With much that he says we cannot disagree. Our war spirit did become hysterical; not all responsibility for the war rests upon Germany, even though Berlin may have "struck the fatal match in 1914"; there was too much victory in 1918 rather than too little; the Russian Government is by no means as black as it has been painted; President Wilson did make mistakes and serious ones. Nevertheless, one need not condemn all Americans five years after the war by saying (p. 13): "At one end, a handful of petrified militarists, at the other, a fringe of fossilized internationalists, and between the two the nation-the hundred millions of complacent, self-justified crusaders who have forgot the ardent quests of their late youth and glory in the burnt-out craters of their idealism." Everywhere in the volume is exaggeration of statement. If it were only true that black is always black and white always white, the problem would be easier. Unfortunately the world is filled with multitudinous shades of gray. In the attitude of each country there is much to blame, but also much to praise-even in Europe. Still Mr. Ravage's volume is tremendously worth while. Sober, accurately balanced analyses will not catch our attention. And in the meantime it is almost, if not quite, true, as he tells us, that there are "no encouraging signs anywhere. The outlook is as black as can be." The volume should be read widely in the hope that it will aid in jolting us from our complacency. ERNEST MINOR PATTERSON. MEMORANDUM ON PUBLIC FINANCE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. Geneva, Switzerland, July, 1923. Pp. 202. Those interested in the purpose to which the taxpayers' money is now being spent in different countries will find the Memorandum on Public Finance, 1922, issued by the League of Nations under date of July, 1923, of outstanding value. Supplemental to this should also go the Report on Budget Expenditure on National Defence 1913 and 1920-1922, issued under date of September, 1922, and the Statistical Enquiry into National Armaments-Part I, "Peace-Time Military, Naval and Air Forces (1923)," and Part II, "Budget Expenditure on National Defence 19211923." The authorized agent for the Publications of the League of Nations in the United States is the World Peace Foundation, 40, Mt. Vernon Street, Boston 9, Mass. C. L. K. WILLIAMS, E. T. China: Yesterday and Today. Pp. 596. Price $2.00. New York: The Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1923. It is an ambitious undertaking to try to compress within the limits of one volume a comprehensive account of China's ancient civilization, and at the same time to describe the present movement towards its transformation. Only one of exceptional qualification for the task could undertake it as successfully as does Professor Williams. The writer lived in China before the tendency to change became marked. He witnessed the downfall of the Manchu Dynasty and the establishment of the Republic, and saw initiated the great reforms which have wrought such havoc with old-time manners and conditions. This volume is the outgrowth of his experiences and observations in thirty-five years of close association with Chinese affairs, supplemented by such research as a very busy life would permit (pp. viii-ix). Thus the author describes his qualifications. To this it may be added that he went to China as a missionary, broadened his experience and his opportunities for observation by service of his government as Interpreter, Secretary of Legation, and Chief of the Far-Eastern Division of the State Department, and that his qualifications as a student were enhanced by a good command of the Chinese language. All of this helps to establish his right to attempt such a volume. Over half of the book (15 chapters) is concerned with Chinese civilization in its non-political aspects. Here are to be found its best chapters. The geography of the country and the origin of its people; the social system, rooted in the family and the village; the economic life, both agricultural and industrial; and the religious systems, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. All are treated broadly and well by one who realizes that the real China is to be found beyond the treaty ports. Because of this realization, Professor Williams does not overestimate the extent to which China, with her broad territories and four hundred millions of people, has been changed by the events of the past several decades. The historical and political chapters are less satisfactory. Most noticeable is the lack of description of the political system either of the Empire or the Republic; the inadequate account of the Korean question and the Sino-Japanese war; and the meager treatment of the development of the spheres of interest. On the other hand, the story of the coup d'état of 1898 and the Boxer movement is unusually interesting. When we turn to the reform movement under the Manchus (1901-1911) we find an excellent account of all of its phases except the political. The reader would also expect to find a better account of the attempt to set up and operate a Republic from a writer with the knowledge and experience of Professor Williams. No