Justice, and then it can only exercise judicial functions. (7)

23. The nomination of the Peers of France belongs to the King. Their number is unlimited; he can vary their dignities, and name them Peers for life, or make them hereditary at his plea

sure.

24. Peers can enter the Chamber at twentyfive years of age, but have only a deliberative voice at the age of thirty years.

25. The Chamber of Peers is to be presided over by the Chancellor of France; and in his absence, by a Peer named by the King.

26. The Princes of blood are to be Peers by right of birth. They are to take their seats immediately behind the President. (8) 27. The sittings of the Chamber of Peers are public as that of the Chamber of Deputies. (9)

28. The Chamber of Peers takes cognizance of high treason, and of attempts against the security of the State, which is to be defined by the law.

29. No Peer can be arrested, but by the authority of the Chamber, or judged but by it in a criminal matter.

OF THE CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES.

30. The Chamber of Deputies will be composed of Deputies elected by the electoral colleges.; the organization of which is to be determined by law. (10)

31. The Deputies are to be elected for five years. (11)

32. No Deputy can be admitted into the Chamber till he has attained the age of thirty years, and if he does not possess the other conditions prescribed by the law. (12)

83. If, however, there should not be in the Department fifty persons of the age specified paying the amount of taxes fired by law, their number shall be completed from the persons who pay the greatest amount of taxes under the amount fixed by law. (13)

34. No person can be an elector if he is under twentyfive years of age; and if he does not

(10) Article 36 was thus:

Every department shall have the same number of Deputies which it has previously had--Suppressed.

(11) Article 37 of the old Charter:

The Deputies shall be elected for five years, and in such a way, that the Chamber is renewed each year by a fifth.

(12) Article 38 of the old Charter : No deputy can be admitted into the Chamber, if he is not forty years old, and if he does not pay direct taxes of one thousand francs.

(13) Article 39 of the old Charter :

If, nevertheless, there should not be in the department, fifty persons of the indicated age, paying at least one thousand francs, direct taxes, their number will be completed by those who pay the highest taxes under one thousand francs; and these may be elected concurrently with the others.

possess all the other conditions determined by the law. (14)

35. The Presidents of the electoral colleges are elected by the electors. (15)

36. The half at least of the Deputies are to be chosen from those who have their political residence in the Departments.

37. The President of the Chamber of Deputies is to be elected by the Chamber itself at the opening of each session. (16)

38. The sittings of the Chamber are to be public, but the request of five members will be sufficient that it forms itself into a secret committee.

39. The Chamber divides itself into bureaux (committees) to discuss the projects of laws, which may have been presented from the king. (17)

40. No tax can be established nor imposed, if it has not been

(14) Article 40 of the old Charter : The electors, who concur in electing the Deputy, cannot have the right of suffrage, if they do not pay a direct tax of 300 francs; and if they are less than thirty years of age.

(15) Article 41 of the old Charter: The presidents of the electoral colleges shall be nominated by the king, and be, by right, members of the college.

(16) Article 43 of the old Charter : The President of the Chamber of Deputies is nominated by the king, from a list of five members, presented by the Chamber.

(17) In consequence of the initiative, are suppressed Art. 46 and 47, which were thus:

46. No amendment can be made to a law, if it has not been proposed or consented to by the king, and if it has not been sent back and discussed by the

bureaux.

consented to by the two Chambers, and sanctioned by the king.

41. The land and house tax can only be voted for one year. The indirect taxes may be voted for many years.

42. The king convokes every year the two Chambers, he prorogues them, and may dissolve that of the Deputies; but in this case he must convoke a new one within the period of three months.

43. No bodily restraint can be exercised against a member of the Chamber during the session, nor for six weeks which precede or follow the session.

44. No member of the Chamber can be, during the session, prosecuted or arrested in a criminal matter, except taken in the act, till after the Chamber has permitted his arrest.

45. Every petition to either of the Chambers, must be made in writing. The law interdicts its being carried in person to the bar.

OF THE MINISTERS.

46. The ministers can be members of the Chamber of Peers or the Chamber of Deputies.

They have, moreover, their entrance into either Chamber, and are entitled to be heard when they demand it.

47. The Chamber of Deputies have the right of impeaching the Ministers, or of transferring them before the Chamber of Peers, who alone has the right to judge them. (18)

(18) Article 56 of the old Charter is suppressed; it ran thus:

They cannot be accused except for

JUDICIAL REGULATIONS.

48. All justice emanates from the king; it is administered in his name by the judges, whom he nominates, and whom he insti

tutes.

49. The judges named by the king are immovable.

50. The ordinary courts and tribunals existing, are to be maintained, and there is to be no change but by virtue of a law.

51. The actual institution of the judges of commerce is preserved.

52. The office of justice of peace is equally preserved. The justices of peace, though named by the king, are not immovable. 53. No one can be deprived of his natural judges.

54. There cannot, in consequence, be extraordinary committees and tribunals created, under whatever title or denomination this ever might be. (19)

55. The debates will be public in criminal matters, at least when the publicity will not be dangerous to order and decency, and in that case the tribunal is to declare so by a distinct judgment.

