easily overlooked. We shall, therefore, dismiss it by noticing the localities where it has been observed.

It occurs on Salmon River, in the drift that contains the gold, in small, round grains of a steel-gray; also on the South Fork of the Trinity about eight miles from its junctions. On Butte Creek, near Reeve's Bar; on Honcut Creek, imbedded in gold, between the North and South Forks, and also in the placers between there and Feather River. On Cañon Creek of Butte County; on Middle Fork of American River; on Calaveras River, associated with small garnets in the drift; on Wood's Creek; at Gold Flat, Nevada, with iridium and osmium, and small crystals of rutile, at the bottom of the shafts.

The wide dispersion of this metal, through this country would indicate that at some future day it may be made a source of profit."—Dr. Trask, 1853.

8. CHROMIUM.

"I would invite your attention particularly to the ores of this metal, inasmuch as from its appearance in large quantities in some sections of the State, and the extensive distribution of the serpentine rocks to which it is also incident, we may expect, with a great degree of confidence, that it will be largely developed within our borders. It is an article of great commercial importance throughout the civilized world. Its principal use in the arts, is for the coloring of porcelain, dyeing, and as a pigment. The fine chrome yellow so highly prized, is manufactured from this mineral. Nearly all the chrome used in the world, is produced from the mines in the United States. The Shetland Isles producing the next largest amount. The principal locality, and we might say nearly the only one on the Atlantic border from which this mineral is derived, is at the Bare Hills, near Baltimore, and this affords the supply of the world.

The greatest amount that can be obtained from all sources at present known, is about two thousand tuns, though the market would consume a much larger amount could it be obtained. From the limited supply in the market, the public will, at no distant day, be directed to its development in this State. So soon as cheap and rapid means of communication are obtained with the interier of the State, this ore will probably become an article of export to a large extent, to China, the Atlantic States and England. It would be unnecessary to make it an article of export even, unless its reduction would prove too expensive in this State, on account of the high price of labor, for ample material usually exists in its vicinity for this purpose.

The high prices of the various manufactures from this mineral cannot fail to attract attention to its further development; and I feel that the value of the mineral will be sustained, when we say, that its market price in the state of rough ore, will equal the product of our best ores of gold in their average, being about eighty dollars per tun. It has maintained this price very uniformly for a number of years.

This mineral is found in veins and masses running through serpentine rocks. These masses are often large, weighing from sixty to eighty pounds, and smaller, and generally disseminated through the rock and upon its surface. The finest specimens the author has ever seen, have been found in this country, and in some localities in large quantities. A striking feature in the country that abounds in this mineral, among the serpentine formations, is the peculiar bareness of the immediate district, compared to other surrounding sections, and an individual once observing it, would scarcely fail to recognize its characteristics even at a considerable distance.

The principal localities that have been observed as abounding in this mineral, are upon Nelson Creek near its junction with Feather River, in fragmentary masses. On the ridge, between the North and Middle Forks of the

American, in small fragments; on Bear River four miles above Anson's Ferry; in the Coyote Diggings, near Nevada; and on Deer Creek, two miles below the city of Nevada.

It is at this last named locality that its attendant peculiarities may be most conveniently studied. It occurs here in large amorphous masses of twenty to fifty pounds weight, scattered over a low range of hills of some four to six miles in extent. The mineral would be easily mistaken, by the passing traveler, for large fragments of some of the darker trap rocks, or dark porphyries.

It is very dense, and possesses a semi-metallic luster. Rolled fragments are often found of considerable weight on the banks of the creek in the vicinity. My attention was first directed to this mineral by Mr. Henry Pratten, who is at the present time connected with the Geological State Survey of Illinois, and formerly of the Minnesota Survey, by the United States."-Dr. Trask, 1853.

9. GYPSUM.

"Sulphate of lime is reported to abound in the northern part of Santa Cruz, and in the vicinity of the Palo de los Yeska, some six miles from the Mission; it was frequently spoken of by the inhabitants of this place, but I was unable to learn its precise locality. It is not improbable that it does abound in this vicinity, as ample material for its formation exist in this section of country. An extensive bed of mountain limestone occurs in close proximity to the native sulphate of iron alluded to in the former paragraph." -Dr. Trask, 1854.