criticism, however, should be allowed to obscure the fact that the literature on China has received a notable addition in this volume, which can be classed properly as indispensable for the student of Chinese civilization. Its value is enhanced by the addition of a bibliography, an historical chronology, a valuable appendix and a map. HAROLD M. VINACKE. THE PAPERS OF SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON. Prepared for publication by the Division of Archives and History, James Sullivan, Ph.D., Director and State Historian, Volumes I-III. Pp. li, 931; xv, 900; xiv, 997. Price, $7.50. Albany: University of the State of New York, 1921-22. The importance of a knowledge of Indian relations as affecting the momentous struggle between England and France for the possession of North America cannot be exaggerated. No one in the English Colonies had a greater influence over the Indians or was more intimately associated with them in the quarter of a century before the war than Sir William Johnson. In consequence, his papers, both those of an official and a private character, form an invaluable source of information, not only for the political and military but also for the economic history of the times. To the English the problem of maintaining friendly relations with the Indians was one of great difficulty. Not only must they be on their guard to check the schemes of the French, but also to adjust the troubles arising out of trade relations and from the constant encroachment of the settlers on the Indian lands. It is a singular fact that the British Government did not realize the importance of dealing with Indian affairs as an imperial problem until comparatively late in the history of its colonial development on this continent. Indeed, it was not until 1756, when Sir William Johnson was appointed sole agent and Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Northern Colonies and John Stuart to a similar office for the Southern Colonies, that a serious attempt was made to substitute centralized for provincial administration. Johnson continued to fill this office until his death in 1774. The original collection of Johnson manuscripts which was in the State Library at Albany comprised over sixty-five hundred separate papers contained in twenty-six volumes. Over one half of these were destroyed by the fire in the State Capitol in 1911. Happily two years prior to this, the state had published a calendar of the Johnson manuscripts prepared by Dr. Richard E. Day. By checking the papers salvaged from the fire with this calendar it was possible to learn just what had been lost. Fortunately some of the papers destroyed had been printed previously by the State and copies of others were procured from the Public Record Office in London and elsewhere. So far as possible the missing gaps have been filled, and even some few original manuscripts have been found in other collections, so that these volumes are as complete as they can be made. The three volumes under review are the first installment of the existing material. They cover the years from 1738 to 1762. The contents consist chiefly of letters to and from Johnson, as well as bills, accounts, and other papers of a varied character. The most important of these relate to various phases of Indian affairs, chiefly with the Iroquois, as well as a considerable number dealing with military matters, notably the expedition against Crown Point in 1755, which he led. Great credit should be given to all those who have participated in the preparation of the material and the editing of these volumes, as the task has been an unusually difficult one, owing to the condition of many of the manuscripts that survived the fire. To Mr. van Laer, the State Archivist, and to the former State Historians, Mr. Paltsits and Mr. Holden, as well as to the present editor, Dr. Sullivan, our thanks are due for the admirable manner in which the papers have been collected and edited. It is hoped that the expectation expressed by the editor that the remaining material containing the important period 1763 to 1774 may also be published by the State will be realized. HERMAN V. AMES. CALMAN, ALVIN R. Ledru-Rollin and the Second French Republic. Pp. 452. New York: Columbia University Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, CIII, No. 2. This monograph is a welcome addition to the curiously meager literature on the political theory and practice of the Second Republic; it contributes, also, not a little to our knowledge of the men and manners of that interesting period. Ample use has been made of extensive manuscript materials preserved in the Bibliothèque de la Ville de Paris, and the study is adequately documented throughout. A critical bibliography fills some twenty pages. In a volume published in Paris in 1921 the author dealt at length with the career of Ledru-Rollin after the summer of 1849. The present work is confined quite strictly, aside from a brief introductory biographical chapter, to French politics and LedruRollin's part therein, from the political banquets of 1847, presaging the Revolution, to the collapse in June, 1849, of an uprising launched by Ledru and others against the National Assembly on the