Upper row, left to right: Brig.-Gen. F. E. Pamford, 1st; Brig.-Gen. Frank Parker, 1st; Maj.-Gen. B. B. Buck, 3d; center: Maj.-Gen. M. L. Hersey, 4th; Maj.-Gen. C. E. Edwards, 26th; Maj.-Gen. Chas. H. Muir, 28th; lower: Maj.-Gen, W. G. Haan, 32d; Maj.-Gen. P. E. Traub, 35th; Maj.-Gen, C, S, Farnsworth, 37th. Top row, left to right: Maj.-Gen. Chas. T. Menoher, 42d; Maj.-Gen. Robt. Alexander, 77th; Maj.-Gen. James H. McRae, 78th; center: Maj.-Gen. Jos. E. Kuhn, 79th; Maj.-Gen. C. J. Bailey, 81st; Maj.-Gen. Geo. B. Duncan, 82d; bottom: Maj. Gen. Wm. M. Wright, 89th; Maj.-Gen. Henry T. Allen, 90th; Maj, -Gen. Wm, H, Johnston, 91st. assault upon civilization by the loss of both wealth and territory. Russia's revolutionary explosion resulted in the creation of a number of new independent states. According to the most authoritative or official statistics, the deaths directly due to the war or indirectly inflicted by it number between 16,000,000 and 20,000,000, over 7,000,000 of which were military and over 10,000,000 civilian. Of the civilian deaths, over 100,000 were directly caused and nearly 10,000,000 indirectly caused by it. In the first category of civilian deaths there were the 692 Americans and the 20,620 British subjects killed at sea, 1,270 British victims of air raids, 30,000 Belgian and 40,000 French victims of German atrocities, and 7,500 neutral victims of the U-boat. The second category includes 1,085,441 Serbs dead through starvation or disease, 4,000,000 deaths from influenza and pneumonia, beyond the normal figure, and the 4,000,000 Armenian, Syrian, Greek, and Jewish victims of the Turks. The following table, based on the official reports, has been brought up to date as far as possible. ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERS *These figures include both Indian and British-Indian, the former being mobilized to 953,374. To the British naval losses should be added those of the British merchant marine— killed, 14,661; captured, 3,295. French "effectives" at various periods in the war are officially stated to have been 3,872,000 on August 15, 1914, increasing to approximately 5,000,000 by February, 1915, and remaining at nearly 5,200,000 from January, 1916, to the end of the war. The American Army General Staff announced 515 casualties in Russia with the strength of 3,073 at Archangel and 8,460 at Vladivostok. According to statistics published by the Secolo of Milan, Italy during 1918 had 800,000 deaths caused by grip, averaging sixty per cent more than the deaths caused by the whole war. The same paper estimated the deaths by grip throughout the world were double the deaths caused by the war. United States War Department gives total army and marine corps casualties as 302,645, with the following list in regard to the army: Missing and prisoners (not including prisoners released and returned) 222 4,534 296,506 Total.. More than victory came from the World War to America. Understanding, brotherhood between the United States and the awakening democracies of Europe, a new sense of international responsibilities came into being. It remained for the departure of General Pershing from France on the transport Leviathan, September 1, 1919, to bring forth expression of this brotherhood. Marshal Foch came aboard the transport shortly before she sailed and made a feeling address to the departing American commander, in which he said: In leaving France, you leave your dead in our hands. On our soil we will care for them religiously and zealously, as bearing witness of the powerful aid you brought us. These dead will bring from America many thoughts of remembrance and pious visits and will bind still more strongly our already close union. Recalling with emotion the hours we have lived together-some of them full of anguish, some glorious-I am struck hard in the heart in passing with you the last moments of your stay among us. In your arrival, you said: "Lafayette, we are here." Allow a French soldier of today to return thanks to you, and in a few words recall the work you have done for the rights and liberty of the world. This army, raised in all haste, with still only elementary instruction, recently organized and commanded by young officers, without military tradition, passed rapidly into your hands. You have shown yourself to be in the largest sense organizer, soldier, chief and great servant of your country, crowning the generous efforts and noble spirit of America with victory by your armies. If the clouds of war should gather again in the future, would not these dead rise from their tombs and make their voices heard once more by a world which already knows that the same cause, the cause of liberty, has united us since the time of Washington and Lafayette? Readjustment after the armistice and before the formal signing of the Peace Treaty by all the belligerents was a slow and painful process. While the armistice brought hostilities to an end, actual demobilization of the fighting forces of America was not completed until almost a year later. For Americans generally, the return to this country of General John J. Pershing and of the famous 1st Division, first overseas and last to return, symbolized the end of the war and the beginning of a new era of peace. Two memorable parades of the 1st Division in complete war panoply, with tanks, artillery, field kitchens, supply trains, etc., gave to New York and Washington on September 10th and 17th, respectively, an idea of the power and completeness of an army equipped for modern battle. Imperial Cæsar, returning from a victorious campaign, captive kings and the rich loot of conquered nations in his train, was never hailed in victory-crazed Rome with such wild acclaim, such general and generous welcome as that which came on September 8, 1919, to commander-in-chief of America's battle hosts, General John J. Pershing, in the crowded canyons of New York. |