10. NIKEL.

"The ores of this metal are found from Contra Costa on the north to the utmost southern limits reached in the Coast Mountains. It occurs in the primitive rocks, associated with chronic iron in almost every case where the latter may be obtained. It appears as a bright green mineral on the fractured surface of the other ores, and is known in technical language as 'nickel green.' The scarcity of this metal renders the discovery of its ores in this country an object of some importance, and its wide distribution leads to the belief that it exists in sufficient quantities to warrant investment for its extraction from other ores, at no distant day. It is extensively used in the manufacture of German silver for wares and household utensils. When reduced, the metal is white, much resembling silver in its general appearance, and for which it has been mistaken in this country. The principal localities where it has been observed this season are at Contra Costa, in the serpentine rocks south of Tulecita, and near San Antonio in the county of Monterey, among the large beds of chronic iron from the San Benito, and the Panoches, of the Gabilan Range. The localities afford the largest amounts yet found in this State, and it is to be hoped that those explorations which are now in progress in this part of the country may result in the development of this mineral to a much greater extent than yet known."— Dr. Trask, 1854.

11. ANTIMONY.

"The common sulphuret of this metal is very abundant in the Monte Diablo Range; at Mount Oso it is found in large masses, also at various other points throughout these mountains; it occurs in considerable quantities in some parts of the county of Santa Barbara. This mineral is deserving of attention, as it often contains a notable quantity of silver, though

as yet no specimens which have been found in this country contain a large per centage of this metal. That variety of the antimonial ores which is argentiferous has a lively steel-gray color, cuts easily with the knife, and is brittle, while the common gray antimony, which is the principal yet found, has a lead gray color, its fractured surface easily tarnishes, and scales of the mineral are slightly flexible."-Dr. Trask, 1854.

12. CINNABAR.

"This mineral is well known, and the principal mine now opened in this country is at New Almaden, in the county of Santa Clara, and situated twelve miles from San José. The town of Almaden is situated four hundred and eighty feet above the sea, and the mine is eight hundred and sixty feet above the town, making the elevation of the mine thirteen hundred and forty-five feet above tide level. The ore at this mine is found in bunches or deposits, in a clay highly charged with peroxide iron. The cinnabar contains considerable arsenic generally disseminated through the ore, small veins of calcareous spar are found running through the mineral, giving it at times a fanciful appearance. The magnesian rocks are largely developed in this section, both at the mine and in the mountains to the south-west. The rocks in the immediate vicinity of the mine are talcose in their character, much decomposed and broken up; at the base of the hill on which the mine is located, there is to be found native magnesia on the surfaces of the rocks.

The deposit of ore at this locality is very large, and will require many years to exhaust it. As the mine consists of deposits, simply, there is no certainty of its continuance beyond the surface that may be exposed; it has been supposed, generally, that the ores of this mine occurred in the form of veins, but such is not the fact, and so far as I could learn from the Superintendents at the mine, no well defined vein had been found since its opening. The principal adit of the mine is one thousand feet in length, and at the end of this a body of ore fifteen feet square has been exposed in one place; other similar masses, and even larger ones, were laid bare in different parts of the mine. An inclined winze had been driven to the depth of about one hundred feet below the level of the adit, at the bottom of which immense bodies of ore had been found. From the quantity of ore on hand and that exposed in the mine, the prospects of the company are highly flattering for a handsome return for the heavy outlays of capital which have heretofore been made. At the date of my visit the company were erecting twelve new furnaces, in addition to those already in operation, having a capacity for the working of twelve thousand pounds per week each, with an abundance of ore in the hacienda for their supply. The construction of their adit and the interior of the mine, with their reduction works, are of a character for permanency, workmanship and scientific skill, to be found only among large mining operations. The ease and regularity with which everything connected with the mine is conducted, argues well for its administrador, and exhibits a thorough understanding of the requisites necessary to insure success in extensive operations.

A better regulated, or systematic method of mining, is not to be found in this or any other country, and is well worthy a visit from any who may wish to obtain an idea of what practical mining is in a large way."-Dr. Trask,

1854.

The average annual production of quicksilver at the mine of New Almaden, is 1,087,000 pounds. The ore reduced during the year 1857, has yielded a little over 18 per cent. of metal. The annual cost of the working is about $280,000. The net value of the quicksilver is about 37 cents per pound.

The number of workmen employed is variable; at present, the whole number of employees is about two hundred.

At a distance of three miles from the New Almaden Mines, another vein of cinnabar has been opened and extensively worked, for the past two years. The work of taking out metal from this mine was commenced by the present owners early in 1856, and it is not yet in full operation. New machinery has recently been erected with which to work the mine in a proper manner. Upwards of $70,000 has been expended in working the mine during the past year, and a yield of 90,000 pounds of quicksilver realized. The number of hands at present employed, is about forty. The mine is situated in the same range of mountains as that of the New Almaden, and is about four miles from the latter. The name of this mine is the Guadalupe. There is also a rich and extensive vein of cinnabar in the county of Monterey, situated about ninety miles from the town of Monterey. The rock which contains the cinnabar, appears to be apparently inexhaustible, for it is found in various places at some distance from each other. The name of the mine is the "Aurora Quicksilver Mine."

