the family of States. While in the territorial condition, in the year 1811, the Shawnee Indians, incited, it was alleged, by the British Government or its agencies, and led on by the great chief Tecumseh, and his brother the Prophet, attacked the settlements of the whites, committing great depredations and slaughter. General William Henry Harrison was sent to hold the savages in check and protect the feeble settlements. The Indians continuing their hostile demonstrations, were met by General Harrison at Tippecanoe, and, after a sharp conflict, were completely routed. Two hundred of General Harrison's troops fell in the engagement.

ILLINOIS.

THE State of Illinois derives its name from the aboriginal inhabitants of the region. In their own dialect the term was Illini, and signified a perfect and accomplished man. This name they applied to the great lake on the north-east of the State, and to the principal river that waters the interior of the State. Priding themselves on the completeness and elegance of their physical stature, they arrogated to their tribe the name of ILLINI-perfectly formed men, and applied it to their great water-the Lake of Perfect Men. French interlopers corrupted the name to Illinois, and left to their English successors to change the name of the lake to "Michigan."

The State of Illinois was the third formed from that vast region formerly spoken of as "The North-Western Territory," and constituted the twenty-first State of the American Union. It is bounded on the north by the State of Wisconsin; on the east by Lake Michigan and the State of Indiana, from which it is in part separated by the Wabash River; on the south by the Ohio River, which separates it from Kentucky; and on the south-west and west by the Mississippi River, which separates it from the States of Missouri and Iowa. It is situated between 37° and 42° 30′ north latitude, and between 87° 30′ and 91° 40′ west longitude; being about 380 miles in length from north to south, and about 200 miles in its greatest, and 140 miles in its average breadth, including an area of 55,409 square miles, or 35,459,200 acres. There being almost none but arable land within these boundaries, we