ground that it had betrayed the republican cause. Within these limits, the account that is given of the course of public affairs is detailed, systematic, discriminating and informing. Ledru-Rollin's rôle in the Second Republic was that of an ardent social reformer, a spokesman of the radical republican element, as opposed to the socialists on the one hand and the moderate republicans on the other. Like Danton at an earlier time and Gambetta at a later day, he was an opportunist, rather than a theorist; indeed his resemblance, in personal as well as purely political, matters to both the statesmen named was pronounced. He had no sympathy with the utopian ideas of the French socialists of his day, still less with the anarchism of Proudhon and the class-revolution of Karl Marx. Believing in gradual betterment through legislation and cautious experimentation, he became preeminently an advocate of the principle of universal, i.e., manhood, suffrage. With him the right to vote assumed the place occupied in the doctrines of Louis Blanc by the right to work; and Mr. Calman not inappropriately calls him "the father of universal suffrage." As minister of the interior, it fell to Ledru to work out and bring into operation a more liberal parliamentary suffrage, devoid of all property basis, than France or any other European country had yet known. The system was stifled under the Second Empire; but, revived under the Third Republic, it survives almost unchanged at the present day. Because of the ease with which he was swayed by others, and a tendency to underestimate the strength of his adversaries, Ledru was not, in the opinion of Mr. Calman, a great party leader. As an orator, however, he is ranked very close to Thiers and Lamartine among contemporaries, and not far from Mirabeau, whose style he was accused of imitating deliberately. A generous and unfailing friend, a lover and patron of the arts, a man of exceptional integrity and honesty-he stands out as one of the fine figures in French public life, notwithstanding personal vanity which sometimes made him a bit ridiculous and a certain superficiality which left him more or less content when he had studied only one side of a question. FREDERIC A. OGG. Acquisitions, territorial, reasons for, 115, 116. Agrarian reforms, results of, 206. Agricultural competition, 210; agriculture (Euro- AIR AS A RAW MATERIAL. Walter S. Rogers, Air channels, property rights in, 252. American pulp mills, dependence of, on Canadian Ancient warriors, armament problem of, 268, Anderson, Dr. Benjamin, 196. Association of Agriculturers, of Ecuador, organ- Australia, slow increase in population of, 122. Barnes, Sir George, 32. BATCHELDER, CHARLES C. Economic Pressure BIBLIOGRAPHY, 281-3. BRITISH DOMINIONS AND THE OPEN DOOR. British: Dominions, position of, 232, 233; radio Brooks, Mr. Sydney, 163. Bulgaria, land reform in, 205. Business, profit of by government support, 127. Cable: communications, U. S. lack of control of, Cadman, Sir John, 125. Camphor, manufacture of synthetic, 69. Capitalism, 5, 233. Cereals, world supply of, 193; decrease, 194-6. Martin, 186-8. China, 144. Chinese, hatred of foreigners, 262; importance Climatic changes, Asia, 259. Colonies and Mother Country, duties to and Commercial conflict, world drift toward, 57. Competition: commercial, 128; effect of, 2. Congo, acquisition of, 116; exploitation of, 87, Conquests, territorial, 2-5. Conservation, problem of, 138, 139. COOLIDGE, ARCHIBALD CARY. Population of CRUDE RUBBER SITUATION, THE. H. N. Whit- CULBERTSON, WILLIAM S. Discussion, 207-11; CURTIS, HARRY A. Our Nitrogen Problem, 173– de Gama, Vasca, expedition of, 66. DISCUSSION, Charles M. Pepper, 180–3. EARLE, EDWARD MEAD. Importance of the ECONOMIC PRESSURE AS A CAUSE OF THE RE- Exports: agricultural, conditions of, 191; acreage FACTORS LIMITING THE EXPANSION OF THE Farmers, American, 196; politics, 207, 208; FINANCIAL CONTROL OF RAW MATERIALS BY Force, place of in international relations, 131. Forests, exploitation of Russian, 100; prospective France, effort of to stimulate cotton growth, 97. Free-trade movement, in England, 5, 53. Germany, attempts of colonial empire of, 184; GRIGG, SIR EDWARD. Discussion, 171-3. Hamilton, Alexander, 44. Hangyehping Iron & Steel Company, 93. Hookworm, treatment for in Sumatra, 157. Hospital organization, Sumatra, 159. Hughes, Mr. Charles, 171. Illiterate countries, transmission of news to, 245. Imports: Canadian, 225, 228; increase in, 271; Industrialism, Occidental, influence of on Asiatic, Industrial, activities, necessity for, 234; growth, Industry, contrast in, 3; development of, 5; Interstate Commerce Commission, effectiveness International: Chamber of Commerce, 141; commercial law, 133; commissions, 141; co- Japan, imperialism of, 6; political dependence of, JULIHN, C. E. Practical Need for International Kenya Colony, 121. KERR, PHILIP. British Dominions and the Kina Bureau, 77. Knibbs, Professor G. H., 198. Labor: contract system of, 111; seasonal and League of Nations: administrative work of, 140; Liberal party, Canada, tariff reforms of, 221-3. MacDonald, Mr. Ramsay, 49. Manganese, use and supply of, 189, 190. MARTIN, COLONEL LAWRENCE. Chester Con- |