13. MINERAL PRODUCTS OF LOS ANGELES.

BISMUTH, GYPSUM, SULPHUR, ETC.

"A brief review of the agricultural capacities of the soils of this part of the State has been given, and I would say in this connection, that in these particulars lie the strength and principal value of the lands throughout the district generally; the mineral resources of this range of country so far as examined, being comparatively of little value.

The transverse chain of the Pacific Coast (San Bernardino chain) appears thus far to act as a barrier, and to have cut off, almost completely, the rich mineral deposits found in the mountains of the more northern sections. There are a few localities, it is true, where auriferous deposits of limited extent are met with, but no general features which would, in the slightest degree, indicate that they extend over any considerable areas. The limestone rocks of the Armagosa, and the granite and quartz of this section, contain both gold and silver, but they are situated to the north of this chain; yet, the gypsum beds found near their southern base, and on the southern part of the Colorado Desert, are found to contain gold in small quantities; not sufficient, however, to pay for working. The predominating metalliferous rocks of these mountains, so far as known, consist mostly of copper, containing lead and silver; the heavier quantities of these ores lying upon the Rio Santa Clara, in the county of Santa Barbara. Bismuth and iron are also met with in these mountains, the former to a limited extent, the latter more generally disseminated and forming small veins among the primitive rocks. Both of the latter minerals are found in the immediate vicinity of the Mission of San Buenaventura, and the former (bismuth) in the mountains near the coast in the vicinity of the Rancho Guadalupe. The principal mineral products of these counties, of any commercial importance, are the beds of sulphur; they commence in the county of San Luis Obispo, and through alternate distances of two to six miles, extend to the county of Santa Barbara and northern part of Los Angeles. The larger proportion of these beds lie near the coast, and form the investing surface material of those volcanic vents found upon this part of the coast. These sulphur deposits will, at a future day, be worked with profit when the demand for this article shall exceed that of the present time; and

still, I think the present demand is sufficient to warrant the investment of capital in this quarter, where the mineral is found in sufficient quantities to render the working of its mines a lucrative operation.

The appearance of magnetic sands among the drift found in beds of the arroyas, led me to the supposition that gold might exist in their connection; which, upon examination, was found to be the case, although in very trifling quantities. The same thing was found to exist upon the beach, three miles south-east of Santa Barbara. This metal was probably derived from the heavy gravel drift which is found in the immediate vicinity.

Bitumen is another of the more abundant mineral products of this portion of the State, and is found in very large quantities. This article is available and well adapted to the manufacture of gas for the purposes of illumination, and will probably be used to a considerable extent in this country; the only practicable objection to such use of it being the fact, that no valuable residium is left in the retort after the extrication of the gaseous constituents; as this mineral yields a much greater volume (being nearly double) of illuminating gas, than any other in use, it is very questionable whether it would not be equally profitable from this circumstance. In the use of coal, we have the coke remaining, which may be applied as an article of fuel; but the value of the latter in the market would probably be counterbalanced, by the increased volumne of illuminating matter contained in the simple bitumen. There cannot be less than four thousand tuns of asphaltum lying upon the surface of the ground in the counties of Los Angeles and Santa Barbara alone, within a few miles of the coast, at the present moment. Its value, delivered in San Francisco, would not be less than sixteen dollars per tun, equal in value to sixty-four thousand dollars; and this amount, alone, would offer sufficient inducement to embark in the enterprise, independent of any other consideration. The amount lying upon the surface in other adjacent counties, is probably equal to the amount in those specified; so that eight thousand tuns would be a safe estimate to place upon the quantity already available."-Dr. Trask, 1854.

14. MINERALS OF THE COAST MOUNTAINS.

"The minerals of these mountains are widely dispersed throughout their entire extent, they consist principally of copper, iron, lead, silver, gold, nikel and antimony, with agates, chalcedony and many others, too numerous to mention here."-Dr. Trask, 1854.

15. MINERAL SPRINGS.

There are numerous Mineral Springs existing in various parts of the State. Those of Napa, Santa Clara, Siskiyou and Sonoma, are highly recommended by the medical profession for their important medicinal properties. The proprietors of these springs have expended a considerable amount of money to render them attractive places of resort, and during the summer months they are visited by thousands of persons from every section of the State. There are, also, mineral springs to be found in the counties of Alameda, Los Angeles, Mendocino, Shasta, Solano and Tehama.

The Geysers of Sonoma County are regarded as one of the greatest natural curiosities in the world. They are situated about fifty miles from Petaluma, and they consist of a number of Sulphur Springs, the waters of which are continually in a boiling state. In several places the water is forced into the air to a distance of ten or twelve 'feet, accompanied by a loud noise,