56. The institution of juries is to be preserved; the changes which a longer experience may render necessary can only be effected by a law.

treason or peculation. Particular laws will specify this kind of offences, and will determine how they are to be prosecuted.

(19) Article 63 of the old Charter: In consequence there cannot be created extraordinary committees and tribunals. The juridictions prevótales, if

their re-establishment should be found necessary, are not comprised under this denomination.

57. The punishment of confiscation of goods is abolished, and cannot be re-established.

58. The king has the right to pardon and to commute the punishment.

59. The civil code, and the actual laws existing, that are not contrary to the present Charter, will remain in full force until they shall be legally abrogated.

PARTICULAR RIGHTS GUARANTEED BY
THE STATE.

60. The military in actual service, retired officers and soldiers, widows, officers, and soldiers on pension, are to preserve their grades, honors, and pensions.

61. The public debt is guarranteed. Every sort of engagement made by the state with its creditors is to be inviolable.

62. The old nobility retake their titles. The new preserve theirs. The king creates nobles at his pleasure; but he only grants to them rank and honors, without any exemption from the charges and duties of society.

63. The legion of honor is to be maintained. The king shall determine its internal regulations and the decorations.

64. The colonies are to be governed by particular laws. (20)

65. The king and his successors shall swear, at their accession, in presence of the two Chambers, to observe faithfully

(20) Article 73 of the old Charter: The colonies will be governed by particular laws and regulations.

ter. (21)

66. The present Charter and the rights it consecrates, shall be entrusted to the patriotism and courage of the National Guard and all the citizens.

SPECIAL PROVISIONS.

68. All the creations of Peers during the reign of Charles X. are declared null and void.

Article 23 of the Charter will undergo a fresh examination during the session of 1831.

69. There will be provided successively by separate laws, and that with the shortest possible delay, for the following subjects:

1. The extension of the trial by jury to offences of the press, and political offences.

2. The responsibility of ministers and the secondary agents of Government.

3. The re-election of Deputies appointed to public functions

(21) Article 74 of the old Charter : The king and his successors shall swear at the coronation, to observe faith

fully the present constitutional charter.

(22) Articles 75 and 76 of the old Charter are suppressed; they ran thus: 75. The Deputies of the Departments of France who sat in the legislative body, at the last adjournment, will continue to sit in the Chamber of Deputies, until replaced.

76. The first renewal of the fifth of the Chamber of Deputies will take place the latest in the year 1816, according to the order established.

6. Provisions which insure, in a legal manner, the state of officers of each grade, by land

and sea.

7. Departmental and municipal institutions founded upon an elective system."

8. Public instruction and the liberty of instruction.

9. The abolition of the double vote; the settling of the electoral conditions, and that of eligibility.

Art. 70. All laws and ordinances, inasmuch as they are contrary to the provisions adopted by the reform of the Charter, are from this moment annulled and abrogated.

We give it in command to our courts and tribunals, administrative bodies, and all others, that they observe and maintain the present constitutional Charter, cause to be observed, followed and maintained, and in order to render it more known to all, they cause it to be published in all municipalities of the kingdom and everywhere, where it will be necessary, and in order that this be firm and stable forever, we have caused our seal to be put to it.

Done at the Palais-Royal, at Paris, the 14th day of the month of August, in the year 1830. (Signed)

LOUIS-PHILIPPE.
By the king:

The Minister Secretary of the State for the department of the Interior.

The keeper of the seals, Minister Secretary of the State for the department of Justice.

Paris, troubled in its repose by a deplorable violation of the Charter and of the laws, defended them with heroic courage! In the midst of this sanguinary struggle, all the guaranties of social order no longer subsisted. Persons, property, rights, everything that is most valuable and dear to men and to citizens, was exposed to the most serious dangers.

In this absence of all public power, the wishes of my fellow citizens have been turned towards me: they have judged me worthy to concur with them in the salvation of the country; they have invited me to exercise the functions of Lieutenant General of the Kingdom.

This course appeared to me to be just, the dangers increase, the necessity imperative, my duty sacred. I hastened to the midst of this valiant people, followed by my family, and wearing those colors which, for the second time, have marked among us the triunph of liberty.

I have come firmly resolved

cumstances should require of me, in the situation in which they have placed me, to re-establish the empire of the laws, to save liberty which was threatened, and render impossible the return of such great evils, by securing forever the power of that Charter, whose name invoked during the contest, was also appealed to after the victory. (Applauses.)

In the accomplishment of this noble task, it is for the Chambers to guide me. All rights must be solemnly guaranteed, all the institutions necessary to their full and free exercise must receive the developments of which they have need. Attached by inclination and conviction to the principles of a free government, I accept beforehand all the consequences of it. I think it my

duty immediately to call your attention to the organization of the National Guards, to the application of the jury to the crimes of the press, the formation of the Departmental and Municipal Administrations, and, above all, to that 14th Article of the Charter which has been so hatefully interpreted. (Fresh applause.) It is with these sentiments, gentlemen, that I come to open this session.

The past is painful to me. I deplore misfortunes which I could have wished to prevent; but in the midst of this magnanimous transport of the Capital, and of all the other French cities, at the sight of order reviving with marvellous promptness, after a resistance, free from all excesses, a just national pride moves my heart, and I look forward with confi