help was given us. For example, we didn't know what to do for buildings, but the American Army immediately turned over to us twenty-one hangars at Bordeaux and Brest and other points, and we moved right into them.

"The Salvation Army never at any time had a large force on the other side. In all, we sent over two hundred and fortyfive American workers, and never had more than one hundred and seventy-six there at once. Our staff was augmented by details of French workers, so that we had about six hundred in all. We carried on a cash business with the soldiers, and when things are wound up we shall about break even.

"When soldiers had no money they were welcome to what we had, and we were never afraid to trust the boys, and they dealt honestly with us. Once, in Paris, a young Jew who had been allowed leave to attend one of the Jewish holiday celebrations came to me and asked to borrow ten dollars to get back to his regiment. He had asked for the loan at various organizations, and had been refused. I examined his papers, saw they were all right and loaned him the money. In a fortnight I received his money order for the amount.'

Colonel Barker told how the Salvation Army doughnut came into being:

"When I landed in France," he said, "I was asked to dine with Brigadier-General George P. Duncan, commanding officer of the 1st Brigade. Desiring to be polite to the Americans, his chef, a fine one, prepared for us an alleged apple pie, which we, although also wishing to be polite, were quite unable to eat. The French can do many things, but they can't make pie. I told General Duncan that when our girls arrived they would bake him a pie, a real pie. Well they did, and then I thought that nothing would make the soldiers forget their homesickness like generous supplies of pie.

"But, unfortunately, we couldn't get the stoves. Our best piemaker, Adjutant Margaret Sheldon of Chicago, then had an inspiration. Her stove in her hut at Montiers sur Sauls was only twelve inches square, and she could bake but one pie at a time. Why not, she asked, fry doughnuts, since the top of the stove would hold a fairly large kettle? So she started frying doughnuts, at the same time baking her one

pie at a time. And those boys were so grateful! I've seen them sometimes stand in line in the rain two hours, each man holding up his little stick on which to receive the six doughnuts to which he was entitled.

"There was a chap named Fred Anderson of Seattle, who constructed a stove out of a metal wheelbarrow and fried flapjacks on a piece of sheet iron, which he laid over the fire. He was up at the front all the time, and used to make daring journeys back to buy eggs and supplies for the soldiers. Our workers were under fire many times, and often our women had to sleep out in the fields because the Germans were shelling the villages. But we came through without the loss of a life, save one man who died of the 'flu." "

COLORED AGENCIES

Colored nurses were authorized by the War Department for service in base hospitals at six army camps-Funston, Sherman, Grant, Dix, Taylor and Dodge. Colored women have served as canteen workers in France and in charge of hostess houses in this country.

One colored man, Ralph W. Tyler, was named as an accredited war correspondent, attached to the staff of General Pershing. Dr. R. R. Moton was sent on a special mission to France by President Wilson and Secretary Baker.

Emmett J. Scott served as special assistant to the Secretary of War, in charge of affairs relating to the negro in connection with the military service and with the interests of the colored race in general. He has a spacious office in State, War and Navy Building, Washington, with an immediate staff of eight persons. The activities of this office bring it into touch with every bureau of the War Department, in handling the manifold interests of the twelve million colored people of the country.

A specially selected committee of one hundred colored speakers, acting with local groups everywhere, materially assisted in the work of maintaining the morale of the negro race, and continued this helpful work through the period of demobilization of the army and the reconstruction of the nation to a peace basis.

Provision was made by the War Department for the training of twenty thousand colored young men in military science and tactics, in conjunction with their general education, through Students' Army Training Corps and Vocational Detachments, established in upwards of twenty leading colored schools of the nation.

A colored woman, Mrs. Alice Dunbar Nelson, was named as a field worker to mobilize the colored women of the country for war work.

Colored women rendered exceptionally valuable service in the industries and on the farms, maintaining production in the mills and promoting the food supply through agricultural pursuits, releasing men for duty at the front.

Colored people bought millions of dollars' worth of Liberty Bonds and War Savings Stamps and contributed most generously to the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. and other war relief agencies.

AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

The American Library Association placed hundreds of libraries in camps and stations and on ships, distributed the magazines contributed by the public, and bought educational and technical books to meet the demand of the men for books that helped.

I'

CHAPTER XX

AMERICAN WOMEN IN THE War

F it had not been for the women of America the World War could not have been won.

The truth of this statement will be revealed by an examination of the activities and achievements of American womanhood after this country entered the great conflict. Women were factors in the manufacture of shells, powder and munitions of all sorts. They tilled the soil and harvested immense quantities of food stuffs without which the Allies must have succumbed. It was the housewives of America who conserved food and cut off waste that the fighting and civilian populations with which we were leagued might be fed. Triumphs of food preparations were achieved in American kitchens for the utilization of foods to which American households were unaccustomed.

Women drove ambulances, motor trucks and passenger vehicles. They released hundreds of thousands of able men for the fighting forces of the nation. They entered by thousands into the administrative offices of federal, state and municipal government. As nurses and teachers, they healed the sick and wounded and taught the crippled new means of gaining their livelihood. In workrooms that were countless they prepared bandages and other supplies for battlefield and hospital and clothing for the destitute of lands overrun by our foes. President Wilson phrased their services when he said:

I think the whole country has appreciated the way in which the women have risen to this great occasion. They have not only done what they have been asked to do, and done it with ardor and efficiency, but they have shown the power to organize for doing things on their own initiative, which is quite a different thing and a very much more difficult thing. I think the whole country has admired the spirit and the capacity of devotion of the women of the United States. It goes without saying that the country (259)

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depends upon the women for a large part of the inspiration of its life. That is obvious. But it is now depending upon the women also for suggestions of service, which have been rendered in abundance and with the distinction of originality.

Long before the war began the women in individual organizations had been interested in the war, and had sent aid to the suffering in Belgium, in France and wherever the aid was needed. When America entered into the war, for the first time in history official recognition was given to women in the construction of the war machine, and the response of the women to that recognition was universal. On April 21, 1917, fifteen days after Congress had formally declared that a state of war existed between this country and Germany, the Council of National Defense, made the following announcement:

Realizing the inestimable value of woman's contribution to national effort under modern war conditions, the Council of National Defense has appointed a committee of women of national prominence to consider and advise how the assistance of the women of America may be made available in the prosecution of the war. These women are appointed as individuals, regardless of any organizations with which they may be associated. The body will be known as the Committee on Woman's Defense Work. Its membership is as follows: Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, chairman; Mrs. Philip N. Moore, of St. Louis, President of the National Council of Women; Mrs. Josiah E. Cowles, of California, President of the General Federation of Women's Clubs; Miss Maude Wetmore, of Rhode Island, Chairman of the National League for Woman's Service; Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, of New York, President of the National American Woman's Suffrage Association; Mrs. Antoinette F. Funk, of Illinois; Mrs. Stanley McCormich, of Boston; Mrs. Joseph R. Lamar, of Atlanta, Georgia, President of the National Society of Colonial Dames; Miss Ida M. Tarbell, of New York, publicist and writer.

Later, Miss Agnes Nestor, of Chicago, President of the International Glove Workers' Union, and Miss Hannah Jane Patterson, of Washington, were added to the committee, and Miss Patterson was made resident director.

The Woman's Committee, therefore, owed its creation to the Council of National Defense, a body authorized by act of Congress in August, 1916, consisting of the Secretary of War, Secretary of the Navy, Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary